A Cup Of History

Where History has a different Taste Volume 11 A CUP OF HISTORY

Contents A Note from the Publisher ...... 3 A person in history “Naguib the confined president” ...... 4 People from the world “Sumai no sechie… From Japan to the world” ...... 5 History in a photo...... 6 Weapon of the day “Super Weapons – The Monster”...... 7 A Battle from the pages of history “Ain Jalut the rise from ashes” ...... 8 En Route “The hidden pearl of the Western Sahara” ...... 10 Games for your mind ...... 14 17 ...... مقدمة 18 ...... الشوارع حوادٌت 19 ...... فً بر مصر 22 ...... حكاٌات شعبٌة A Cup of History Staff ...... 24 Do you want to regularly receive our monthly magazine? ...... 24 Do you want to follow our regular updates? ...... 24 Comments & Feedback ...... 24

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Volume 11 A CUP OF HISTORY

A Note from the Publisher

Hello everybody,

And Welcome to a Cup of History, this magazine is an effort to bring you history in a different “Taste”, history is regarded by most of us a very boring topic even though we tend to talk a lot about it without even noticing it.

Do you remember the countless times you asked your father, mother or grandparents to tell you how they met and fell in love?

You were in search of the story, but indeed you were in search of history. If you find yourself asking the questions like “How much did it cost to get a car back in your days?”, or how was the king like. Then you are definitely looking for history.

Here at a Cup of History we will be going to give you a different flavor to history in a different and interesting view that will maybe get your curiosity going and at the same time become fun for you to read and go through.

In a Cup of history we will be trying to give you an insight on different parts of the world where you will be not be just bound or find information on local Egyptian history but also international history. We live in a world so it’s always good to know where they come from!

Enjoy your Read!

Tarek Refaat

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A person in history “Naguib the confined president” The first President of , serving from the declaration of the Republic on June 18, 1953 to November 14, 1954. Along with Gamal Abdel Nasser, he was the primary leader of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which ended the rule of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in Egypt and Sudan.

He was born on Khartoum, Sudan in 20 February 1901, Sudan was united with Egypt at that time, where he spent his early life, he wanted to be an officer in the army the same as his father, Nevertheless, Naguib's father did not want his sons to follow in his footsteps, believing from his own experience as an officer in the Egyptian army that the army at that time was little more than a group of auxiliaries waiting for British orders. He believed that Naguib could serve Egypt better in civilian life, and he even had Ibrahim Urabi, son of the 1882 revolutionary Ahmed Urabi, spoke to Naguib and cautioned him that by joining the military he would become only "a supervisor in the service of the British."As a result, Naguib first studied to become a translator, and later in life he earned a law degree, an MA in political science and another MA in civil law. He never completed his doctorate because he joined the army after the death of his father; Nevertheless, he found the time to polish his language skills, learning English, French, Italian and German. Naguib also began to study the Hebrew language and after the Revolution he ordered that Hebrew be taught at military college and at and Alexandria universities, realizing that the Egyptian army had been handicapped during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War by the fact that very few soldiers could interpret Israeli communications.

Any illusions Naguib might have had about the nature of Farouk's rule evaporated on 4 February 1942 after a standoff at Abdin Palace in Cairo between the British and the king. In protest at Farouk's concessions to the British, allowing them to choose the prime minister, Naguib sent in his resignation, saying that "since the army was not called upon to defend Your Majesty, I am ashamed to wear this uniform and ask your permission to resign.". On this occasion, Farouk turned down Naguib's resignation, however, Naguib continued to climb the military ladder, serving in Palestine during the Palestine War in 1948. While on active service in Palestine, Naguib would dedicate 30 minutes every morning to reading the Qur'an, a habit he picked up in childhood, to strengthen his resolve in times of adversity.

