ISSN : P-2720-9938 e-2721-5202 Comparison of The China-Vietnam- Guerrilla War In The Perspective of The Universal War

Devis Lebo, I Wayan Midhio and Lukman Yudho Prakoso Universitas Pertahanan Bogor Jawa Barat, Indonesia Universitas Pertahanan Bogor Jawa Barat, Indonesia Universitas Pertahanan Bogor Jawa Barat, Indonesia Email: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Date received : 01 April 2021 The history of war in several countries proves that universal Revision date : 04 March 2021 war is a reliable strategy to win a battle. This universal war Date received : 16 May 2021 is used by weak military forces by utilizing national resources to fight against stronger and more modern forces in Keywords: weaponry, as was done by China, Vietnam and Indonesia. Comparison CINA-Vietnam- War is caused by several factors, among others, Indonesia Guerrilla War psychological, cultural, ideological, economic and political. In Universal War writing this literature review, the author uses methods and theories by collecting data and information through the help of various materials contained in literature (books) or also known as phenomological research types associated with qualitative descriptive and defense philosophy. From the results of literature research, the writer finds that the universal war waged by each country that has adopted this strategy is different in its implementation and the objectives to be achieved. However, the universal war that has been carried out has brought very good results in accordance with the objectives of the struggle of each country that has used it.

INTRODUCTION There is no real gain from winning the War has existed since ancient times war, what is certain to happen is innumerable and is still ongoing today. This has become material losses, not to mention the number of part of human culture. History has recorded lives that were sacrificed to win the war. that there have been many incidents of war However, war is known to have a purpose, that occurred during the history of mankind. namely prestige (pride), antipathy (antipathy) War is interpreted as a conflict between which is a very striking difference in identity, groups, between regions, or even between universal dignity, namely war caused by worlds. Some fight for economic reasons, violations of universal standards of state political reasons, even religious reasons. War sovereignty, particular dignity. Such as the is an act of physical violence between two occurrence of historical trauma in Israel parties to fight for something, for example (Lindemann, 2010). the territory of a country, domination of When viewed from several wars that something, political power and so on. War is have occurred, there are some countries that an activity carried out physically and non- mobilize their people to be involved in physically against an enemy who always uses supporting wars, but there are also countries violent means between two or more groups that carry out wars only by their military, the of people to control a disputed area. people are not directly involved in taking up arms.

How to cite: Lebo, Devis, et.al. (2021) Comparison of The China-Vietnam-Indonesia Guerrilla War in The Perspective of The Universal War, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.46799/jsss.v2i3.122

