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Deuxième Partie : LES FATIMIDES

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Deuxième Partie : LES FATIMIDES Deuxième partie : LES FATIMIDES 132 Les fatimides • L’islam ismaélien, l’ismaélisme • Le califat fatimide en Afrique • La conquête de l’Égypte, 969 133 L’islam ismaélien • composante du chiisme (Iran/Irak, IXe siècle) – la scission entre chiites duodécimains et chiites ismaéliens a lieu à la mort de Ja`far as-Sâdiq en l’an 765. – Ismail, l’aîné des fils d’al-Sâdiq, a été désigné par son père pour lui succéder ; les duodécimains pensent qu’il est mort avant son père • interprétation ésotérique du Coran – connaissance à travers les imams – peu de souci pour la religion exotérique, la prière, la loi, le jeûne... • expression de mécontentements populaires – attente du mahdi • forte activité missionnaire (da’wa, da’i) – dirigée contre le califat abbaside – volonté de construire un état 134 Les imams cachés • Entre Ismâ`il ben Ja`far as-Sâdiq et `Ubayd Allâh al-Mahdî, l'Imâm n'est pas visible au public – Selon les ismaeliens, il était vivant et donnait ses directives à la communauté à l'aide de missionnaires (da’is) 135 Les fatimides • Les ancêtres des fatimides avaient établi à Salamiyah (Syrie), un centre chiite ismaélien depuis que s’y est installé Abdallah bin Mohammad bin Ismail, chef ismaelien – Abdullah bin Maïmun al-Qaddah – Suite à la destruction de la ville par les Qarmates (ne reconnaissant pas le Mahdi, bien qu’Ismaeliens eux-mêmes), Ubayd Allâh al-Mahdî prend la fuite vers le Maghreb • Propagande d’Abou ‘Abdallah, le chiite, IXe siècle au Maghreb auprès des tribus Ketamas – Profite de l’affaiblissement des aghlabides et du mécontentement des populations – revendications sociales des Berbères • kharijisme • rejet de l’autorité étatique (les aghlabides) 136 Les fatimides 137 Le califat fatimide en Afrique, 909-1171 • ‘Ubayd Allah se proclame mahdi – conquête de Kairouan, 909 – Se débarrasse de Abou ‘Abdallah le chiite et de son frère • ‘Ubayd Allah se déclare calife – deux califes en même temps ! • succession d’imams tout puissants – population demeure sunnite en grande partie – Persécution des Malékites • résistance des Berbères contre l’État, les impôts – révolte kharijite-sunnite, 944 138 La conquête de l’Égypte, 969 • Fondation d’un grand empire anti-abbasside et anti-Omeyyade • fondent Le Caire (al-Qahira, «la dominatrice») – Au soir du jour de la conquête, le 6 juillet 969 on traça le dessin de la nouvelle ville (136 ha, d'al-Qâhirah) et du palais – Le 22 juin 972 la mosquée al-Azhar est ouverte – calife al-Mu’izz s’installe en 973 – Abandonnent Fustat progressivement marginalisé 139 Nouveautés paradigmales essentielles • Mosquée officielle, centre de formation et de propagande politique soumise au palais • directement financée par les califes fatimides • Ville administrative séparée de la ville « populaire » 140 Carte mentale • … 141 Mosquée et collège al-Azhar, Le Caire 142 Les Fatimides • conquête de la Syrie, projet de renverser le califat sunnite de Bagdad (970) • Le Caire : premier centre financier et commercial de la Méditerranée • expansion de la da’wa, fondation d’al-Azhar 143 Le Maghreb, changements et bouleversements • Afriquia – Ibn Ziri reste en Ifriqiya comme lieutenant des Fatimides – Plus tard, quand les zirides manifestent leur esprit d’indépendance et de retour au sunnisme: lancent les hilaliens sur l’Afrique 144 Mouvements des hilaliens Banu Hammad 1052 Banu Hilal 145 Les Banou Hilal, 1051 • Banou Hilal, bédouins installés en Haute-Égypte – Abou Zaid Al Hilali – Originaire du Nejd en Arabie – 50,000 combattants • envoyés par les Fatimides contre les Zirides – Les zirides avaient reconnu les abbassides • conséquences – arabisation du Maghreb – diffusion du nomadisme 146 • État : décentralisation de pouvoir – déclin de Kairouan – détachement politique et culturel du Machrek • économie : – essor du commerce caravanier • religion : – progrès du malékisme – floraison du soufisme, culte de saints 147 © 148 Orient, marches et zone de conflits • Qarmats • Turcs • Croisés 149 150 ARCHITECTURE FATIMIDE 151 Al Mahdiyya • le premier calife fatimide, Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, fonde Mahdiyya en 909 • construite sur une presqu'île de 1 400 mètres de longueur sur 500 mètres de largeur – construction en 5 années – il choisit de construire la mosquée dans une zone de la ville fortifiée à proximité de la résidence califale • Mahdiyya est conçue par son fondateur comme une cité refuge – résiste au siège de huit mois (944-945) par les kharijites 152 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mahdiyya_from_IMGP9325-2010-31-08.jpg 153 Le porche monumental occupe la place du Minaret à Kairouan Mosquée de Ubeyd Allah de Mahdiyya 154 155 156 Mosquée d’Al Mahdiyya • Pas de minaret ? • Coupole au dessus du mihrab • Mosquée pour un homme, qui a l’exclusivité de l’interprétation de la parole divine ? – Le grand portail en saillie, réservé au calife et à son entourage, constitue un tournant majeur dans l'architecture islamique car il attribue pour la première fois un sens esthétique et symbolique à l'entrée d'un lieu de culte, totalement anonyme jusqu'alors même dans le cas de monuments prestigieux – Le portail monumental marque le début d'un parcours d'honneur à l'intérieur de la mosquée, se terminant au fond de la salle de prière. En effet, à partir de l'entrée principale, un couloir couvert coupait en deux la cour puis s'engageait à travers la nef centrale jusqu'au mihrab, où le calife fatimide exerçait ses fonctions d'imam de la communauté (Wikipedia) • Pas besoin de compromis avec la population à Al-Mahdiyya ? • Minarets du Caire, reflet de ce compromis ? 