In 1954, Naguib was isolated by Gamal A.El Nasser in a villa owned by Zienab Al-Wakil, wife of Mustafa Al-Nahhas Pasha, ex-Prime Minister of Egypt. Naguib was released from his isolation in 1972 by President Sadat. He died in 1984 and he had a military funeral that was attended by President Mubarak. In the same year, his memoirs were published under the name I was a President of Egypt. By: Hany Nada

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People from the world “Sumai no sechie… From Japan to the world”

Historians agree that the origins of sumo date back 2000 years; however, it never really flourished as a spectator sport until the early 1600's. Like any other social group in Japan, there are strict rules and traditions that are observed throughout the sport. The beginner watching his first sumo broadcast on television soon realizes that very little time is actually spent grappling. Rather, the rikishi “Wrestlers” spend most of their time performing pre-bout ceremonies steeped in Shinto tradition.

Shinto is the native religion of Japan and is more a set of rituals and ceremonies than a system of beliefs or a definite code of ethics. The word “Sumo” itself means "way of the gods." It was originally performed to entertain the gods (kami) during festivals (matsuri). Sumo as part of Shinto ritual dates as far back as the Tumulus period (250-552), but it wasn't until the 17th century that it began adopting the intense purification rituals that we see in sumo today, As a religion of customs and not laws, Shinto developed as a religion to please the gods in order to ensure a good harvest and divine protection, but soon made headway into the sport of sumo as a way to entertain those same gods, purify the sport itself and protect the rikishi from harm.

Most of the Shinto that we see in sumo occurs symbolically. To begin with, the sand that covers the clay of the dohyo is itself a symbol of purity in the Shinto religion. And the canopy above the ring (yakata) is made in the style of the roof of a Shinto shrine. The four tassels on each corner of the canopy represent the four seasons, the white one as autumn, black as winter, green as spring and red as summer. The purple bunting around the roof symbolizes the drifting of the clouds and the rotation of the seasons. The referee (gyoji) resembles a Shinto priest in his traditional robe. And kelp, cuttlefish, and chestnuts are placed in the ring along with prayers for safety.

Once the actual bouts begin, the two rikishi spend several minutes before their match lifting their legs high in the air and stomping them down, a practice said to scare away any demons. They also throw several handfuls of salt into the ring, which is said to purify the ring. Many rikishi will also sprinkle salt around their bodies as a means of protecting them from injury. Presently, sumo consists of six major tournaments, The tournament months and sites are as follows: January-Tokyo, March-Osaka, May-Tokyo, July-Nagoya, September-Tokyo, and November-Fukuoka. Up through the early 20th century, there were only two basho a year; however, as sumo's popularity grew, the number of major tournaments increased to four basho a year and then in 1958, the current six-basho-a-year format was established. Also, up until 1949 a basho only lasted for 10 days.

Currently, since the start of the new Millennium, a basho runs for 15 successive days.

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History in a photo

Figure 2: God Of Sumo Nomi no Sukune Figure 1: Sumo Wreslter with a Foreigner 1861

Figure 4: Sumo wrestler, throws salt to purify the ring Figure 3: The Opening Ceremony of the Sumo Basho

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Weapon of the day “Super Weapons – The Monster”

Mankind has always been the source of inspiration of beautiful, useful and great things but also a mastermind in creating weapons of destruction and annihilation.

One of the major countries that displayed unrivaled power of ingenuity in the field of combat was the German Nazi Regime during World War 2.

The ability to create weapons and the diversity of use and power of destruction they had attained proved to many to be all too terrifying.

From the development of the first Heavy machine gun the MP-44 (MP = Machine Pistol), to the development of the first cross country projectile the V1, and V2 rockets which had a more of psychological damaging effect than a rather more destructive effect.

But still the German war machine didn’t stop just at that..

On 23 June 1942 the German Ministry of Armaments proposed a 1,000 tons tank – the Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte. Adolf Hitler himself expressed interest in the project and go-ahead was granted. In December the same year, Krupp a main tank designer in Germany and notorious for the design of the Panzer tanks, Krupp designed an even larger 1,500 tonne tank – the P 1500 Monster.

The Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster was to be 42 m (138 ft) long, weighing 1500 tonnes, with a 250 mm hull front armor, 4 MAN U-boat (submarine) diesel engines, and an operating crew of over 100 men.

The main armament was to be an 800 mm Dora/Schwerer Gustav K (E) railway gun, and with a secondary armament of two 150 mm sFH 18/1 L/30 howitzers and multiple 15 mm MG 151/15 auto-cannons.

The projected design appears to have been a self-propelled gun rather than a tank, as it lacked a rotating turret or other enclosed structure to protect the crew. It was apparently expected to operate in a similar manner to the original 800mm railroad gun and Karl 600mm self-propelled mortars, launching shells without engaging the enemy with direct fire.

The Monster Landkreuzer never saw the light.

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A Battle from the pages of history “Ain Jalut the rise from ashes”

1260 AD. The world was taken by a storm a fierce breed of fighters from the steppes of China was born, with their aggressive forcing tactics that took no prisoners and left no city without being burned to the ground. The Mongols had arisen showing the world that there are other levels of brutality to the human kind that can be seen.

There was one battle that took place that showed the world that the monstrous attacks can be stopped and there is a resolution to this plague and the world watched silently.

The battle took place in the year 1260 between the Egyptian and the Mongols in Palestine, in the Jezreel Valley, not far from Ein Harod, This battle is considered by many historians to be of very special great historical importance, as it marked the highwater point of Mongol conquests, and the first time they had ever been decisively defeated.

By the time that The Hashshashin in Persia fell, then the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad was destroyed, and Syria was totally invaded, Hulagu's plan was to then proceed southwards through Palestine towards Egypt, to confront the last major Islamic power, the Sultanate. Accordingly, Hulagu sent a threaten letter to in Cairo, demanding his surrender, Qutuz responded, however, by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on Bab Zuweila, one of the .In late August, Kitbuqa's forces proceeded south from their base at Baalbek, passing to the east of Lake Tiberias through Palestine, The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz at that time allied with a fellow Mamluk, , who wanted to defend Islam after the Mongols captured and most of Bilad al-Sham.

The opposing forces met at Ain Jalut on September 3rd, 1260, both sides numbering about 20,000 men, the first to advance were the Mongols, whose force also included troops from the Kingdom of Georgia and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, both of which had submitted to Mongol authority. The Mamluks had the advantage of knowledge of the terrain, and Qutuz capitalized on this by hiding the bulk of his force in the highlands, hoping to bait the Mongols with a smaller force under Baibars. The two armies fought restlessly for many hours, with Mamluk leader Baibars most of the time implementing hit-and-run tactics, in order to provoke the Mongol troops and at the same time preserve the bulk of his troops intact, When the Mongols carried out another heavy assault, Baibars – who it is said had laid out the overall strategy of the battle since he had spent much time in that region, earlier in his life, as a fugitive – and his men feigned a final retreat, drawing the Mongols into the highlands to be ambushed by the rest of the Mamluk forces who were concealed among the trees in the highlands. The Mongol

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leader Kitbuqa, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baibars and his troops, committed a grave mistake; instead of suspecting a trick, Kitbuqa decided to march forwards with all his troops on the trail of the fleeing Mamluks. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Mamluk forces appeared from hiding and began to fire arrows and attack with their cavalry. The Mongols then found themselves surrounded on all sides by the Mamluk forces. The Mongols fought very fiercely and very aggressively to break out. Some distance away, Qutuz watched with his private legion. When Qutuz saw the left wing of the Mamluk army almost destroyed by the desperate Mongols seeking an escape route, Qutuz threw away his combat helmet, so that his warriors could recognize him. He was seen the next moment rushing fiercely towards the battle terrain, yelling "Wa Islamah! Wa Islamah!" urging his army to keep firm and fight the Mongol enemies. Soon, the battle shifted in favor of the Mamluks, who now had both the geographic and the psychological advantage, and eventually some of the Mongols were forced to retreat. However, Mongol leader Kitbuqa did not retreat, choosing instead to continue to fight, until he was eventually killed by veteran Mamluk warrior Jamal al-Din Akoush al-Shamsy.

