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Orobanchaceae) in POLAND ACTA AGROBOTANICA Vol. 65 (1): 53-62 2012 A REVISION OF DISTRIBUTION AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF PREFERRED HOSTS OF Orobanche ramosa (Orobanchaceae) IN POLAND Renata Piwowarczyk Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Received: 12.11.2011 Abstract Poland, Estonia and the former USSR) and Southern The Polish localities of Orobanche ramosa L., branched Europe, in Asia, northern and southern Africa, north broomrape, are either extinct or have not been confirmed for America and southern Australia. The species probably many years. This paper presents two new localities of O. ramo- travelled to Central Europe from Asia with hemp crops sa in Poland from the Pła skowyż Proszowicki plateau (Wyżyna ca. 500 BC (Kreutz, 1995; Pusch and Gün- Małopolska upland) and the Nizina Nadwiślańska lowland (Ko- ther, 2009). tlina Sandomierska basin). Habitat preferences and the abun- The Polish localities of Orobanche ramosa are dance at the sites are described. A revised map of the distribu- rare and mostly extinct or have not been confirmed tion and a historical analysis of preferred hosts in Poland are for many years. O. ramosa is red-listed in Poland as included. The taxonomy, biology, ecology and control methods a rare, potentially threatened species (R) (Zarzyc- of O. ramosa are also discussed. k i and Szelą g , 2006). It is classified as a species of indeterminate status (I) in the Kujawy-Pomeranian Key words: Orobanche ramosa, distribution, taxonomy, ar- region (Rutkowski, 1997), as extinct (Ex) in We- chaeophyte, host, Poland stern Pomerania and Wielkopolska (Ż ukowski and Jackowiak, 1995), regionally extinct (RE) in INTRODUCTION Gdańsk Pomerania (Markowski and Buliń ski, 2004; Olszewski and Markowski, 2006), and Orobanche ramosa L., branched broomrape, extinct (Ex) in the Kraków Voivodeship (Z a j ą c and belongs to the parasitic family Orobanchaceae. Of Zają c , 1998). approximately 200 species of the genus Orobanche The aim of this study is to present the current (Pusch and Günther, 2009), six parasitize crop plants: distribution of Orobanche ramosa in Poland based O. aegyptiaca, O. cernua, O. crenata, O. cumana, on a critical revision of literature and herbarium data O. minor and O. ramosa (Sauerborn, 1991; Par- and the results of my field studies. Issues related to the ker, 1994). O. ramosa, O. crenata and O. cumana are taxonomy, biology, ecology and control methods of the prominent species that increasingly cause agricul- O. ramosa are also discussed. tural problems in Southern and South-Eastern Europe- an countries. O. ramosa has long been known in Cen- TAXONOMIC NOTES tral Europe as a parasite of hemp and tobacco but it did Orobanche ramosa Linnaeus 1753, Sp. Pl. 2: not have a major agricultural impact; it has recently be- 633. Syn.: O. micrantha Wallr., O. cannabis Voucher come an aggressive weed that adapts to new hosts and ex Duby, O. albiflora Godr. et Gren., Kopsia ramosa causes considerable crop losses (Wegmann, 2004). (L.) Dum., Phelipaea ramosa (L.) C. A. Mey., Pheli- Orobanche ramosa is a widespread species. Its panche ramosa (L.) Pomel. range extends in Europe and Western Asia (Jäger Orobanche ramosa, O. arenaria Borkh., and Werner, 2002). It occurs in Central (north- O. bohemica Čelak. and O. purpurea Jacq. represent wards to England, the Netherlands, northern Germany, the section Trionychon Wallr. in Poland. O. ramosa 54 Renata Piwowarczyk is a highly variable taxon. It comprises varieties and these seeds (Buschmann et al. 2005). Seeds can lie subspecies that are increasingly often recognized as dormant in the soil for up to 13 years (Buschmann, separate species, mostly based on the length and shape 2004). Seed life expectancy in broomrapes varies con- of the corolla and the calyx: O. ramosa subsp. mutelii siderably depending on the soil type and climatic con- (F. W. Schultz) Coutinho, O. ramosa subsp. nana (Reu- ditions. Broomrape viability can probably be longer in ter) Coutinho, and O. ramosa subsp. ramosa (Chater drier conditions (T eryokhin, 1997). and Webb, 1972). The first two occur mostly in so- Hosts uthern Europe and parasitize wild plants. O. ramosa Orobanche ramosa is a polyphagous species subsp. ramosa is usually a crop parasite. recorded on different plant species. Its most common High variability is also observed within Oro- hosts include crop taxa: Nicotiana tabacum, Cannabis banche ramosa subsp. ramosa, especially for the sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum. length or colour of flowers which may range from It is recorded less frequently on species of the genera whitish to pale blue or intensely blue. The height and Capsicum, Helianthus, Rorippa, Phaseolus, Brassica, branching, if present, of shoots may also differ. The Cucurbita, Armoracia, Lens, or on ornamental species, stem and inflorescence are branched in f. polyclonos e.g. Begonia, Coleus, Coreopsis, Pelargonium, Zinnia, Wallroth (var. robusta Čelakovsky), while f. monoc- Chrysanthemum, Tropaeolum, and species of the