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Intro Online.Indd Introduction Quod ad villae situm partiumque eius dispositionem, satis dictum est. Columella, Rust. I.6.20. The Roman Villa is a subject about which we could be said to know a great deal and understand very little. John Percival, The Roman Villa, 1976, 7. The Roman villa, whether in form of extravagant otium attempted to create a larger geographic or typological villas or more modest farmsteads, once formed a notable coverage,5 and large scale surveys have greatly improved landmark from which spatial and social relationships of the our understanding of the rural countryside and its variety rural countryside could be comprehended by people living of settlement conditions.6 The research agenda is thus in, or moving through, the landscape. The significance changing, as villas emerge as a subject to be comprehended of the interplay between the parts and the whole, and its in the landscape in which they were set, and not just as potential for increasing our understanding of the Roman isolated dots on a map. society, is easily forgotten when the topic of interest is limited to the villa per se, be it in renaissance architecture This volume contains the papers given during a two day’s or reconstructions of sites in virtual reality. Constituting conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome in September a relatively easily distinguishable feature in the terrain, 2004. The idea was to bring together established and Roman villas have been the target of innumerable emerging scholars with the aim of sharing results and excavations, but varying geographical and ideological thoughts on the Roman villa’s relation to the landscape, circumstances have steered research in different directions whether from ideological, ecological, economical, or in different countries. Whereas regional studies and yet other angles, primarily based on archaeological rural archaeology have long since provided the basis for research. For the sake of geographic unity, the coverage studies in north-western Europe, archaeology conducted was restricted to the hinterland of Rome, defined as in Italy has shown much preoccupation with luxurious within one or two day’s access from the Urbs, and the and ostentatious residences, rich with sculpture, mosaic chronological scope was loosely defined as from the floors and wall paintings. It has been claimed that this Republic to Empire, leaving out Late Antiquity, which situation can seek its roots in an attitude towards the rural has been treated elsewhere.7 It goes without saying that we countryside which differs between countries, such as ________ England, France and Italy,1 and it has also been stated that corso, Perugia 1999; M. Sternini (ed.), La villa romana di not enough villas have been “properly dug” in Italy to Cottanello, Bari 2000; G. Messineo (ed.) Ad Gallinas Albas. allow a synthesis of the social structure to be drawn from Villa di Livia, Roma 2001; H. Broise & X. Lafon, La villa Prato the plans available.2 Subjective judgments or not, the de Sperlonga (CÉFR, 285), Rome 2003; P. Gioia & R. Volpe bulk of studies of Roman villas in Italy frequently appear (eds.), Centocelle I. Roma S.D.O. Le indagini archeologiche, in the form of lavish publications of single sites, which Roma 2004; B. Frischer, J. Crawford & M. De Simone (eds.), create heavy demands on researchers trying to produce The Horace’s villa project (Monumenta Archaeologica, 25), Los Angeles (forthcoming); A. Carandini, M. T. D’Alessio & a comprehensive summary of the cumulative mass of H. Di Giuseppe (eds.), La fattoria e la villa dell’Auditorium nel evidence. The single most influential study of a Roman quartiere Flaminio di Roma (forthcoming). villa in Italy, i.e. Settefinestre,3 is a point in case, and 5 See e.g. E. Roffia, Ville romane sul lago di Garda, Brescia major monographs have appeared in recent years devoted 1997; M. De Franceschini, Le ville romane della X regio (Venetia to specific villas.4 At the same time, several studies have et Histria). Catalogo e carta archeologica dell’insediamento romano nel territorio, dall’età repubblicana al tardo impero, ________ Roma 1998; S. Accardo, Villae romanae nell’ager Bruttius. Il 1 S. L. Dyson, The Roman countryside, London 2003, 9–10. paesaggio rurale calabrese durante il dominio romano, Roma 2 J. T. Smith, Roman villas. A study in social structure, London 2000; X. Lafon, Villa maritima. Recherches sur les villas 1997, 3. littorales de l’Italie romaine (IIIe siècle av. J.-C./IIIe siècle ap. 3 A. Carandini (ed.), Settefinestre. Una villa schiavistica J.-C.), Rome 2001; L. Romizzi, Ville d’otium dell’Italia antica nell’Etruria romana, I-III, Modena 1985. (II sec. a.C. – I sec. d.C.), Napoli 2001; M. De Franceschini, 4 Among sites around Rome could be mentioned D. & N. Cento ville dell’Agro romano, Roma 2004. Soren (eds.), A Roman villa and a late Roman infant cemetery. 