E-ISSN: 2721-5202

Published by: Ridwan Institute The war, which is supported by the researches. scientifically and axiologically, people, will have a very significant impact in namely the science of defense which forms increasing strength and increasing the morale the basis for the development of a country's of other soldiers to carry out the war. The defense. joining of the people with the soldiers because they are called and have the METHOD awareness and spirit of nationalism towards This study is a type of research by their country which will make the war a collecting data and information through the universal people's war. People who join the help of various materials found in literature military voluntarily, shoulder to shoulder with (books) or also known as phenomological the soldiers will make a very heroic battle. research types. This type of research is a Based on the experience of war history study aimed at describing the history of war that has ever existed, this universal people's that occurred in China and Vietnam and in war usually lasts for years and in its Indonesia in mobilizing the people to fight implementation it is carried out with "hit and together in order to achieve the desired run" tactics and is full of enthusiasm, never goals, namely gaining independence and will gives up and is willing to sacrifice so that this be analyzed in terms of philosophy in the war is commonly referred to as a guerrilla form of Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology. war. This is done because the enemy they Events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, face is always superior in technology, while perceptions, thoughts of individuals or the people and the military who carry out groups. to describe phenomena in war that guerrilla warfare usually fight traditionally involve national resources in carrying out (Welianto, 2020). universal wars in China, Vietnam and in According to existing data, wars Indonesia. involving the people have occurred abroad In depth, this study uses literature such as the Napoleonic war (S. Anwar, 2021), study associated with phenomonological the war in China, the war in Vietnam (S. qualitative descriptive. With literature study, Anwar, 2021) and what has happened in empirical findings can be described in detail, Indonesia such as the Diponegoro war, the more clearly and more accurately, especially Aceh war, the Padri war (Welianti, 2021) and various matters related to universal war. For the independence war during the general this reason, through this paper, it is hoped attack on March 1, 1949 in that literature study can help research in (Primadia, 2016). This war involves the thinking and imagining, abstractly. people on the basis of the awareness of each As previously stated, the strategy used individual to go to war, this shows that the in this qualitative research is phenomenology. people's involvement in the struggle is very According to (Creswell, 2010) phenomenology effective in destroying their enemies. It was was chosen because in it the researcher will all done just wanting to be independent and identify a particular phenomenon, and live freely in determining their own destiny. requires researchers to study the subject by The sacrifices that were given were also not being directly involved in developing insignificant for this struggle, be it life and meaningful patterns and relationships (Lebo also property. & Anwar, 2021). From the wars that occurred above, In the context of the research that will the author will examine the wars that have be studied, the main focus of this research is occurred abroad involving national resources to carry out data search through literature in carrying out universal warfare with one of studies on the history of war that mobilized the wars that have occurred in Indonesia. its people that have occurred in China and This study will also be linked to the Vietnam as well as in Indonesia, then we will philosophy of defense science which can be look for the similarities (Synthesize), the viewed from the requirements of a science, inequalities (Contrast), provide a view including ontology, which is the object of (Criticize), compare (Compare) and defense science, which is a state behavior to summarize (Summarize) the history of the maintain national defense and develop it war so that data can be obtained that can be continuously, then epistemologically, namely used as input in realizing national defense defense science is obtained through related to the universal war strategy.

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Meanwhile, the research location is the place they carry out. Looking at history, it where the research will be carried out. seems that there are many things Determining the research location is a very that support the profit and loss important stage in qualitative research, approach. For example, the making it easier for writers to conduct European war in colonizing research. This location can be in a certain Indonesia, aimed to take advantage area or a certain institution in society. To of Indonesia's natural resources, obtain secondary data, the research location which were solely due to economic is based on data obtained through books, factors. journals and other electronic media. c. Cognitive Approach. The cognitive process that is often discussed in relation to international conflicts is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the process of misperception in A. Causes of War response to international situations. War is an event that has been going d. Social Structure Approach. The on for a very long time, because since the social structure approach is establishment of human civilization on attached to problems that exist in Earth, wars have been created and they society as a source of conflict, are as old as human civilization on this violence, or war. The existence of earth. This war was born because of the strata in social life and state life can interaction between humans themselves. be a source of contention, if the War is an event that will color the history strata are a source of injustice of human life and civilization on this earth. 2. Cultural and Ideological Causes The onset of war usually occurs because The ideological cause is the of the many interests between the two ideological competition between the parties who do not want to budge. United States and the Soviet Union According to experts, war occurs for over the influence of other countries. several reasons, including: The between the Soviet 1. Psychological Causes Union and the United States was a war Saying that war is a kind of caused by differences in the ideologies behavior of the many human behavior of capitalism against communism. in this world. Because war is However, unlike the two world wars, "behavior", the causes of war can be the Cold War did not involve military seen from several different approaches, attacks (Harlis, 2015). namely: (ILMPI, 2016) The Catholic-Protestant Crusades a. Motivational Approach. The source or the Hindu-Muslim wars are examples of the causes of war is within of wars caused by differences in value humans themselves. According to systems. (Freud, 1970), war occurs because 3. Economic Causes of an aggressive, destructive urge in There are many opinions about humans. This impulse comes from wars caused by economic reasons. Thanatos (instinct to die) whose These opinions include, first, that the presence has existed since humans war was carried out with the intention were born. This impulse arises of increasing the standard of living of because humans have lost their the people, the second was that the sense of love (Lost of Love). wars occurred because of obstacles in b. Reinforsemen Approach. This trade, the third wars arose because of approach is viewed from the cost- the urge to get high profits from the benefit approach. According to sale of equipment. war. Albert Bandura, acts of aggression 4. Political Causes are carried out by people because Wars occur in the absence of these actions result in "rewards". effective government institutions. In When viewed from a "cost-benefit" other words, a war arises because of approach, wars arise because anarchy, which is a condition in which people expect "profit" from the wars individuals or groups of individuals try

