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ProEnvironment

ProEnvironment10 (2017) 191 - 198

Original Article

Plant Species from”Al. Beldie” Herbarium - Genre – Short Description

SCĂRLĂTESCU Virgil1, Diana VASILE2*, Lucian DINCĂ2

1National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry „Marin Drăcea” Mihăești, Principală St., 117470 Mihăești, Argeș County, Romania 2National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry „Marin Drăcea” Brașov, Cloșca St., No13, 500040 Brașov, Brașov County, Romania

Received 8August2017; received and revised form 20August 2017; accepted 2 September 2017 Available online 30 September 2017

Abstract

”Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry has in its possession a herbarium registered in Index Herbarium, with a collection of approximately 60.000 plates. The AlexandruBeldie Herbarium is composed of donated particular collections as well as collections obtained through an exchange of plates. For the present article, 79 plates belonging to the Orobanche genre present in the herbarium were studied. The plates were grouped on species (33 genre species), harvest year, origin place and the specialists who gathered them. The species from Orobanche genre were harvested from Romania, France, Italy, Poland, Bulgaria etc. by renowned botanists from Romania and abroad and are in a good conservation state, even though the samples from the herbarium were harvested starting with the year 1824. The most numerous species of this genre were described from a morphological point of view, namely: Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. (18 plates), L. (6), Orobanche lutea Baumg. (5), Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. (5), Orobanche coeruleaVill. (4), Orobanche picridis F.W.Schultz (3).

Keywords: collection, conservation, Herbarium, harvested, plant species.

1. Introduction These are extracting water and mineral salts through their suckers that penetrate the root’s Orobanche is a plant whose flowers are tissues and are establishing connections, disrupting parasitizing the roots of other plants and forms their growth and development [9]. cultures that are economically important. The Orobanche name is of Latin origin, derived Orobanche genre belongs to family from the Greek words Orobos, meaning pea and that gathers approximately 150 species [16]. The anchcin, meaning strangled. majority of these species are perennial, with the Annual, Orobanche species are reproducing exception of some weeds that are annual and have a through seeds that are very small, dark brown and are short life cycle (between 3 and 6 months). In most viable in soil for up to 20 years [22], or 5 years cases, these plants are parasitizing dicotyledonous according to other authors [14]. plants from Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, The seeds are germinating only under the Compositae families and only occasionally influence of root exudates, up to a distance of a few monocotyledons plants. millimeters from the host’s root or other non-host plants [13].This type of parasite is very interesting * Corresponding author. and very rich in species, so that numerous copies Tel: +40-268-419936 Fax: +40-268-415338 from each species were collected and preserved in e-mail:[email protected] herbariums.

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Orobanche populations are often immensely Orobanche genre. The ”AlexandruBeldie” variable in regard with their dimensions, color and Herbarium, after the name of the academician who pubescence. However, these details are rarely has studied preponderantly the flora from Bucegi recorded on the plant’s labels, so that their usage in mountains [5, 6], is formed of his plant collection, the genre’s needs to be realized by using donated private collections as well, as parts of other more samples and based on more characters and not collections obtained from other collections through on only one isolated character.The taxonomy plate exchanges. research based on herbariums has an essential role in the worldwide flora documentation activity. As such, 2. Material and Method the access to these collection is extremely important and necessary to be ensured by digitizing them The study material was composed of the 79 [4].The Herbarium from”Marin Drăcea” National Orobanche plates existent in the above mentioned Institute for Research and Development in Forestry is herbarium. The plates were categorized based on also currently being digitized. The herbarium, species (the herbarium holds 33 species of the genre), registered in Index Herbarium, has a rich collection year of harvest, harvest place and the specialist that of plant species (about 60.000 plates of plants) [8, has gathered them. An extract of the Orobanche 10]. Amongst them, there are 33 species from genre inventory is rendered in Table 1.

Table 1. Orobancheinventory from AlexandruBeldie INCDS Bucharest Herbarium (extract) Herbarium/ Conser Collected/ Drawer Plate Botanic Harvest Harvest vation Species name Determined number number collection/ date place degree by: Institution (1..4) Polytechnic University Zanoga 7 91 Buc. Orobanche alba 1947.07.09 Al. Beldie 2 Bucegi Silviculture Faculty F.Schultz 7 108 Normal Orobanchealsatica 1845.06.10 Besancon F. Schultz 1 Herbarium Polytechnic School Orobanchecaryoph Viseul de 7 152 Herbarium 1938.07.21 A. Coman 1 yllacea Sus Buc. Botanic Laboratory R.OrtoBotanic Orobanchecruenta 7 116 1887.05.16 Modena A. Mori 1 o di Modena Best F.Schultz Lyon 7 127 herbarium Orobanchehederae 1857.06.21 A. Becker 1 (Rhone) normale DealulViilor S. 7 125 ICEF OrobancheluteaB. 1936.05.08 1 Gurghiu Pascovschi MuseoBotanic oUniversitatis Orobancheramosa 7 144 1943.07.15 RosioriIlfov I. Morariu 1 Clusiensis (in L. Timisoara)

