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Historical Dictionary of Islam Third Edition The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events. Brief A–Z entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, provid- ing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields. HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND MOVEMENTS Jon Woronoff, Series Editor Orthodox Church, by Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, and Michael D. Peterson, 1996 Civil Rights Movement, by Ralph E. Luker, 1997 Catholicism, by William J. Collinge, 1997 North American Environmentalism, by Edward R. Wells and Alan M. Schwartz, 1997 Taoism, by Julian F. Pas in cooperation with Man Kam Leung, 1998 Gay Liberation Movement, by Ronald J. Hunt, 1999 Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran, and Turkey, by Ahmad S. Moussalli, 1999 Cooperative Movement, by Jack Shaffer, 1999 Kierkegaard’s Philosophy, by Julia Watkin, 2001 Prophets in Islam and Judaism, by Scott B. Noegel and Brannon M. Wheeler, 2002 Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage, by JoAnne Myers, 2003 Witchcraft, by Michael D. Bailey, 2003 Unitarian Universalism, by Mark W. Harris, 2004 New Age Movements, by Michael York, 2004 Organized Labor, Second Edition, by James C. Docherty, 2004 Utopianism, by James M. Morris and Andrea L. Kross, 2004 Feminism, Second Edition, by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 2004 Jainism, by Kristi L. Wiley, 2004 Wittgenstein’s Philosophy, by Duncan Richter, 2004 Schopenhauer’s Philosophy, by David E. Cartwright, 2005 Methodism, Second Edition, by Charles Yrigoyen Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, 2005 Kant and Kantianism, by Helmut Holzhey and Vilem Mudroch, 2005 Olympic Movement, Third Edition, by Bill Mallon with Ian Buchanan, 2006 Welfare State, Second Edition, by Bent Greve, 2006 Feminist Philosophy, by Catherine Villanueva Gardner, 2006 Logic, by Harry J. Gensler, 2006 Leibniz’s Philosophy, by Stuart Brown and Nicholas J. Fox, 2006 Non-Aligned Movement and Third World, by Guy Arnold, 2006 Salvation Army, by Major John G. Merritt, 2006 Epistemology, by Ralph Baergen, 2006 Bahá’í Faith, Second Edition, by Hugh C. Adamson, 2006 Aesthetics, by Dabney Townsend, 2006 Nietzscheanism, Second Edition, by Carol Diethe, 2007 Medieval Philosophy and Theology, by Stephen F. Brown and Juan Carlos Flores, 2007 Puritans, by Charles Pastoor and Galen K. Johnson, 2007 Green Movement, Second Edition, by Miranda Schreurs and Elim Papadakis, 2007 Husserl’s Philosophy, by John J. Drummond, 2008 Existentialism, by Stephen Michelman, 2008 Zionism, Second Edition, by Rafael Medoff and Chaim I. Waxman, 2008 Coptic Church, by Gawdat Gabra, 2008 Jehovah’s Witnesses, by George D. Chryssides, 2008 Hume’s Philosophy, by Kenneth R. Merrill, 2008 Shakers, by Stephen J. Paterwic, 2008 Native American Movements, by Todd Leahy and Raymond Wilson, 2008 Mormonism, Third Edition, by Davis Bitton and Thomas G. Alexander, 2008 Hegelian Philosophy, Second Edition, by John W. Burbidge, 2008 Ethics, by Harry J. Gensler and Earl W. Spurgin, 2008 Environmentalism, by Peter Dauvergne, 2009 Bertrand Russell’s Philosophy, by Rosalind Carey and John Ongley, 2009 Baptists, Second Edition, by William H. Brackney, 2009 Islam, Second Edition, by Ludwig W. Adamec, 2009 Homosexuality, by Brent L. Pickett, 2009 Buddhism, by Carl Olson, 2009 Holiness Movement, Second Edition, edited by William Kostlevy, 2009 Reformed Churches, Second Edition, by Robert Benedetto and Donald K. McKim, 2010 The Reformation and Counter-Reformation, by Michael Mullett, 2010 Heidegger’s Philosophy, Second Edition, by Frank Schalow and Alfred Denker, 2010 Jesus, by Daniel J. Harrington, S.J., 2010 Metaphysics, by Gary Rosenkrantz and Joshua Hoffman, 2011 Shinto, Second Edition, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2011 The Friends (Quakers), Second Edition, by Margery Post Abbott, Mary Ellen Chijioke, Pink Dandelion, and John William Oliver Jr., 2011 Hinduism, New Edition, by Jeffery D. Long, 2011 