English Language and Linguistics the Status of Hwæt in Old English
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Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate
Freistaat Sachsen State Chancellery Message and Greeting ................................................................................................................................................. 2 State and People Delightful Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate ......................................................................................... 5 The Saxons – A people unto themselves: Spatial distribution/Population structure/Religion .......................... 7 The Sorbs – Much more than folklore ............................................................................................................ 11 Then and Now Saxony makes history: From early days to the modern era ..................................................................................... 13 Tabular Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Constitution and Legislature Saxony in fine constitutional shape: Saxony as Free State/Constitution/Coat of arms/Flag/Anthem ....................... 21 Saxony’s strong forces: State assembly/Political parties/Associations/Civic commitment ..................................... 23 Administrations and Politics Saxony’s lean administration: Prime minister, ministries/State administration/ State budget/Local government/E-government/Simplification of the law ............................................................................... 29 Saxony in Europe and in the world: Federalism/Europe/International -
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP. -
Old Frisian, an Introduction To
An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B. -
Semantic Shift in Old English and Old Saxon Identity Terms
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 5-7-2019 1:00 PM Semantic Shift in Old English and Old Saxon Identity Terms David A. Carlton The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Toswell, M. J. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © David A. Carlton 2019 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation Carlton, David A., "Semantic Shift in Old English and Old Saxon Identity Terms" (2019). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 6183. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/6183 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Christianity substantially altered Germanic life during the early Middle Ages. However, no large-scale studies have attempted to visualize Christianization through macroscopic semantic trends, nor have any studies used Old Saxon as a control group to illustrate the role of Christianity in less obvious semantic contexts. The core question of this project, then, revolves around semantic corpora and their role in clarifying sociocultural phenomena: how can a cross-section of Old Saxon and Old English semantics help clarify Christianity's role in re-shaping early medieval Germanic identity? This study uses corpus linguistics, post-colonial/historical theory, and Digital Humanities approaches to schematize the processes underlying the semantic shift of eight Old English/Old Saxon lexeme pairs— ambiht/ambaht, facen/fekan, gædeling/gaduling, hosp–hosc/hosk, geneat/ginot, scyldig/skuldig, þegn/thegan, and wlanc/wlank—that illustrate how the Anglo-Saxons and Continental Saxons re- interpreted their social and moral “Self” between ca. -
The Old Saxon Language Grammar, Epic Narrative, Linguistic Interference
Irmengard.Rauch The Old Saxon Language Grammar, Epic Narrative, Linguistic Interference PETER LANG New York • San Francisco • Bern • Baltimore Frankfurt am Main • Berlin • Wien • Paris Contents Plate I Ms. C Fit 1: lines 1-18a xvii Plate II Ms. M Fit 2-3: lines 117-179a x vi i i -x ix Plate III Ms. S Fit 7: lines 558b-582a; Fit 8: lines 675-683a; lines 692-698 xx-xxi Plate IV Versus de Poeta & interprete huius codicis xxii Plate V Map of Old Saxon Speech Area x x i i i Introduction xxv Symbols and Abbreviations xli Chapter One Reading an Old Saxon Text; Early Cognitive Decisions; The Verb in the Lexicon; The Strong Verb Dictionary Finder Chart 1. The Old Saxon Text: Narrative Discourse 1 2. The OS Sentence, Grammatical Constituents, Lexicon 2 3. The Verb in the Lexicon 3 3.1 The Fundamental Identifying Form (FIF) of the Verb 3 3.2 Strong, Weak, Modal Auxiliary, Anomalous Verb Types 4 VIII 3.3 Strong Verb ABLAUT 5 3.3.1 The Strong Verb Dictionary Finder Chart 6 3.3.2 Variation in the Seven Strong Verb Sets 12 Chapter Two After the First Search; Diachronic Synchrony and Linguistic Explanation; Linear Syntax: Independent Sentence; Pragmatic Strategies; Nonlinear Micro-syntax: Morphology; Inflection of Verb Present Tense 4. Linguistic Generalization in Diachronic Synchrony 19 5. Completing the Search 23 6. Linear Syntax: The Independent Sentence 24 6.1 The Independent Declarative Sentence: (X)VbSO 24 6.2 The Unmarked Interrogative and the Unmarked Imperative Sentence: (X)VbSO 25 6.3 The Marked Independent Sentence: (X)SVbO and (X)SOVb 26 6.4 Textual and Pragmatic Strategies in Linear Syntax 27 7. -
Frisian Language, As It Is Probable That the Received Its Present Form Substantially at This Time