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to live without an effective Mao Zedong, who realized that he government. This situation causes the could not attack Chiang Kai Sek at that absence of cooperation or uncertainty time, decided to avoid and set up to act among the elements in society Communist defense bases in several (national and international) and villages that were passed through the ultimately leads to war. Long March. B. History of the Universe War Abroad The Long March had a profound In several war incidents that impact on the development of the occurred abroad, it was found that the Chinese Communist Party. With the people participated in supporting the support of the peasants and workers, struggle for their nation with full Mao Zedong carried out a village awareness and responsibility to obtain the strategy of besieging the city to attack independence of their country from the Chiang Kai Sek. Mao Zedong used his hands of colonialism. propaganda to win sympathy from the As for wars that involve the people rural people. With the support of the in supporting wars that take place abroad, village, Mao Zedong took control of among others: (S. Anwar, 2021) several villages first, only then did he 1. Civil War in China, 1927-1949 attack Chiang Kai Sek's power bases In the early 19th century, China located in the big cities. On October was still ruled by an empire led by a 20, 1935, the CCP's long guerrilla foreign dynasty called the Manchu parade ended. Only 4,000 troops dynasty which had been in power for survived until the end of the journey. approximately 200 years. With the control of several In the following year 1925 Dr. important cities in China paved the way Sun Yat Sen died and was replaced by for the Chinese Communist Party to Chiang Kai Sek who did not like the further expand its movement and communists and tried to get rid of the defeat Chiang Kai Sek. The success of communists from the Koumintang the Long March and the villages because he thought that the surrounding the city made Mao Zedong communists could endanger the unity recognized as the communist supreme of the country and send them back leader and made him the leader of the Borodin and General Blucher to the People's Republic of China. USSR This triggered conflict between After World War II ended and the communists and the nationalists. Japan surrendered, the struggle In 1927 Mao Zedong was elected between the Nationalists and the leader of the Chinese Communist party communists returned to seize power in and through the Red Army under the China. leadership of Zhou Enlai and Zhu De Chiang Kai Shek himself was held a power struggle in Nanchang worried about the Red Army controlling which the Kuomintang managed to vast rural areas so he asked the United thwart. States for help to solve his problems in Mao Zedong's strategy of China. universal war began with the Long In 1945 US President Truman March from Kiangsi to Yenan on attempted to avert civil war in China by October 16, 1934. The Chinese sending General George Marshall to act Communist Party's insufficient as intermediary between the weaponry made Mao Zedong carry out Nationalist Government and the the Long March and devised a strategy Chinese Communist Party. to overthrow the Chinese Nationalist But after Marshall's death the Party. fighting between the Nationalist The aim of the Long March was Government and the Chinese to avoid Chiang Kai Sek's attack, test Communist Party resumed on an even the mental of Communist cadres, get wider scale. closer to the Soviet Union, and spread In 1947 the Nationalist Communist ideology to the villages. Government succeeded in wresting the

