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Parasitic Plant Classification: Parasitic Plants Belong to About 15 Families of Flowering Plants, with 277 Genera and 4100 Species Distributed All Over the World

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Parasitic Plant Classification: Parasitic Plants Belong to About 15 Families of Flowering Plants, with 277 Genera and 4100 Species Distributed All Over the World Chemotaxonomical Studies oonnnn Sudanese Parasitic PlantPlantssss By Salma Abdelghafar Hassan Elamin A thesis SubSubmitmitmittedted in FFFulfillmentFulfillment For the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Supervisor: Dr. Maha. A. Y. Kordofani Department of Botany Faculty of Science University of Khartoum February, 2007 DEDICATION To my Mother and Father To my Sisters and Brother To all who helped me in this Work ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, my gratitude and praise to the almighty "Allah" who offered me the health, patience and ability to undertake this work. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Supervisor Dr. Maha Kordofani of the Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, for her guidance, continuous encouragement, help and effort to solve all problems in this research. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Elfatih Ahmed, Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Science, Dept of Chemistry. For his help in the photochemistry part. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Gawahir Dongla, Agric Research Corporation- Shambat Research Station for her help. Deep thanks to my family for their encouragement and support. Thanks to Miss Nadya Yagoub for typing this work. ABSTRACT Chemotaxonomical Studies on Sudanese Parasitic Plants This study concentrated on plant species parasitic plants which affect agricultural and forest economy. They belong to the families: Cuscutaceae (Cuscuta hyalina Roth.), Hydnoraceae (Hydnora johannis Beccari.), Loranthaceae (Plicosepalus acaciae Zucc.), Orobanchaceae (Cistanche deserticola Schenk.), (Orobanche ramosa L.) and Scrophulriaceae ( Striga hermonthica Del .). This work aimed at classifying parasitic plants in Sudan, development of taxonomic keys and revision of previous taxonomic classification. The study included chemotaxonomy and the comparison between morphological and chemical characters. To indicate similarities and differences, 10 morphological characters were used inaddition to taxonomical description. Plants components were identified with concentration of amino acids, flavonoids, triterpens and alkaloids, using thin layer chromatography with methanol extract. For functional group infrared equipments were used. In addition the percentage of important mineral salts was found using atomic adsorpation apparatus. Results showed that from morphological characters of parasitic plants they have a total index of similarity of 66% and different of 33% of the characters. The study revealed the presence of amino acids, flavonoids, triterpens in all parasitic plants and absence of alkaloids using different indicators. High similarities were found between parasitic plants in functional groups (66%). For essential minerals for example Mg, K were found in high percent in all plant of different host. Combing all the result parasitic plant is similar in morphology and that was comfirmed by the chemical analysis. ا درا ا ا ت ا ادان % % !" #$" . 9 ( Cuscuta hyalina Roth ). 0 12 0 - ./ "# &'( )*+ , 4 Hydnoraceae ( Hydnora johannis Beccari ). ! " 5 4 Cuscutaceae Orobanche ) $5 Loronthaceae ( Plicosepalus acaciae Zucc ) " Del ). 0 70%8 (Cistanche deserticola Schenk 4). Orobanchaceae ( ramosa . Scrophulariaceae ( Striga hermonthica 91 : 1 ; <= % > %& !" ? 89( @- A B I J ; $ H "1 4F% G ; H "= <= % E ; D !" . C > %& . AKL( MN M O 0"1 RQ %%1 : 1 ; G % % H"1 > %& P9 O ;$ U#0$91 % D= H9= % E ; $ "LV W . H"= & T1 S9N % 0 H 9[19$ \ ]!^G 7, % G9I9 I%HK % 1X YZX 0 A 0 A X S#F O \ ]!^G 91# ;b "LV W . _` = a ]= '9 M< P". P". i&1 c dF <!G % 15 = eK1X fG g ' h E9;2 & T1 S9N <= % ]= % G H"1 MGN l% RjkO .% .% 33 %G AKLV % 66 %G H"= \ 0 0!" % n % G)9 HK % 1X YZX !" $O .% .% 66 %G p 91# MGN 4 >o$ S \ ]!^G I . > ]= , % $ \I( /q = \ ! ) = eK1X T1 .s ; D > %& s H"= > %& G 'K r%- F &j= l% T1 Page Table of CCContentContent Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………… i Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………….. ii Arabic abstract ……………………………………………………………………… iv Table of contents …………………………………………………………………….. v List of table s.……………………………………………………………… vii List of figures ………………………………………………………… viii Chapter one . General Introduction and Literature Review Types of parasitic plant …………………………………………………….. 2 Stem parasites ………………………………………………………….. 2 Root parasites ………………………………………………………….. 2 Parasitic Plan ts Classification …………………………………………….. 3 10 Economics Importance ……………………………………………….. Objectives of the study. ................................................................................. .. 