University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1952 The Indonesian question before the Security Council 1946-1949 Moises Montero De Guzman The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation De Guzman, Moises Montero, "The Indonesian question before the Security Council 1946-1949" (1952). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8645. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8645 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TTIE lîîDONESIAH QTTSSTION B3TFCRS TIE SECURITY COUNCIL 194.6-1949 by M0I3ES NCKTERO DE GDZI.iAN A.B. (Journalism), San Jose State College, Calif*, 1951 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of l!aster of Arts MOCTANA STATS UNIVERSITY 1952 UMI Number: EP39446 Al! rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OtsMTtation PtiUiahing UMI EP39446 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProOuesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 81 06-1346 ThÎ3 tîzesla Mo beeü approved h j the Board of ütariînora In jm rtiel falflH rant of the r©<tulrexaent9 for the decree of lister of arts. Chairo^n of the Board of Ihc^mlnora Deçàn of tho Gradua ta Sehool T3TEÔ 11 AC%N03TZDGÜEKT3 In preparing to r this masters degree thesis, I have found It Impossible to rely heavily upon the present resources. Official Records of the Security Council, of Montana State University, %hloh I found inadequate# Therefore, I had to depend largely, wherever possible, on the minutes of the United States Senate meetings, articles of people associated closely with the dispute, the New York Times, and other resources. The conclusions I have made after each of the âixteen chapters are my own, I have tried to avoid biased assumptions, opinions, and information as much as possible. I also subscribe as my own any deduction, evualuation, end assessment of facts contained in this work which sound pre-conceived, I give credit to Bill Smurr, Don Graff, Phil Williams, Rita Steinbrînk, and others who have given much of their time to correcting the xtanuscript for errors in style and form. I am very sincerely indebt to Dr. Robert T. Turner, my benevolent adviser, whose exacting suggestions and encouragement, made th is th e s is p o ssib le . M, de Guzman - i l l - TABL3 OF CORTENTS Chapter Page 1 . BACrSTAGE DRAM BZEIIRD THE INDONESIAN DISPUTE AT THE æCtSITY COUNCIL.......................1 I I . SEOHRITI COUNCIL DEBATES ON 3BE ABNORKAL SITUATION IN INDONESIA............ , . 2 9 i n . THE CEASE-FIRE RESOLUTION 0? AUGUST 1 , 1947 ..................................... 44 IT , THE REQUESTS OF RON-EEEBERS IN THE SECURITY COUNCIL ............ 56 T. THE ESTABLISHNEKT OF THE CONSULAR COMMISSION AND THE COMMITTEE OP GOOD OFFICES ........................... 66 V I. THE AFTERMATH OF THE DUTCH POLICE-ACTICN . 79 V II. mm SECURITY COUIÎCIL DEBATES THE REPORT OF THE CONSULAR COIEHSSIOR 94 V III. TES RENVILLS TRUCE AGREZLZNT .............. 108 I I . m s POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN INDONESIA , . 121 I . THE SECURITY COUNCIL DEBATES ON THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS REPORT .......... 133 H . THE DETERIORATION OF PEACE .................. 139 H I . THE NETHERLANDS STIRS3 THE UNITED NATIONS.............. 1 5 4 n i l . FORCES THAT LED TO PEACE AT THE HAGUE 183 n V . THE ROUND-TABLE CONFERENCE AT THE HAGUE....................... 199 IV . THE BIRTH OF A RATION . 221 -I t- 171. C0HCID3I0S ............. 233 BIELIOGIiAHIT ...................................................... 243 -Vi. LIS? OF ILLIISTRATIOIIS IllQstratioA Page 1* The Van Mook Line Of August 29» 1947 . ... 241 II* The Provisional Government o f the Hepuhlio (USX) .......... 242 —vi"» CHAPTSR I BACrSTAG2 DHA12A BEHIND TH2 IISDCNESIAH DISPUTE AT THE SECURITY COUNCIL I The aneieet Creek geographer Ptolemy called the Eaet Indies the "Cold and Silver Islands,* a thinly populated archipelago where an Indigenous civilization was slowly growing* To the modern historian, the East Indies is known as the source of great problems end wealth for the Dutch in the twentieth century* The East Indies is not now the thinly populated group of islands known to Ptolemy* With 80,000,000 in h a b ita n ts , i t has become one o f the most thickly populated areas in Southeast Asia* The archipelago of the East Indies thrusts length­ wise along the Equator for approzimately three thousand miles* It is one of the tourist centers of European as well as American travelers* Ever since the trade routes to the Indies were blazed by men like Marco Polo, Magellan, and Legaspi, this empire of the thousand islands has been the glory and wealth of Portugal, Great Britain, and especially Holland* %e archipelago constitutes a great and fragmented island empire, located between the Asiatic mainland, the -1 - -2~ Philippines, and Australia• It extends 6 degrees North and 10 degrees South latitude, between 95 degrees East and I 4I degrees West longtitude» The erehipelago is divided into four main groups: 1. The Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Borneo, va, and Celebes). 