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Genuine and Sequestered Natural Products from the Genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae, Lamiales)

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Genuine and Sequestered Natural Products from the Genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae, Lamiales) Review Genuine and Sequestered Natural Products from the Genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae, Lamiales) Friederike Scharenberg and Christian Zidorn * Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-431-880-1139 Received: 10 October 2018; Accepted: 28 October 2018; Published: 30 October 2018 Abstract: The present review gives an overview about natural products from the holoparasitic genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae). We cover both genuine natural products as well as compounds sequestered by Orobanche taxa from their host plants. However, the distinction between these two categories is not always easy. In cases where the respective authors had not indicated the opposite, all compounds detected in Orobanche taxa were regarded as genuine Orobanche natural products. From the about 200 species of Orobanche s.l. (i.e., including Phelipanche) known worldwide, only 26 species have so far been investigated phytochemically (22 Orobanche and four Phelipanche species), from 17 Orobanche and three Phelipanche species defined natural products (and not only natural product classes) have been reported. For two species of Orobanche and one of Phelipanche dedicated studies have been performed to analyze the phenomenon of natural product sequestration by parasitic plants from their host plants. In total, 70 presumably genuine natural products and 19 sequestered natural products have been described from Orobanche s.l.; these form the basis of 140 chemosystematic records (natural product reports per taxon). Bioactivities described for Orobanche s.l. extracts and natural products isolated from Orobanche species include in addition to antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, e.g., analgesic, antifungal and antibacterial activities, inhibition of amyloid β aggregation, memory enhancing effects as well as anti-hypertensive effects, inhibition of blood platelet aggregation, and diuretic effects. Moreover, muscle relaxant and anti- spasmodic effects as well as anti-photoaging effects have been described. Keywords: Orobanche s.l.; Orobanchaceae; Lamiales; natural products; secondary metabolites; phenylpropanoid glycosides; phenylethanoid glycosides; bioactivities of natural products; chemosystematics 1. Introduction Taxa of the genus Orobanche sensu lato (Orobanchaceae) are non-photosynthetic root holoparasites. The genus Orobanche s.l. is distributed worldwide. Most of the about 200 species are native to the Northern Hemisphere [1,2]. The phylogeny of Orobanche s.l. is still discussed controversially. Park et al., (2008) [3], distinguished five lineages within Orobanche s.l. based on morphological, cytological, and (macro-)molecular phylogenetic data. Schneeweiss (2013) [4] suggested treating these lineages as separate genera. From these five lineages, four have traditionally been regarded as sections of Orobanche [the respective generic names suggested by Schneeweiss (2013) [4] are indicated in brackets]: Gymnocaulis Nutt. (= genus Aphyllon Mitch.), Myzorrhiza (Phil.) Beck (= sect. Nothaphyllon (A.Gray) Heckard = genus Myzorrhiza Phil.) [5], Trionychon Wallr. (= genus Phelipanche Pomel), and Orobanche L. (= sect. Osproleon Wallr. = genus Orobanche L. s.str.). The only representative of the fifth clade, Orobanche latisquama Reut. ex Boiss. (= genus Boulardia F.W.Schultz), was formerly assigned to sect. Orobanche. Additionally, the genus Phelypaea is part of the clade comprising Orobanche s.l. [4]. On the basis of recent taxonomic and phylogenetic data, the genus Molecules 2018, 23, 2821; doi:10.3390/molecules23112821 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2018, 23, 2821 2 of 30 Orobanche s.l. was split into two separate genera, Orobanche and Phelipanche [6]. Following this decision the names Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel and P. aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel, instead of Orobanche ramosa L. and O. aegyptiaca Pers. (of sect. Trionychon) are applicable [7]. In the following paragraphs, the new species names are used and synonyms in the original publications are indicated if applicable. Orobanche species play an important (negative) role in agriculture as they can pose serious threats to major crop plants [8,9]. Many research papers are focused on host-parasite interactions via strigolactones (seed germination promoters) in terms of weed management. Less is known about phytochemical compounds in the parasitic species. This review is intended to give an overview over secondary metabolites synthesized by Orobanche s.l. known