3. Results and Discussions after their apparition. This lack of normal is as Orobanche genre is very difficult from a such a major loss of potential taxonomic information, taxonomic point of view [7, 17, 23] and is very hard while the is the only plant part that can to recognize even on the field, as it possesses very be studied. Being beefy and lacking , few quantifiable characters. Orobanche plants from the herbarium are relatively Above the soil, the plant slightly comprises an poor and sometimes forming an amorphous mass, so inflorescence whose stem has simple, consistent that their most important characteristics are lost. This leaves that rapidly become fragile fact is more visible in regard with the corolla’s colors

192 SCĂRLĂTESCU Virgil et al./ProEnvironment 10(2017) 190 - 198

and form subtleties. Nevertheless, the well preserved Borkh., Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm., Orobanche and pressed species, accompanied by field cernua Loefl., Orobanche cervarice, Orobanche annotations can bring important and useful concolor B., Orobanche coerulea etc.), most plates information [11]. belong to Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. (18 Amongst the 33 Orobanche genre species plates), Orobanche ramosa L. (6), Orobanche lutea collected and preserved in Al. Beldie Herbarium Baumg. (5), Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. (5), (Orobanche picridisF.W.Schultz, Orobanche alba Orobanche coerulea Vill. (4), Orobanche Stephan ex Willd.,Orobanche alsatica Kirschl., loricataRchb. (3), Sm. (3), Orobanche amethystea Thuill., Orobanche arenaria Orobanche picridisF.W.Schultz (3) (Fig. 1).

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Nr.exemplarede 2 0

Specia

Figure 1.Orobanche species present in the herbarium

Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd (Fig.2) is a stems are growing from the soil at approximately 6 parasite root plant, without chlorophyll, that prefers weeks after germination. Flowering and the dry and sunny plants, xerothermic and mountain appearance of seeds happens after two-three weeks meadows, shrubberies and rock cavities. The fleshy [1]. The inflorescence occupies approximately half of stem can reach 10-70 cm height, has an inflorescence the stem’s length and carries many flowers arranged composed of zygomorphic white or yellow flowers, as spikes or raceme, each being sleek with a branch covered by purple glandular trichoms. These types of of 6-10 mm length, with two supplementary glandular trichoms also appear on other parts of the bracteole, attached at the calcium basis and having a plant, namely on the stem, scaly leaves, , similar length. filament and style. The secondary metabolites The corolla is white underneath and blue or secreted by glandular trichoms are protecting the purple (occasionally white) [12]. During summer, the plants against herbivore animals or pathogen agents seed capsule dries and breaks. A plant can produce and are acting as agents for attracting pollinizing over 100.000 seeds that can stay latent in soil for over agents or for dispersing fruits [24]. 40 years [1]. Orobanche ramose L. (Fig.3) is an annual Orobanche lutea Baumg. (Fig.4) – oligophage plant that grows from seeds and requires a host plant species that parasitizes family species, in order to survive. As such, it is a parasite plant that especially the Medicago genre, M. falcata and grows on the roots of host plants, extracting all occasionally M. sativa and M. x varia, that are its nutrients and water from these plants. The seeds are common hosts in Europe [19]. germinating as response to the chemical substances The plants generally have one stem, while the released by the host’s roots. The roots are attaching corolla has a straight or slightly curved dorsal line, themselves to the roots of the host plant and are with large flowers of 17-35 mm length and a varied staying subterranean until flowering. The plant does coloristic (yellow-brownish, purple, usually purple not have chlorophyll or evident leaves. The flower towards the margin) [2, 3].