6 Cf. the bibliographies in this volume. Excavation at Poggio Gramignano (Lugnano in Teverina), 7 Ph. Pergola, R. Santangeli Valenzani & R. Volpe (eds.), Roma 1999; P. Braconi & J. Uroz Saéz (eds.), La villa di Plinio Suburbium I. Il suburbio di Roma dalla crisi del sistema delle il giovane a San Giustino – Primi resultati di una ricerca in ville a Gregorio Magno (CÉFR, 311), Rome 2003. Roman villas around the Urbs. Interaction with landscape and environment. Proceedings of a conference held at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 17–18, 2004. Eds. B. Santillo Frizell & A. Klynne (The Swedish Institute in Rome. Projects and Seminars, 2), Rome 2005. www.svenska-institutet-rom.org/villa/ Allan Klynne make no pretence at completeness. Anyone familiar with The contribution by Lynda Mulvin provides a comparative the Latium Vetus or Formae Italiae series realises how case study of villas from the Danube-Balkan region and overwhelming the amount of data is, and the problems the villas at Tor Marancia and Centocelle. She seeks to involved when trying to digest the uneven nature of demonstrate how these may be understood in a broader evidence. Finally, it should be said that theoretical issues context of the socio-economic environment, where the on the concept of ‘landscape’ or ideological definitions alimentary supply network of the Roman system of of what really constitutes a ‘Roman villa’, were left to be administration conditioned the development of the villa addressed by the individual authors. architecture in Late Antiquity, both in the provinces and at the very heart of the Roman Empire. The volume opens with a paper by Helga Di Giuseppe, The paper by Zaccaria Mari examines the hinterland who presents a synthesis of the results obtained during of ancient Tibur. Covering an abundant material of the Tiber Valley project, as far as the villas are concerned. archaeological remains and discussing the dating of More than 900 villas and farmsteads have been located, constructing techniques, this area study pays proper and the enormous amount of data collected allows for an attention to the development of different kinds of villas analysis of the development of sites from the Orientalizing in different areas during the Middle and Late Republic. period down to the Imperial period and beyond. Taking By integrating the written sources in this narrative, a the ceramic evidence from well-dated Late Republic/ discussion on the agrarian economy of the region and Early Imperial villas as a point of departure, the author its effect on the development of the “Catonian” and examines ways of tracing the development and status “Varronian” type of villas is presented. of sites, and attempts to define the underlying causes Peter Attema and Tymon de Haas take us into the for the diverging fate of different villas/farmsteads. She Pontine region. Intensive surveying and refined collecting also addresses pivotal issues of site definition and pitfalls of environmental data has led to an improvement of the connected to the integration of archaeological and literary chronological resolution of sites, which renders possible sources, when discussing the economics, politics and a more detailed discussion on origins, continuity, change population of the region. and decline. The authors challenge earlier views of the The second paper is a joint contribution by the team development of the region and show how different types of working together with Francesco di Gennaro in the land systems were subject to different types of cultivation. IV municipality of Rome. Pietro Barbina, Mauro de In this context, the key role of the Roman colonies for the Filippis, Francesca dell’Era, Gerardo Fratianni and Paolo ebb and flow of villas and farmsteads in the rural system Togninelli present the ongoing studies from literary, is emphasised. The authors also address fundamental epigraphic and archaeological sources. Several levels of methodological issues of survey strategies which, investigation, from general research strategies down to unless they are tackled, threaten to render comparisons excavations of single villas, paint a picture of a district between projects conducted on Italian ground well-nigh where the position of varying types of estates as well as impossible. their owners now can be understood in relation to the Jochen Griesbach focuses on the ideology behind the geographic conditions of the region. placement of mausolea in relation to villas in the rural The third paper by Gaetano Messineo constitutes a landscape. He explores the reciprocal dynamics between preliminary report on the recent discoveries in the area of villa and tomb and the transformation over time when Grottarossa north of Rome. Here, a cluster of villas has the latter was gradually incorporated with the former. been encountered, which, due to their close proximity to It is argued that this process reflects a changing attitude each other, raises questions about the division of land and vis-à-vis the dead ancestors, which eventually was to the possible existence of a rural community of a single merge with the burial habits of early Christianity, when familia.
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