Calvinism, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2012 Hobbes’s Philosophy, by Juhana Lemetti, 2012 Chinese Communist Party, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, 2012 New Religious Movements, Second Edition, by George D. Chryssides, 2012 Catholicism, Second Edition, by William J. Collinge, 2012 Radical Christianity, William H. Brackney, 2012 Organized Labor, Third Edition, by James C. Docherty and Sjaak van der Velden, 2012 Islamic Fundamentalism, by Mathieu Guidère, 2012 Witchcraft, Second Edition, by Jonathan Durrant and Michael D. Bailey, 2013 Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements, by JoAnne Myers, 2013 Nietzscheanism, Third Edition, by Carol Diethe, 2014 Human Rights, by Jacques Fomerand, 2014 Welfare State, Third Edition, by Bent Greve, 2014 Wittgenstein’s Philosophy, Second Edition, by Duncan Richter, 2014 Civil Rights Movement, Second Edition, by Christopher M. Richardson and Ralph E. Luker, 2014 Sikhism, Third Edition, by Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod, 2014 Marxism, Second Edition, by Elliott Johnson, David Walker, and Daniel Gray, 2014 Slavery and Abolition, Second Edition, by Martin A. Klein, 2014 Seventh-Day Adventists, Second Edition, by Gary Land, 2015 Judaism, Third Edition, by Norman Solomon, 2015 Ancient Greek Philosophy, Second Edition, by Anthony Preus, 2015 Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy, Second Edition, by Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek, 2015 Anglicanism, Second Edition, by Colin Buchanan, 2015 Sufism, Second Edition, by John Renard, 2016 Shamanism, Second Edition, by Graham Harvey and Robert Wallis, 2016 Socialism, Third Edition, by Peter Lamb, 2016 Schopenhauer’s Philosophy, by David E. Cartwright, 2016 Native American Movements, Second Edition, by Todd Leahy and Nathan Wilson, 2016 Environmentalism, Second Edition, by Peter Dauvergne, 2016 Islam, Third Edition, by Ludwig W. Adamec, 2017 Historical Dictionary of Islam Third Edition Ludwig W. Adamec ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2017 by Ludwig W. Adamec All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Adamec, Ludwig W., author. Title: Historical dictionary of Islam / Ludwig W. Adamec. Description: Third edition. | Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. | Series: Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016033422 (print) | LCCN 2016033934 (ebook) | ISBN 9781442277236 (hard- cover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781442277243 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Islam—History—Dictionaries. Classification: LCC BP50 .A33 2017 (print) | LCC BP50 (ebook) | DDC 297.03—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016033422 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Editor’s Foreword ix Preface to the Third Edition xi Reader’s Notes xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Map xvii Chronology xix Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 17 Appendix 499 Bibliography 517 About the Author 623 vii Editor’s Foreword All religions are hard to explain, but few seem to be as difficult as Islam. Indeed, the more it is explained—and it is explained a lot nowadays—the less it seems to be understood. There are various reasons for this, aside from any inherent complexities. One of the most pertinent is that Islam is undergo- ing considerable flux at present, swayed by various currents whose adherents hold different views, from the modernists and reformers to the traditionalists and conservatives, to the fundamentalists and Islamists. And each differs in its interpretation of the traditions, precepts, and even sometimes facts, let alone just what one should believe and do as a practicing Muslim. Then there is the problem of vocabulary, most of it in Arabic, the meaning of which is difficult to convey to outsiders and not always entirely grasped even by Muslims. No book could really overcome the many hurdles, but at least this revised edition of the Historical Dictionary of Islam, like its predecessor, seriously attempts
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