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The flowering period is between the second orange, yellow and pink. The pubescent’s intensity half of May and the first half of June. and metrical characters is also observed. A population gathers even some forms of color [19].Orobanche coeruleaVill. (Fig.6)is synonymous with Phelypaea caerulea (Vill.) C.A. Meyer, and . OrobanchepurpureaJacq. The plant is mainly a parasite of Achillea spp. and sometimes Artemisia spp. It grows on sunny and dry meadows [15]. The plant produces straight and strong sprouting, usually not branched and covered with small, elongated scales. The sprouting are blue with glandular shin- leaves and can reach 15-60 cm in height. From May until August, O. coerulea develops a cylindrical apical inflorescence. The calyx has a bell shape, is yellow with 4-5 lobes and is situated on the axe of an elongated branch that has the same height as the calyx. The corolla is light blue or blue-purple, with dark veins, a height of 20-35 mm, white-yellow at the basis, with the superior part curved forward. The fruit is an oval capsule that contains many fine, dark brown and ovoid-ellipsoid seeds [21].

Figure 3.Orobanche ramosa L

Figure 5.Orobanchecaryophyllacea Sm. Figure 4.OrobancheluteaBaumg. Orobanche picridisF.W.Schultz (Fig.7) – has Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. (Fig.5) – as two variations: var. typica (a glandular hairy plant the other species, is also oligophage and usually whose inflorescence has many flowers with a length parasitizes species from Rubiaceae family and of 15-20 mm, and the calyx’s segments more Galium genre. yellowish) and var. carotae – a glandular plant les The species is characterized by a corolla with hairy, whose corolla becomes after a time glabrous, a curved dorsal line, superior yellow lip, large with purple veins and the calyx’s segments of a dark yellow-brownish, purple flowers (17-35 mm), color. It blooms from the middle of June up to the end usually purple towards the margin [2, 3].The pistil of July (August) and produces a very large number of stigma color is also variable: usually purple, but also seeds (between 450 and 3250 per fruit) [18].

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Figure 6. Orobanche coeruleaVill. Figure 7. Orobanche picridisF.W.Schultz

All these Orobanche exemplars were gathered Toulouse), Italy (Modena, Florence), Poland or from different parts of Romania (Bucegi, Vișeu, Bulgaria. Most of them are from Romania, Praid, Constanța, Mihăești), as well as from other namely from Bucegi Mountains (23 plants) countries such as France (Besançon, Lyon, (Fig.8).

Figure 8. Orobanche plants place of origin

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The plants were gathered by renowned 1st degree means that the plant was well preserved, in Romanian and foreign botanists: Al. Beldie (13 its entirety and correctly attached on the plate; plants), M. Haret (9), Wolff (7), E.I. Nyarady (4), CC. 2nd degree – the plant is detached from the plate, with Georgescu, Morariu, etc., in an interval of 129 years detached parts, but existent; (1824 -1953). The most plants were harvested in the 3d degree – the plant is detached from the plate and years 1854, 1891 and 1947 (Fig.9). lacks parts; The specie’s degree of conservation (Fig.10) 4th degree – the plant is detached and fragmented, was codified with numbers from 1 to 4; with over 50% lack.

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1 Nr. de exemplareNr.de 0.5 0

Anul

Figure 9. The years in which Orobanche plants were gathered

80 70 60 50 40 30

20 Nr. de exemplareNr.de 10 0 Grd.1 Grd.2 Grd.3

Gradul de conservare

Figure 10. Degree of conservation of herbarium plants

Generally speaking, the herbarium collection but has all its parts intact. A number of 32 plants are is in a good state, with most plants well preserved well preserved, while 27 species are detached from (74), even though the plant is detached from the plate, the plate and are lacking parts.

