ISSN : P-2720-9938 e-2721-5202 Comparison of The China-Vietnam- Indonesia Guerrilla War In The Perspective of The Universal War Devis Lebo, I Wayan Midhio and Lukman Yudho Prakoso Universitas Pertahanan Bogor Jawa Barat, Indonesia Universitas Pertahanan Bogor Jawa Barat, Indonesia Universitas Pertahanan Bogor Jawa Barat, Indonesia Email: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Date received : 01 April 2021 The history of war in several countries proves that universal Revision date : 04 March 2021 war is a reliable strategy to win a battle. This universal war Date received : 16 May 2021 is used by weak military forces by utilizing national resources to fight against stronger and more modern forces in Keywords: weaponry, as was done by China, Vietnam and Indonesia. Comparison CINA-Vietnam- War is caused by several factors, among others, Indonesia Guerrilla War psychological, cultural, ideological, economic and political. In Universal War writing this literature review, the author uses methods and theories by collecting data and information through the help of various materials contained in literature (books) or also known as phenomological research types associated with qualitative descriptive and defense philosophy. From the results of literature research, the writer finds that the universal war waged by each country that has adopted this strategy is different in its implementation and the objectives to be achieved. However, the universal war that has been carried out has brought very good results in accordance with the objectives of the struggle of each country that has used it. INTRODUCTION There is no real gain from winning the War has existed since ancient times war, what is certain to happen is innumerable and is still ongoing today. This has become material losses, not to mention the number of part of human culture. History has recorded lives that were sacrificed to win the war. that there have been many incidents of war However, war is known to have a purpose, that occurred during the history of mankind. namely prestige (pride), antipathy (antipathy) War is interpreted as a conflict between which is a very striking difference in identity, groups, between regions, or even between universal dignity, namely war caused by worlds. Some fight for economic reasons, violations of universal standards of state political reasons, even religious reasons. War sovereignty, particular dignity. Such as the is an act of physical violence between two occurrence of historical trauma in Israel parties to fight for something, for example (Lindemann, 2010). the territory of a country, domination of When viewed from several wars that something, political power and so on. War is have occurred, there are some countries that an activity carried out physically and non- mobilize their people to be involved in physically against an enemy who always uses supporting wars, but there are also countries violent means between two or more groups that carry out wars only by their military, the of people to control a disputed area. people are not directly involved in taking up arms. How to cite: Lebo, Devis, et.al. (2021) Comparison of The China-Vietnam-Indonesia Guerrilla War in The Perspective of The Universal War, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.46799/jsss.v2i3.122 E-ISSN: 2721-5202 Published by: Ridwan Institute The war, which is supported by the researches. scientifically and axiologically, people, will have a very significant impact in namely the science of defense which forms increasing strength and increasing the morale the basis for the development of a country's of other soldiers to carry out the war. The defense. joining of the people with the soldiers because they are called and have the METHOD awareness and spirit of nationalism towards This study is a type of research by their country which will make the war a collecting data and information through the universal people's war. People who join the help of various materials found in literature military voluntarily, shoulder to shoulder with (books) or also known as phenomological the soldiers will make a very heroic battle. research types. This type of research is a Based on the experience of war history study aimed at describing the history of war that has ever existed, this universal people's that occurred in China and Vietnam and in war usually lasts for years and in its Indonesia in mobilizing the people to fight implementation it is carried out with "hit and together in order to achieve the desired run" tactics and is full of enthusiasm, never goals, namely gaining independence and will gives up and is willing to sacrifice so that this be analyzed in terms of philosophy in the war is commonly referred to as a guerrilla form of Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology. war. This is done because the enemy they Events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, face is always superior in technology, while perceptions, thoughts of individuals or the people and the military who carry out groups. to describe phenomena in war that guerrilla warfare usually fight traditionally involve national resources in carrying out (Welianto, 2020). universal wars in China, Vietnam and in According to existing data, wars Indonesia. involving the people have occurred abroad In depth, this study uses literature such as the Napoleonic war (S. Anwar, 2021), study associated with phenomonological the war in China, the war in Vietnam (S. qualitative descriptive. With literature study, Anwar, 2021) and what has happened in empirical findings can be described in detail, Indonesia such as the Diponegoro war, the more clearly and more accurately, especially Aceh war, the Padri war (Welianti, 2021) and various matters related to universal war. For the independence war during the general this reason, through this paper, it is hoped attack on March 1, 1949 in Yogyakarta that literature study can help research in (Primadia, 2016). This war involves the thinking and imagining, abstractly. people on the basis of the awareness of each As previously stated, the strategy used individual to go to war, this shows that the in this qualitative research is phenomenology. people's involvement in the struggle is very According to (Creswell, 2010) phenomenology effective in destroying their enemies. It was was chosen because in it the researcher will all done just wanting to be independent and identify a particular phenomenon, and live freely in determining their own destiny. requires researchers to study the subject by The sacrifices that were given were also not being directly involved in developing insignificant for this struggle, be it life and meaningful patterns and relationships (Lebo also property. & Anwar, 2021). From the wars that occurred above, In the context of the research that will the author will examine the wars that have be studied, the main focus of this research is occurred abroad involving national resources to carry out data search through literature in carrying out universal warfare with one of studies on the history of war that mobilized the wars that have occurred in Indonesia. its people that have occurred in China and This study will also be linked to the Vietnam as well as in Indonesia, then we will philosophy of defense science which can be look for the similarities (Synthesize), the viewed from the requirements of a science, inequalities (Contrast), provide a view including ontology, which is the object of (Criticize), compare (Compare) and defense science, which is a state behavior to summarize (Summarize) the history of the maintain national defense and develop it war so that data can be obtained that can be continuously, then epistemologically, namely used as input in realizing national defense defense science is obtained through related to the universal war strategy. 249 Meanwhile, the research location is the place they carry out. Looking at history, it where the research will be carried out. seems that there are many things Determining the research location is a very that support the profit and loss important stage in qualitative research, approach. For example, the making it easier for writers to conduct European war in colonizing research. This location can be in a certain Indonesia, aimed to take advantage area or a certain institution in society. To of Indonesia's natural resources, obtain secondary data, the research location which were solely due to economic is based on data obtained through books, factors. journals and other electronic media. c. Cognitive Approach. The cognitive process that is often discussed in relation to international conflicts is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the process of misperception in A. Causes of War response to international situations. War is an event that has been going d. Social Structure Approach. The on for a very long time, because since the social structure approach is establishment of human civilization on attached to problems that exist in Earth, wars have been created and they society as a source of conflict, are as old as human civilization on this violence, or war. The existence of earth. This war was born because of the strata in social life and state life can interaction between humans themselves. be a source of contention, if the War is an event that will color the history strata are a source of injustice of human life and civilization on this earth. 2. Cultural and Ideological Causes The onset of war usually occurs because The ideological cause is the of the many interests between the two ideological competition between the parties who do not want to budge. United States and the Soviet Union According to experts, war occurs for over the influence of other countries. several reasons, including: The Cold War between the Soviet 1. Psychological Causes Union and the United States was a war Saying that war is a kind of caused by differences in the ideologies behavior of the many human behavior of capitalism against communism.