gene- lonos Wallroth (var. simplex Noulet, Kopsia ramosa ra Lamium, Xanthium and similar. It mainly parasitizes Dum. f. monoclonos Béguinot, Phelipaea ramosa tomatoes and tobacco in Europe (Beck, 1890, 1930; var. monoclonos Rouy) has a single inflorescence and Kreutz, 1995; Uhlich et al. 1995; Zázvorka, stem. The colour of the corolla distinguishes f. cyanea 1997, 2000; Pusch and Günther, 2009). It has re- G. Beck (Kopsia ramosa f. cyanea Béguinot), which cently been recorded on Medicago lupulina in Virginia has an intensely blue-purple corolla, from f. albiflora (USA) for the first time (Musselman and Bolin, (Godr. et Gren.) G. Beck (Phelipaea ramosa var. alba 2008). It has also been spreading in western France, Webb et Berthel, Kopsia ramosa f. albiflora Béguinot, where it parasitizes Brassica napus subsp. napus (Gi- Phelypaea ramosa var. alba (Webb et Berth.) Rouy) bot-Leclerc et al. 2003). which has a white corolla. Corolla size and shape may also vary. F. gracillima G. Beck is distinguished by Habitat and phytocoenoses a 1-1.2 cm long corolla, while the corolla is 7 mm long Orobanche ramosa occurs in root crop fields, in f. proboscistyla Bianca (Kopsia ramosa var. probo- in sown fields, fallows, sandy fields, especially in root scistyla Béguinot) (Beck, 1930). These morphologi- crop cultures, on roadsides, in ruderal pastures, on cal differences are caused by different hosts or habitat alkaline, nutrient-rich sandy or loamy soil (M ą dal- conditions. The taxonomic rank of internal taxa within ski, 1967, Tzvelev, 1981, Kreutz, 1995). O. ramosa requires further investigations, including It is mostly a lowland species. The highest site ecological-geographic and molecular examinations. of its occurrence in Central Europe was reported from Wallis in Switzerland, at ca. 1 600 m a. s. l. (Pusch BIOLOGY, HABITAT PREFERENCES and Günther, 2009). It has also been reported from AND CONTROL METHODS mountainous areas, e.g. from the Czech Republic (Te- Flowering time pelské vrchy) 650-690 m (Zázvorka, 2000), Tyrol The species flowers from March in Southern up to 883 m, Abkhazia 850 m, northern Persia 3200 m, Europe. It flowers from (VI) VIII until IX (X) in Cen- Eritrea 2480 m, Italy up to 1000 m (Pignatti, 1982; tral Europe (Kreutz, 1995; Zázvorka, 1997, Uhlich et al. 1995). 2000; Pusch and Günther, 2009). It flowers from In Europe the species has been recorded in Era- late August until late October in Poland. grostion, Caucalidion lappulae, Polygono-Chenopo- dietalia, Bidentetalia tripartitae, Tribulo-Eragrostion, Productivity, seed dispersal and vitality Secalietea (Oberdorfer, 1990; Uhlich et al. A single fruit of Orobanche ramosa can pro- 1995; Zazvorka, 2000; Jäger and Werner, duce between 700 and 4 000 seeds. Every plant can 2002; Kropáč , 2006). A separate segetal commu- produce 35 000-500 000 durable and very small se- nity with Orobanche ramosa has been distinguished eds, leading to a dramatic increase of the Orobanche in Ukraine (Crimea region), Orobancho ramosae-Sta- seed bank in the soil (Sauerborn, 1991; Busch- chydetum annuae, Stellarietaea mediae class (Bagri- mann, 2004). Seed shape ranges from ellipsoid to kova, 1996). ovoid, 0.33-0.52 x 0.19-0.33 mm in size (Plaza et al. 2004). 200 000 seeds per gram can be produced (Q u - Control methods asem and Kasravi, 1995; Quasem, 1998). Hu- As Orobanche ramosa can cause considerable mans, machinery, water or wind can easily disperse crop losses, a range of eradication methods have been A revision of distribution and historical analysis of preferred hosts of Orobanche ramosa (Orobanchaceae) in Poland 55 developed. However, it is a persistent weed and con- Mirek et al. (2002). The nomenclature of syntaxa trol strategies described in the literature are not always is based on Matuszkiewicz (2006). The locali- universal or fully effective. The main control methods ties are listed in ATPOL cartogram units, 10 x 10 km are described below. (Zają c , 1978); units are given in alphabetical order. Some success has been obtained using chemical Data collected by me and the localities documented in control (Lolas, 1994; Qasem, 1998; Borkow- the herbarium materials and reported in the literature ski et al. 2007a; Borkowski and Robak, 2000, are included. Abbreviations of the hosts of O. ramosa 2002; Goldwasser et al. 2003), resistant varieties are based on the information in the herbarium mate- (Perez-de-Luque et al. 2004) and agronomical practices rials and in the available literature (in brackets after (Haidar and Sidahmed, 2000). Crop rotation for the location of the site): hc – headed cabbage (Brassica a period of at least five years is recommended in fields oleracea subsp . capitata), h – hemp (Cannabis sativa), affected by Orobanche ramosa (M a ł uszyń ska et p – potato (Solanum tuberosum), tb – tobacco (Nico- al. 1998). Many researchers have investigated the ef- tiana tabaccum), tm – tomato (Lycopersicon escu- fect of organic fertilizers on the seed germination of lentum), s – strawflower (Helichrysum bracteatum), a variety of plants (Haidar et al.
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