157 Le Caire • Ville administrative • Chef d’œuvre : Mosquée Al Aqmar – Adaptation à la rue – Façade urbaine – Composition de la façade extérieure 158 159 160 http://www.nmhtthornton.com/mehistorydatabase/fatimid_mamluk_architecture_cairo.php http://french.memphistours.com/Voyage-En-Egypte/Guide-Egypte/Egypte/wiki/Mosquee-Mu-Ayyad Bab Zuweila 161 Al Azhar 162 • Al Azhar : décorations originales au niveau de la niche de prière et inscriptions en stuc et arabesques sur les arcades • Cette décoration n'est pas dans le pur style de Samarra, mais elle est combinée avec des palmettes typiques de la décoration Byzantine Doris Behrens-Abouseif 163 Porte fatimide à Al Azhar 164 Mosquée d’Al-Hakim • Achevée en 1013 JC – ressemble aux mosquées qui l’ont précédée (cour intérieure ouverte entourée par quatre galeries couvertes) – les minarets sont en pierre http://www.islamophile.org/spip/La-Mosquee-d-Al-Juyushi-478-A-H.html 165 http://rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/Islam-Web/Chapter%202.htm 166 http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/hakimmosque.htm 167 Mosquée Al Hakim • Le portail émergeant de la façade de 6 m et est de 15,50 m de large et 11 m de haut (réminiscence de Mahdiyya) • L'entrée est ornée par des panneaux encastrés remplis de bandes de motifs décoratifs et d'inscriptions Koufiques http://simerg.com/literary-readings/literary-reading-fatimid-monuments-the-al-hakim-mosque-and-bab-al-futuh-gate-of-conquest/ 168 169 Mosquée d’Al-Juyûshî • Achevée en 1085 JC – construite par le Vizir Badr Al-Jamâlî Amîr Al- Juyûsh dôme à base octogonale supporté par des trompes situées aux quatre coins du carré Au sommet du dôme se trouve un verset du Coran, inscrit en koufique dans un cercle au centre duquel se répètent et s’alternent les noms de Muhammad et de `Alî http://www.islamophile.org/spip/La-Mosquee-d-Al- 170 Juyushi-478-A-H.html Mosquée Al-Aqmar • bâtie en 1125 • « La splendeur de cette mosquée tient à la prouesse architecturale caractérisant sa façade, respectueuse des proportions et agençant une grande variété de décorations. L’architecte devait notamment prendre en compte l’orientation de la qiblah, lorsqu’il a dessiné l’intérieur de la mosquée, tandis que la façade devait suivre l’alignement de la rue. Ainsi, la façade n’est-elle pas parallèle au mur de la qiblah. L’espace situé entre les deux murs aurait pu être gâché, mais il a pu être aménagé pour comprendre un vestibule, l’escalier du minaret et deux pièces ouvrant sur l’intérieur. La Mosquée Al-Aqmar est ainsi la première mosquée à avoir subi ce traitement architectural, consistant à aligner la façade externe le long de la rue et à orienter correctement la qiblah à l’intérieur. Ce plan fut invariablement adopté par la suite pendant toute la période mamelouke. » Traduit de l’anglais du site Alazhr.com. 171 Archnet.net 172 173 http://www.stay.com/cairo/attractions/6673/gray-mosque-el-aqmar-mosque/ 174 175 176 Mosquée Al Aqmar • Serait la première mosquée du Caire à bénéficier d'une façade ornée (mais aveugle), et également la première dont le plan a été élaboré afin de s'intégrer au plan de la rue – La première architecture urbaine extravertie ? 177 Influences tardives 178 Mosquée de l’Imam Al-Husayn 549 A.H. (1154/1155) • Érigée pour accueillir la tête d’Al-Husayn Ibn `Alî Ibn Abî Tâlib • Aujourd’hui seul le portail d’entrée date de l’époque • essai de rapprochement avec les sunnites ? 179 Déclin et chute • Les vizirs de la dynastie fâtimide s’étaient emparés des rênes du pouvoir • Les Vizirs de la fin de la dynastie fâtimide avaient pris l’habitude de choisir les Califes très jeunes • Le poste de vizir provoquant la convoitise d’un grand nombre de généraux et d’hommes d’État, des courses effrénées entre les prétendants au poste s’engagèrent 180 Déclin et chute • Nûr Ad-Dîn envoya en 1164 une armée en Égypte, sous le commandement de Asad Ad-Dîn Shîrkûh et de son neveu Salâh Ad-Dîn Al-Ayyûbî • Asad Ad-Dîn était devenu le véritable maître du pays (nomination par le Calife Al-`Âdid qui le surnomma d’ailleurs Al-Malik Al-Mansûr Amîr Al-Juyûsh). Lui succéda Salâh Ad-Dîn • Le premier vendredi de l’année 567 de l’Hégire (septembre 1171), on mentionna le nom du Calife `abbâside.
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  • Islamic Cairo, Egypt
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