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city of Yanan from the Communists. adopting the Mao model of guerrilla Although at first they were pressed, the warfare with the ultimate goal of situation immediately turned around destroying opponents. It is said that when the Communists implemented the Mao model used by North Vietnam land reform policies. divides the war into three phases, and The Civil War in China continued this is also known as the Dau Tranh afterward, but victory in the end sided Strategy. Dau Tranh is a tactic of using with Mao. The Chinese Communist "people as an instrument of war", Party has prevailed until now. encompassing the organization, 2. Vietnam War 1944 - 1975 mobilization and motivation of people. This war is the second Indochina The aim of this strategy is to war, taking place between North seize power by paralyzing society in Vietnam and South Vietnam. North special ways, namely assassination, Vietnam was supported by the Soviet propaganda and guerrilla warfare Union, China and other communist combined with conventional military allies; South Vietnam is supported by operations. the US, South Korea, the Philippines, Summarized from the BBC, North Australia, Thailand and other anti- Vietnam also used PEG (Peasants, communist allies. Enemy, Guerilla) acronym tactics This war lasted for 19 years and against the US (Jaya Iswara, 2020). involved the United States until 1973, If it is explained about the tactics this war occurred after the cold war of the PEG acronym, it is as follows and was considered a proxy war. that the Vietcong Army supported by Vietnam has a lot of experience North Vietnam often helps Peasants in fighting, because before the second (farmers) and also behaves well Indochina war, they had fought with towards farmers and sometimes goes France assisted by the United States down to the fields to help the farmers. since 1887. When the war was going This was all done to the farmers on, Vietnam had used guerrilla warfare because Vietcong needed food, tactics. protection and a place to hide. When the second Indochina war America (enemy) is considered took place, the then supreme to come and take the land and rice commander of the Vietnamese military fields of the peasants, they will disturb forces, Vo Nguyen Giap, said that the the lives of the peasants. They also US was superior to its troops, but they said that South Vietnam is a supporter did not understand their own strengths of the United States, they are dolls and weaknesses. made in America and they do not care In carrying out the struggle about the welfare of the people. The against the United States, North peasants in the doctrine or given the Vietnam and the Vietcong were guided understanding by the Vietcong that by the book "Ho Chi Minh and the America was a colonizer equal to origins of the Vietnamese doctrine of France, but America had more modern guerrilla tactics" by Edward C. O'Dowd weapons and had a lot of money. which revealed that Ho Chi Minh, who And the third is the guerrilla had joined in a guerrilla warfare school strategy carried out by utilizing the in Henyang, China in 1938, wrote the resources owned, both natural and pamphlet Cach Danh Du Kich (Guerrilla population. The Vietcong has troops Tactics) circa 1941 which served as a besides farmers, there are porters, guide for leaders of Vietnam's construction workers, soldiers, and Communist guerrilla dataset (1941- there are Vietcong agents who have 1944) and the first cadres of the been infiltrated to work at US Army Vietnam People's Army (Nuralam, bases and South Vietnam. Weapons 2020). also use spiked bamboo, mines, North Vietnam along with the grenades and bullets and use nature to Vietcong defeated the United States by create traps that are unpredictable and