13 Chapter TTTwoTwowowo Material and Methods 1. Taxonomy ……………………………………………………………………… 15 2. Phytochemistry ……………………………………………………………… 18 Plant material ……………………………………………………………….. 18 Preparation of plant material for extraction …………………………….. 18 Preparation of extraction …………………………….……………………… 18 Screening of extraction …………………………….……………………… 19 Preparation of TLC plate …………………………….…………………………… 19 Application of material …………………………….……………………………… 19 Solvent system development …………………………….………………………. 19 Preparation of speray reagent ………………………………………………… 19 3. Infra red spectroscopy……………………………………………………. 20 4. Dry ashing preparation………………………………………………… 20 Chapter three Results (A) Taxonomy results ………………………………………………………………. 21 Key to the stuied familes…………………………………………………………. 21 (a) Description ……………………………………………………………... 22 1 Family Hydnoraceae ……………………………………………………….. 22 2 Family Loranthoceae ………………………………………………………. 24 3 Family Cuscutaceae ………………………….……………………………… 26 4 Family Scrophulariaceae ……………………….………………………….. 28 5 Family Orobancheceae ………………………….………………………….. 30 (B) TLC Results …………………...………………………………………………. 34 ( C) Infrared spectroscopic result……………………………………………... 45 (D) Minerals results..…………………………………………………………... 63 CCChapterChapter four Discussion and conclusions ………………………………………………… 65 ChaChaapapapapterter five References …………..………………………………………………………………. 71 List of TablTable Page Table (1): Selected pathogenic parasitic angiosperm. 6 Table (2): Classification of parasitic plants after 7 Hunchinson(1954) Table (3): Classification of parasitic plants after Tachtajan (1970) 8 Table (4): APG (1998) classification of the flowering plant 8 Table (5): Species under study. 17 Table (6) : Index of similarity of speices under study in 10 36 morphological character 38 Table (7): RF(100) value and colors of spots of species under study of amino acid 41 Table (8): RF(100) value and colors of spots of species under study of triterpinoid 44 Table (9): RF(100) value and colors of spots of species under study of flavonoid Table (20): Index of similarty between species under study in functinal 56 groups Table (21): Infra red spectroscopic result in functional group present and 60 absent Table (22): Analysis of plant sample for some minerals (mg% /100g %). 64 List of Figures Page Fig (1) Anginiosperm phylogenic group (APG) interrelationship of the orders 9 Of The flowering plant (1998). Fig (2) Hydnora johannis host plant: Acacia nilotica .(A)Fruit.(B) 24 Root. Fig (3) Plicosepalus acaciea host plant: Acacia seyal. (A)Friut. (B)Habit 26 (C) Haustorium. 28 Fig (4) Cuscuta hyalina host plant: Eruca sativa. Fig (5) Striga hermonthica host plant: Sorghum valgare . (A) Flower. 30 Fig (6) Cistanche deserticola host plant: Capparis decidua. 32 Fig (7) Orobanche ramosa host plant: Lycopersicones culentum . 34 Fig (8) Orobanche ramosa host plant: Solanum melogena 34 Fig (9) Amino acid, methanol extraction, BAW solvent system,ninhydrin 37 reagent 40 Fig (10) Triterpinodes, methanol extraction, BAW solvent system, vanallin reagent. Fig (11) Flavonoid, methanol extraction, BAW solvent system , KOH reagent . 34 Fig (12) Hydnora johannis (sample1) host plant: Acacia nilotic 46 Fig (13) Plicosepalus acaciea (sample 2) host plant: Acacia seyal. 47 Fig (14) Cistanche deserticola (sample 3) host plant: Capparis 48 decidua Fig (15) Cuscuta hyalina Roth (sample 4) host plant: Eruca sativa. 49 Fig (16) Striga hermonthica (sample 5) host plant: Sorghum valgare . 50 Fig (17) Orobanche ramosa (sample 6) host plant: Lycopersicum 51 es culentum . Fig (18) Orobanche ramosa (sample 7) host plant: Solanum melogena . 52 Fig (19) Cuscuta hyalina (sample 8) host plant: Tamarix nilotica . 53 Fig (20) Cuscuta hyalina (sample 9) host plant: Medicago sativa 54 Fig (21 ) Cuscuta hyalina (sample 10) host plant: Eclipta alba . 55 . Chapter one General IIIntroductionIntroduction and literature RRReviewReview Parasitic plants an angiosperm flowering plants, directly attached themselves to other plant via the haustoriam. The haustorium is a modified root that forms morphological and physiological link between the parasite and the host (Nickernt, 2004). Rick (2004) defined parasitic plants as vascular plants which have developed specialized organs for the penetration of another vascular host plant, and the establishment of connection to the vascular strands of the host to the end of absorption of nutrient by the parasite. These organs are termed haustoria. Parasitism for plants is a relationship in which one organism uses the nutrient and water of another plant, (the host). A homoparasitism is a relationship where parasitism is obligatory. A hemiparasitism is exemplified by a plant that can live either as a parasite or on its own; hence this plant is a facultative parasite. According to Botgrad (2006) the parasites have the following properties: 1. Nutrients and water are transported via a physiological bridge, called the haustorium. 2. The parasite
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