T HE F RI S I A N LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE A HI S TORI CA L S T UD K A R L " E XT E N T F F RI S I A I . E O . 1 ‘ LA I CA L RE FE RENCE C SS S S . TO FRI IA 1 D “ lin . P 7 . : y , who wrote about A , says I n the Rhine itself is the most renowned islan d of the Batavi and the Can n en efate s and of Frisiav o n es S tu rii s other islands the Frisians , Chanci , , and Mar ii He lin iu m Fle v u m sac . , which are scattered between and These m on th are the names of the two s into which the Rhine divides . I t to empties its waters to the north into the lakes there , and the west ” l M a a tw o of into the s . The branches the Rhine here mentioned T he are the eastern and western . eastern was formed from the Sala or "ssel W l th which the waters of the Rhi n e were connected of L Ple v o by the canal Drusus, and which flowed through ake and o f entered the sea between the islands Terschelling and Ameland . m ’ I ts lower course bore later the na e of the Fli . The western 1 I n Rheno autem ips o nobili s s im a Ba tav o r u m in s ula e t Can n e n e fatiu m aliae F e t r isio r u m , Cha u co r u m , F r isiav o n u m , Stu r io r u m , M arsa cio ru m quae s te r n u n te r inter Helin iu m e t Fle v u m : ita appell an tu r o stia in quae ' e flu su s Rhe n u s a s e pte n tr io n e in Iacu s ab occidente in am n em Mo sam s e a it . -
A Middle High German Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
> 1053 MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER WITH GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY BY JOSEPH WRIGHT M.A., PH.D., D.C.L., LL.D., L1TT.D. FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY CORPUS CHRISTI PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD THIRD EDITION RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1917 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY pr EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS THE present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an elementary introduction to the larger German works on the subject from which I have appro- priated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose. In the grammar much aid has been derived from Paul's Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold's Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The former work, besides con- taining by far the most complete syntax, is also the only Middle High German Grammar which is based on the present state of German Philology. ... I believe that the day is not far distant when English students will take a much more lively interest in the study of their own and the other Germanic languages (especially German and Old Norse) than has hitherto been the case. And if this little book should contribute anything towards furthering the cause, it will have amply fulfilled its purpose. LONDON : January, 1888. WHEN I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888, I ventured to predict that the interest of English students in the subject would grow and develop as time went on, but I hardly expected that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be required within iv Preface to the Second Edition so short a period. -
Kashubian INDO-IRANIAN IRANIAN INDO-ARYAN WESTERN
2/27/2018 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg INDO-EUROPEAN ANATOLIAN Luwian Hittite Carian Lydian Lycian Palaic Pisidian HELLENIC INDO-IRANIAN DORIAN Mycenaean AEOLIC INDO-ARYAN Doric Attic ACHAEAN Aegean Northwest Greek Ionic Beotian Vedic Sanskrit Classical Greek Arcado Thessalian Tsakonian Koine Greek Epic Greek Cypriot Sanskrit Prakrit Greek Maharashtri Gandhari Shauraseni Magadhi Niya ITALIC INSULAR INDIC Konkani Paisaci Oriya Assamese BIHARI CELTIC Pali Bengali LATINO-FALISCAN SABELLIC Dhivehi Marathi Halbi Chittagonian Bhojpuri CONTINENTAL Sinhalese CENTRAL INDIC Magahi Faliscan Oscan Vedda Maithili Latin Umbrian Celtiberian WESTERN INDIC HINDUSTANI PAHARI INSULAR Galatian Classical Latin Aequian Gaulish NORTH Bhil DARDIC Hindi Urdu CENTRAL EASTERN Vulgar Latin Marsian GOIDELIC BRYTHONIC Lepontic Domari Ecclesiastical Latin Volscian Noric Dogri Gujarati Kashmiri Haryanvi Dakhini Garhwali Nepali Irish Common Brittonic Lahnda Rajasthani Nuristani Rekhta Kumaoni Palpa Manx Ivernic Potwari Romani Pashayi Scottish Gaelic Pictish Breton Punjabi Shina Cornish Sindhi IRANIAN ROMANCE Cumbric ITALO-WESTERN Welsh EASTERN Avestan WESTERN Sardinian EASTERN ITALO-DALMATIAN Corsican NORTH SOUTH NORTH Logudorese Aromanian Dalmatian Scythian Sogdian Campidanese Istro-Romanian Istriot Bactrian CASPIAN Megleno-Romanian Italian Khotanese Romanian GALLO-IBERIAN Neapolitan Ossetian Khwarezmian Yaghnobi Deilami Sassarese Saka Gilaki IBERIAN Sicilian Sarmatian Old Persian Mazanderani GALLIC SOUTH Shahmirzadi Alanic -
University of Copenhagen
Chapter 10: Germanic Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard; Kroonen, Guus Published in: The Indo-European languages Publication date: 2021 Document version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (APA): Hansen, B. S. S., & Kroonen, G. (Accepted/In press). Chapter 10: Germanic. In T. Olander (Ed.), The Indo- European languages: New perspectives on a language family Cambridge University Press. Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 9. Germanic Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen University of Copenhagen Guus Kroonen Leiden University & University of Copenhagen 1 Introduction Germanic languages are spoken by about 500 million native speakers. It is a medium- large subgroup of the Indo-European language family and owes much of its current distribution to the relatively recent expansion of English. From a historical perspective, notable old Germanic languages were Gothic, Old Norse, Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old Franconian (poorly attested) and Old High German (Bousquette & Salmons 2017: 387–8). Gothic, mainly known from a 4th- century bible translation, continued to be spoken in a local variant in Crimea until the late 18th century but subsequently went extinct (Nielsen 1981: 283–8). The continu- ants of Old Saxon survive marginally in largely moribund pockets of Low German Platt. The Frisian languages are still spoken in northern Germany and the Dutch prov- ince of Fryslân, but the use of these languages is in decline (Versloot 2020). English and German are the largest Germanic languages by numbers of speakers; third comes Dutch, which has descended from Low Franconian. The Nordic languages (Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Swedish, Elfdalian, Gutnish and Danish), which have descended from different varieties of Old Norse, cover the most extensive territory within Europe (Henriksen & van der Auwera 1994). -
Arjen Versloot: the Runic Frisian Vowel System. the Earliest History
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Runic Frisian vowel system: the earliest history of Frisian and Proto-Insular North Frisian Versloot, A.P. Publication date 2014 Document Version Final published version Published in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Versloot, A. P. (2014). The Runic Frisian vowel system: the earliest history of Frisian and Proto-Insular North Frisian. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 72, 35-62. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rodopi/abag/2014/00000072/00000002/art00002 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 72 (2014), 35-62 THE RUNIC FRISIAN VOWEL SYSTEM 1 THE EARLIEST HISTORY OF FRISIAN AND PROTO-INSULAR NORTH FRISIAN Arjen P. -
Dutch. a Linguistic History of Holland and Belgium
Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium Bruce Donaldson bron Bruce Donaldson, Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium. Uitgeverij Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 1983 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/dona001dutc02_01/colofon.php © 2013 dbnl / Bruce Donaldson II To my mother Bruce Donaldson, Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium VII Preface There has long been a need for a book in English about the Dutch language that presents important, interesting information in a form accessible even to those who know no Dutch and have no immediate intention of learning it. The need for such a book became all the more obvious to me, when, once employed in a position that entailed the dissemination of Dutch language and culture in an Anglo-Saxon society, I was continually amazed by the ignorance that prevails with regard to the Dutch language, even among colleagues involved in the teaching of other European languages. How often does one hear that Dutch is a dialect of German, or that Flemish and Dutch are closely related (but presumably separate) languages? To my knowledge there has never been a book in English that sets out to clarify such matters and to present other relevant issues to the general and studying public.1. Holland's contributions to European and world history, to art, to shipbuilding, hydraulic engineering, bulb growing and cheese manufacture for example, are all aspects of Dutch culture which have attracted the interest of other nations, and consequently there are numerous books in English and other languages on these subjects. But the language of the people that achieved so much in all those fields has been almost completely neglected by other nations, and to a degree even by the Dutch themselves who have long been admired for their polyglot talents but whose lack of interest in their own language seems never to have disturbed them. -
About Old English
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68569-6 - Old English: A Linguistic Introduction Jeremy J. Smith Excerpt More information CHAPTER 1 About Old English In this chapter … This chapter explains the purpose of this book, and how to use it. We look at the origins of Old English and how it developed from its ancestor, Proto-Germanic. We also look at the evidence for Old English, which derives for the most part from Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Contents 1.1 The purpose of this book page 1 1.2 How to use this book 2 1.3 The origins of English 3 1.4 Evidence for Old English 6 Note, key terms introduced in this chapter 9 1.1 The purpose of this book This book is intended for undergraduate students, and some postgraduates, who are working on the history of the English language and/or Old English literature and who wish to develop a comprehensive understanding of the language of the Anglo-Saxons, i.e. Old English (hence OE), enabling them to proceed to more advanced study in English historical linguistics. There are many excellent modern introductory books on OE, but most focus on the material needed for a basic literary understanding of the poetry and prose of the period, or have other limited goals. This book is rather different, and is designed to complement such approaches: it is designed to equip students with a secure grasp of OE linguistic structure. It is hoped that students who work through this book will not only have acquired an understanding of the basic features of OE but also will be able to engage with some of the fascinating textual and linguistic problems with which this form of English presents us.