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extremely deadly. The Vietcong also spirit of the fighters at that time. had tunnels to escape into the forest Responding to the Dutch attack, a and their units were so small that if Strategy Order was issued with the aim of caught they could not be tortured to making the BKR troops counterattack extract information about other through guerrillas. General also soldiers. asked the President, Vice President and All of the above strategies are Staff to immediately leave the capital city carried out neatly, full of enthusiasm of Yogyakarta, but the proposal was and combined with hatred for the rejected (Turner, 2017). enemy because their country has been The troops, which originally moved colonized for a very long time. to Central as a result of the contents C. The History of the Internal Universe War of the , which reads: The guerrilla war that occurred in "TNI withdrew from the Dutch (West Java Indonesia existed during the first Dutch and ) controlled areas. then military aggression on July 21, 1947. At resurrected because the second Dutch that time the Dutch deployed 3 Divisions military aggression returned to wingate in Java and 3 Brigades in . (infiltrate the enemy line). Like the Guerrilla operations at that time were Siliwangi troops who began carrying out carried out from the hills in Dutch- the Long March from the Central Java controlled areas. This operation occupied region to the guerrilla enclaves that had parts of Java and Sumatra. previously been prepared in West Java. Furthermore, on December 14, The guerrilla journey that is carried out 1948, the Dutch troops in Indonesia, requires good physical strength because especially in Java, again launched military they have to pass through rivers, aggression II with the code name mountains, valleys tirelessly in order to Operation Kraai. The military attack was achieve the goal of being independent designed by the Chief of Staff of the Dutch apart from the hands of the invaders. Army in Indonesia, namely General Simon Outside the city, TNI troops then Spoor. The result of this second military formed defense pockets called Wehrkreise. aggression succeeded in controlling After the TNI troops succeeded in Yogyakarta city. consolidating with troops in the regions, This military attack as an effort to which then carried out guerrillas against paralyze the ongoing Indonesian the Dutch. The main target of the attack resistance, started when the Linggarjati of the Indonesian troops was by cutting Agreement was held at the Merdeka the Dutch telephone lines, destroying the Palace in on December 15, 1946. railroad tracks, sudden attacks on the Then it was followed by a peace convoys of Dutch troops. agreement over the USS Renville. The attacks from the Indonesian Operation Kraai, which was carried troops which had begun to be organized out by the Dutch military on the islands of began to overwhelm the Dutch military. Java and Sumatra, had the aim of The guerrilla attacks that were carried out crippling and destroying the morale of the had the aim of dividing the concentration Indonesian military and capturing the of the Dutch military which ultimately nation's leaders. Yogyakarta as the capital concentrated strength on small posts to of the country which is also the connect with each other because the headquarters of the People's Security means of communication had been Army (TKR) was the main target of the damaged by guerrilla forces. This turned attack. The attack that occurred used an the post area into a broad battlefield and operation that was fast and difficult to be benefited the guerrilla forces, because calculated by the Indonesian army. This they had more control over natural operation was known as a blitzkrieg, which conditions and conditions. was an attack in a lightning tempo by The role of villages and sub-districts minimizing casualties on the attacker. in supporting guerrilla warfare, such as: From the TNI side, the Dutch Borogunung village, Banjarsari sub-district, military aggression II aroused the fighting Kulonprogo, where it is remote and safe.

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Empowered to repair broken weapons and General Sudirman in Indonesia is make weapons in people's homes. indeed true, carried out because it has Residents here prepare shelters, supplies a weak power compared to the and are even ready to carry weapons (E. invading or attacking countries. These Anwar, 2021). figures carry out guerrillas with the Kelurahan Banjarsari was formed by support of the people, so that the village guerrillas and their apparatus. The people voluntarily, work together to village accommodates refugees, regulates support their soldiers and even many civil defense, supplies and information so take part in wars. Each figure has their that it is able to support guerrilla warfare, own ways of carrying out guerrilla the village also forms a village fence, to warfare which have received support maintain security, assist the village's social from the community such as Mao duties and become a courier. Zedong carrying out the Long March to This sub-district is also used as a the villages by carrying out protracted place for the Indonesian National Police wars, propaganda and building forces Chief and the Attorney General of the there and helping the poor. Republic of Indonesia so that it is safe to Vo Nguyen Giap carried out a carry out their duties. guerrilla war with the support of the The kelurahan coordinated food aid Vietcong in South Vietnam, which had to the large number of refugees and jointly attacked 100 cities, bases and supported TNI members passing through the United States Embassy in Saigon. the area. North Vietnam divided the war into The village was made the three phases, and this is also known as headquarters, important letters were sent the Dau Tranh Strategy. Dau Tranh is a with the help of couriers who were tactic of using "people as an instrument accompanied by the TNI. of war", encompassing the The village youth also helped the organization, mobilization and TNI a lot besides taking up arms, they also motivation of people. North Vietnam managed to catch spies a lot and then also used PEG (Peasants, Enemy, reported them and then were executed Guerilla) acronym tactics against the (Legi & Argomulyo, n.d.) US. D. Universal War Viewed from Philosophy General Sudirman in carrying out When studying some of the history universal war with A.H Nasution formed of wars, both those that took place abroad pockets of resistance in the villages, so and inside the country, related to guerrilla that the TNI, which was carrying out warfare and involving the community in the Long March, could join these achieving the goal of achieving pockets to plan an attack. In addition, independence, several differences were the role of remote villages and sub- found. The struggles that occur by districts was empowered in supporting carrying out guerrilla warfare, such as warfare, starting from preparing plans, those in China, Vietnam and Indonesia, preparing supplies, repairing weapons, have many differences, both in objectives, making weapons, accommodating targets and in implementation in the field. refugees, caring for the injured and Although the methods of fighting against also using the village hall as an office. each enemy were carried out in a different 2. Epistemology pattern in guerrilla, the results obtained The epistemology of guerrilla were the same, namely gaining warfare involving the people by Mao independence together. Zedong began when Mao Zedong As for the review of philosophy, wrote a Journal in 1919 about "The there are 3 scientific requirements, namely Great Union of the Popular Masses". It Ontology, Epistemonology and Axiology. sold more than 5 million copies. It 1. Ontology invites the peasants, workers, students, The ontology of the guerrilla women, teachers, police and pedicab warfare carried out by Mao Zedong in drivers to unite to overthrow the China, Vo Nguyen Giap in Vietnam and autocracy and capitalist oppression.