2 . The le s s e r Sunda Isla n d s (B a li, lombok, Sumbawa, Selor Islands, Water, Flores, and Timor)• 3 . Holuooas, by which is mean all the smaller is­ lands to the east of Celebes, formerly known as the **Spice Isla n d s* . 4 . New Guinea, being that pert of New Guinea which belongs to The Netherlands. The entire archipelago, including the inter-island seas, ex- tends as far from east to west as New York from San Francisco, and the total land area of 743,643 square miles is almost one-fifth the area of the United States including Alaska, or twice the area of the state of Texas. Java with the adjoining island of Madura has an area of 50,000 square miles, about the size of New York state. Sumtra occupies a land area of 162,000 square miles, about a 9 large as the state of California. Five-sevenths of Borneo’s total area of 212,737 square miles are included in present-day Indonesia or still Torchiana, H. A. van Coenen, Tropical Holland, pp. 15- 1 6 . -3 - adislnistered by the Dotoh* That part of New Guinea under Dutch sovereignty has about 152,000 square miles and is 2 about the size of the Empire of Japan in 1931* Unfortunately the archipelago does not possess large "golden gates" like the San Francisco or New York harbors, although small natural bays end coves are numer^ ous with shallow and deep shoals which proved to be great refuge for submarine raiders of the Allied forces during the last World War» John Gunther wrote about the East Indies: The dominating fact about the islands is that, like Croesus and JWin D. Rockefeller, Fr., they ere rich. They are the Big Loot of Asia, They are packed tight with natives, under the steaming son, who both produce and buy wealth, • , «In the old days, the days o f the Dutch E ast India Company, trade was a simple business of profitable barter:' beads, which cost little , for spices and cinnamon, which brought profit, 3 Among the wealth of Indonesia are great amounts of cinchona from which quinine is extracted, ground-nuts, to­ bacco, rice, tin, oil, and coal, Indonesia produces ten per cent of the world’s oil, the fifth greatest producing country in the world. Before the war when synthetic rub­ ber was still in the experimental stage, Indonesia was the greatest source of natural rubber in the world, Gunther reported that the Netherlands Indies "if necessary, , . 1 :--------------- Ibid,, p# id, 3 Gunther, John, Inside Asia, p, 322, - 4 - 4 ooald totally fiupply the world’s robber.* Former Secretary of State Cordell Hall asserted In lugasty 1940» that: Any change In the status of the Netherlands Indies would directly affect the interests of many countries. The islands produce considerable portions of the world’s supplies of essential commodities such as rubber, tin, quinine, and copra /dried co­ conut meat T. Intervention in the domestTo af­ fairs of tEe Netherlands Indies or any alteration of their status by other than peaceful means would be prejudicial to the cause of stability, peace, and security not only the region of the Nether­ lands Indies but in the entire Pacific Area. 5 The first inhabitants of the islands were ancestors of the present-day Australian natives, but they have left only few traces in the blood of people now living in Timor and Flores islands. Next came the ancestral stock of the wooly-haired Oceanic Negroes, now living in the islands of Melanesia: the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomons, the New Hebrides, and New Caledonia. Their race Is almost vanished from the Indies, but is known that they must have passed through, for they could have reached the Pacific islands by no other route. Moreover; in certain un­ frequented parts of the Archipelago, especially in the vicinity of Timor, the bushy-haired, sooty- skinned Melanesian Negroid stock s till survives.