so far. For Orobanche sections Gymnocaulis and Myzorrhiza as well as for O. latisquama, no studies on secondary metabolites have been published yet. Members of Orobanche section Orobanche and of Phelipanche that have been phytochemically analyzed are reviewed in alphabetical order. An additional paragraph describes sequestration of secondary metabolites from host plants. Characterizations of bioactivities of Orobanche s.l. extracts and pure compounds isolated from Orobanche species are described separately. Literature data were retrieved from SciFinder and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Reports until the end of 2017 were taken into account (exact search terms can be found in supplementary text S1). All taxon names were reviewed and accepted names according to The Plant List are used throughout the manuscript [10]. Usage of synonyms deviating from The Plant List in the cited literature was mentioned when applicable. 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. Literature Data on Natural Products from Orobanche Species In the genus Orobanche s.l. the following classes of secondary metabolites have been found: aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and phenylmethanoids (Figure 1), phenylethanoids (Figure 2), phenylethanoid glycosides (Figure 3), phenylpropanoid glycosides (Figures 4–8), phenolic acids (Figures 9 and 10), lignans (Figures 11 and 12), flavonoids (Figure 13), a tropone derivative (Figure 14), and sterols (Figures 15–20). Phenylpropanoid glycosides represent the largest group of secondary metabolites isolated from Orobanche species. Moreover, bi- and tricyclic sesquiterpenes, iridoid glycosides, acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes, and carotenoids have been detected in Orobanche. Along with secondary metabolites the isolation of some primary metabolites such as fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, ketones, fatty alcohols, and sugar alcohols has been described. Species that have been investigated for their phytochemical compounds are subsequently listed in alphabetical order within their corresponding genus. The secondary metabolites synthesized by Orobanche species are shown in Figures 1 to 20 and compounds are numbered consecutively from 1 to 70. Components of essential oils are listed in the corresponding paragraphs but individual chemical structures are neither displayed nor numbered. Primary metabolites that have been isolated along with secondary metabolites and that are mentioned in the corresponding papers are only mentioned in the text (no figure, no numbers). Secondary metabolites sequestered from host species by Orobanche species, comprising alkaloids (Figures 21–24), polyacetylenes (Figure 25), and cannabinoids (Figure 26), are shown in Figures 21–26, and these sequestered compounds are numbered consecutively from S1 to S19. Information about collection site, country of origin, analyzed plant parts, and extraction solvents as well as analytical methods used for compound identification and structure elucidation are listed in this order in brackets after the corresponding taxon. Analytical methods include infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography (GC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) and diode array detectors (DAD). Most authors do not specify the host species of the investigated Orobanche samples. Whenever available, information about the host species is mentioned. An additional section is dedicated to reports dealing with more than one Orobanche species. Natural products described in these reports are also briefly mentioned in the respective paragraphs for each individual species. An additional section is dedicated to the Molecules 2018, 23, 2821 3 of 30 sequestration of secondary metabolites by Orobanche species from their host plants. Moreover, one section deals with bioactivities reported for Orobanche extracts and natural products isolated from such extracts. Synonyms of taxon and compound names are only indicated when being mentioned for the first time. Tables giving an overview of all phytochemically investigated species, natural products detected within these species and sequestered by these species, respectively, are available as Supplementary Material (Tables S1 and S2). 2.2. Secondary Metabolites Synthesized by Orobanche s.l. 2.2.1. Orobanche Sectio Orobanche (= sect. Osproleon Wallr. = Genus Orobanche L. s.str.) Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd.—Roudbaraki and Nori-Shargh identified forty different compounds in the essential oil from O. alba [province of Guilan, Iran; aerial parts; hydrodistillation; GC, GC-MS, comparison with authentic samples] [host species not mentioned] [11]. Detected compounds included three monoterpene hydrocarbons, twelve oxygenated monoterpenes, five sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, three
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