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Mao Zedong, at Peking University 3. Axiology (1919) participating in the fourth May Lessons that can be taken from movement, was disillusioned by the guerrilla warfare carried out by Mao Western liberalism. Mao Zedong later Zedong, Vo Nguyen Giap and Jendeal became a member of the Chinese Sudirman All in a universal war must Communist Party (CCP) founded by have an unbalanced power with the Dazhao and Duxiu in 1921. enemy, so that to strengthen the army Mao at that time chose to gather we both get support from the people. strength and establish a CCP base in However, the aims of the universal war Hunan Province, his hometown. Mao, and the means to get support and from 1927 to 1934 organized guerrilla sympathy from the people are different units, mostly consisting of peasants, to as follows: defend their bases in rural areas Mao Zedong drew people's against the forces of General Chiang sympathy by conducting propaganda in Kai-shek's Nationalist Party the villages and also distributing land (Kuomintang). to poor farmers. This made the people Vo Nguyen Giap in carrying out interested and supported the struggle guerrilla warfare which received of Mao Zedong, who often helped the support from the people, especially poor people compared to Chiang Kai peasants experienced in previous wars Sek who cared little for the people and against France since 1887. In addition, many corrupt officials. Mao Zedong Vo Nguyen Giap is guided by the book also implemented people's war or "Ho Chi Minh and the origins of the protracted war. Vietnamese doctrine of guerrilla tactics" The war in China occurred which made by Edward C. O'Dowd who because of political differences and revealed that Ho Chi Minh, who had power struggles between the joined a guerrilla warfare school in Nationalist Party and the Chinese Henyang, China in 1938. North Communist Party. The Nationalist Party Vietnam divided the war into three used a strategy of asking for support phases, and this is also known as the from the United States and also the Dau Tranh Strategy, where people as a Soviet Union, while the Communist means of war which consists of the Party used a village strategy of organization, mobilization and besieging the city, creating defenses in motivation of the people, as well as the the villages with the support of use of PEG tactics (Peasants, Enemy, peasants and workers as well as Guerilla). spreading their communist views. General Sudirman who carried Vo Nguyen Giap received out guerrilla warfare involving the support and sympathy from the people people was the result of the thoughts by learning about Mao Zedong's of General A.H Nasution in his book strategy. It was Mao Zedong who Pokok-Pokok Gerilya (Fundamentals of inspired Vo Nguyen Giap to wage a Guerrilla Warfare). Guerrilla warfare is protracted people's war, a concept of carried out secretly, with high mobility resistance to a larger foreign army and carrying out sabotage and isolation using all the people's resources and against enemy forces (Nugroho, 2019). carrying out a three-stage strategy, This made it difficult for the Dutch to covering the organization, mobilization face the TNI because they attacked and motivation of the people. quickly, then disappeared or "Hit and This war occurred because of Run". differences in ideology, North Vietnam Another strategy is to create adopted communist ideology, which guerrilla pockets by taking advantage was supported by Russia and China, of the role of villages and sub-districts while South Vietnam was supported by together with their citizens in the United States and Western supporting all war needs and countries, especially France which accommodating refugees. adhered to Liberalism.