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4. Conclusions București, Revista de Silvicultură și Cinegetică, 40, In press. The ”Al Beldie” Herbarium from INCDS ”Marin Drăcea” represents a valuable source of [9] Dhanapal G.N., 1996, Management of broomrape information regarding our country’s biodiversity, as (Orobanchecernua) in tobacco (Nicotianatabacum). Thesis LandbouwuniversiteitWageningen. well as that from other countries and offers rich data about certain plant species [25], their origin place and [10] Dincă L., D. Vasile, I. Voiculescu, 2017, environmental conditions. As such, it offers the Caracteristici ale speciilor de plante din genul Hieracium possibility to study old and rare plants and the existente in Herbarul Alexandru Beldie al I.N.C.D.S. potential to advance in their preservation. București, Lucrări Științifice seria Agronomie, USAMV The 33 species from the Orobanche genre Iași., 60, In press. harvested from Romania (Bucegi Mountains, Apuseni Mountains, Mihăești, Vișeuetc), as well as [11] Foley M.J.Y, 2000, A morphological comparison from Italy, France, Poland or Bulgaria, are in a good between some British Orobanche species (Orobanchaceae) conservation state (1st and 2nd degree). and their closely-related non-British counterparts from continental Europe: Orobanche reticulataWallr. s. I. The herbarium plants were harvested starting Watsonia, 23, 257-267. with the year 1824, having as such over 200 years, while the most recent ones are from over 60 years [12] Holm L.G., J. Doll, E. Holm, J.V. Pancho, J.P. (1953). By accumulating hundreds of years of Herberger, 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and collecting plants by renowned specialists as well as Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc. simple travelers, the ”Al Beldie” Herbarium is a rich and still insufficiently exploited source of data about [13] Kadry A., H. Tewfic, 1956, Seed germination in useful and invasive plants, as well as about the human Orobanchecrenata. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 50, 270-286. societies that have used them or fought against them. [14] Krishnamurthy G.V.G., CA. Raju, 1994, Effect of solarization on the germinability of broomrape seeds References (microplot study). In: Pieterse, A.H., J.A.C. Verkleij and S.J. ter Borg (eds.). Biology and management of [1] Baldwin B.G., D.H. Goldman, D.J. Keil, R. Patterson, Orobanche. Proceedings of the Third International T.J. Rosatti, D.H. Wilken, Eds, 2012, The Jepson manual: Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. vascular plants of California, second edition. University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute. California Press, Berkeley. [15] Madalski J., 1967, Orobanchaceae. In: B. Paw£Owski [2] Beck G., 1890, Monographie der gattungOrobanche. (eds.).Florapolska, Roslinynaczyniowe Polskiiziemo Theodor Fischer, Cassel. sciennych, PWN, Warszawa-Krakow,11, 25-52.

[3] Beck G., 1930, Orobanchaceae. in: a. enGler (ed.). Das [16] Musselman L.J., 1980, The biology of Striga, PflanzenreichiV. (261), Verlag von Wilhelm Orobanche and other root parasitic weeds, Annual Review Engelmann, Leipzig. Phytopathology, 18, 463-489.

[4] Bebber D.P., M.A. Carine, J.R.I. Wood, A.H. Wortley, [17] Pignatii S., 1982, Flora d'Italia 2. Edagricole, D.J. Harris, G.T. Prance, G. Davidse, J. Paige, T.D. Bologna. Pennington, N.K.B. Robson, R.W. Scotland, 2010, Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery, [18] Piwowarczyk R., 2012, A revision of distribution and University of California, Berkeley, CA. the ecological description of Orobanchepicridis (Orobanchaceae) at the ne limit of its geographical range [5] Beldie A., 1967, Flora şivegetaţiamunţilorBucegi, from Poland and Ukraine, ActaAgrobotanic, 65 (1), 91- Editura Academiei, Bucureşti. 106.

[6] Beldie A., 1972, Flora RepubliciiSocialisteRomânia [19] Piwowarczyk R., L. Krajewski, 2014, 12, Editura Academiei RSR, București. Orobanchelutea Baumg. (Orobanchaceae) in Poland: revised distribution, taxonomy, phytocoenological and [7] Chater, A. O. & Webb, D. A. 1972. Orobanche in host relations, Biodiv. Res. Conserv., 34, 17-39. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora Europaea 3: 286-293. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [20] Piwowarczyk R., 2014, Orobanchecaryophyllacea [8] Chisăliță, I., D. Vasile, L. Dincă, 2017, Unele specii de Sm. (Orobanchaceae) in Poland: current distribution, plante culese din parcul Bazoș, județul Timiș, existente în taxonomy, plant communities and hosts, colecția Herbarului Alexandru Beldie de la I.N.C.D.S. ActaAgrobotanica, 67 (3), 97–118.

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[21] Prajs O., 2010, Orobanchepurpurea on its newly L. in Britain and Ireland. Watsonia, 18, 257-295. discovered site near ZatonDolna (NW Poland): the problem of protection of a threatened [24] Sulborska A., A. Konarska, P. Chmielewski, 2014, species, Biodiv. Res. Conserv., 17, 33-38. Morphology and histochemistry of glandular trichomes of Orobanchealba Stephan ex Willd. Modern [22] Puzzilli M., 1983, Tobacco broomrapes and their control Phytomorphology, 6, 21. and some useful references to other parasite and host species, Rev. Agric. Subtropical e Tropicale, 78, 209-248. [25] Vasile D.,L. Dincă, A. Indreica, I.Voiculescu, 2017, Herbarul Alexandru Beldie - o colecție de planteși o importantăbază de date pentruspecialiști, Revista de [23] Rumsey F.I., S. L. Jury, 1991, An account of Orobanche Silvicultură și Cinegetică, 39, 114-119.

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