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This war in Vietnam was a proxy lines) where the population would bleed their war, because it involved a third party blood dry through a mixture of mobile who took part in the battle and warfare and guerrilla warfare. involved two major powers. Vo Nguyen Giap also implements a General Sudirman carried out a protracted war strategy, using all the people's guerrilla war and received direct resources and carrying out a three-stage support from the people without being strategy, including the organization, forced. This is all because of the sense mobilization and motivation of the people. of nationalism that came from within General Sudirman implemented the Indonesian people who were tired universal warfare by mobilizing the people of being colonized, so that their lives and establishing defense pockets for were brave enough to be sacrificed. headquarters, consolidating, planning, The people are always willing to have accommodating refugees, and caring for the their territory, houses and land used by sick and also implementing an outreach the TNI as a base for consolidation and strategy by maximizing the people, avoiding hiding in preparing strategic plans for destruction and taking advantage of terrain the next guerrilla attack. and weather factors. Apart from setting up pockets of defense in the villages, Colonel T.B Simatupang, deputy chief of staff of REFERENCES the Armed Forces, proposed to balance the with "Emarttung Anwar, E. (2021). The Quest for Radical Strategie" (Discovery strategy). This Islamism and the War on Terror in means that the Republic of Indonesia Indonesia. In The (De) Legitimization of maximizes the people, avoids Violence in Sacred and Human destruction and takes advantage of the Contexts (pp. 175–194). Springer. terrain and weather factors. In this way Google Scholar the TNI and the people would gradually tire and weaken the enemy, and this Anwar, S. (2021a). Perang Napoleon: strategy was successful, because the Diplomasi Dalam Perang. Fakultas position of the Netherlands was Strategi Pertahanan. weakening. It was not enough for a Anwar, S. (2021b). Perang Saudara Cina : year that the Dutch had invited the Mao Zedong & Strategi Peperangan Republic of Indonesia to negotiate in a (pp. 1–72). Universitas Pertahanan. Round Table Conference in Denhaag. Google Scholar The biggest attack was carried out in Yogyakarta on March 1, 1949, Anwar, S. (2021c). Perang Vietnam : involving all military forces and the Pengeboman Strategis (pp. 1–74). people so that the city of Yogyakarta Universitas Pertahanan. Google Scholar could be controlled for 6 hours and this proved to the international community Creswell, J. W. (2010). Mapping the that the Indonesian Army was still developing landscape of mixed methods there. research. SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral CONCLUSION Research, 2, 45–68. Google Scholar A universal war that occurs because of occupation, and is carried out by a country Freud, S. (1970). Le clivage du moi dans le that is weaker than the attacking. The causes processus de défense. Gallimard. Google Scholar of this war range from politics, ideology, economics and psychology. Harlis, S. A. (2015). Perang Global Terhadap The Maoist military strategy is a Terorisme Sebuah Tinjauan Benturan protracted people's war. the basic concept Ideologi Barat dan Islam Pasca Perang behind the People's War was to maintain Dingin. Universitas Muhammadiyah population support and draw enemies deep . Google Scholar into the countryside (expanding their supply

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Copyright holder: Devis Lebo, I Wayan Midhio and Lukman Yudho Prakoso (2021)

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