The Mongols were again beaten at the First Battle of Homs less than a year later, and completely expelled from Syria.

Hulagu was only able to send a small army of two tumens in his only attempt to attack the Mamluks after Ain Jalut, and it was repulsed. Then died in 1265.

By : Hany Nada

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En Route “The hidden pearl of the Western Sahara”

The over-night trip was pretty exhausting, 500+ Km along the road from Cairo to Matrouh and then around 300 Km to the south into the western desert. After 9 hours of straight travel, the only thing you need to see is a warm meal, a hot tub bath and clean bed. But what I saw as I entered Siwa completely shattered my hopes.

As I stood in the center of this very small town, starring at the crumbling ruins of the 12th century fortress that locals call Shali and which constitutes the old town of Siwa where inhabitants resided safely within its walls, and listening to nearby shop-keepers in the typical nomadic garments as they communicate in a local dialect of a centuries old Berber language unspoken in any other area in Egypt, I was simply perplexed! In the exterior, it was just a humble village where houses are still built with clay and where the local means of transportation are limited to donkey-driven carriages and carts. It seemed to be the literal opposition to modernity. “Just another village, not far from my home-village in the delta”, I thought.

I found my condolence in the soon to start desert safari that we were scheduled to have as soon as we arrived in town. And so I separate myself from even those small traces of modern life that manifests itself in houses, shops and imported goods that fill up the town center, and immerse myself in an eternal view of the golden sands. Just miles and miles of endless dunes that leaves you totally disoriented and bewildered, needless to say scared as the 4 WD vehicles race up and down the steep slopes. Right before sunset, we stop over a high sand dune and indulge into a tiring contest of sand boarding, a Sisyphean task where we’d sit or stand on a wooden board, slide down the dune and then breathlessly struggle our way up the absorptive fine sand. After sunset, a camp is set up and people gather around the bonfire for a delicious fire-cooked meal. When darkness falls, the desert sky is covered by a blanket of a thousand stars so close you can almost reach out and pick up a bunch of them.

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Our rented bikes navigate us as we follow the Lonely Planet map through the palm fields and olive gardens which surround the town center in an almost perfect circle. The long leaves touch our heads gently and we stretch out our hands to pick some dates. It was the sweetest dates I ever tasted, fresh off a palm tree.

It was only our second day in Siwa and we couldn’t be more eager to have our own tour in its whereabouts, so we rented some bikes from a local shop and headed on a lonely-traveler adventure across the fields. Four km away from the town, the hill of Aghurmi stands ahead as we approach the small ticket office on the side of the road. We climb up the short hill into the ruins of the temple of the Oracle. At some point in time, probably around 700 BC, this temple which was originally built in worship to the sun god Amon- Ra, housed a divine oracle whose fame was widespread in the eastern Mediterranean.

However, the temple itself has placed itself in historical tales because of one single visit. In 331, Alexander the great, having conquered Egypt which was then ruled by Persians, set sail from his newly-founded city of Alexandria, reached Mersa Matruh, and marched toward Siwa along the desert route that we’ve just used only yesterday. As it was customary for each of the pharaohs of Egypt's 28th Dynasty to travel to Siwa to be acknowledged at the temple there as the son of Amon-Ra, Alexander was no less. He wanted the same declaration of divine power to legitimize his conquest of Egypt and put himself on the same footing as the pharaohs. As we enter the temple, or what’s left of it, nothing seems apparent of such a great history. The site is more of crumbled walls and passages than any specific structure. However, the magnificent panoramic view of the town and its surrounding fields and natural springs is alone worth the 4km trip.

We take a different route back to the center of town. On the way we stop by a large field to have our lunch. We’d grabbed some tuna cans, bread, cheese and some drinks from the local supermarket early this morning, so all we had to do was a dinner table, so we improvised one! A few wooden logs thrown here and there did the trick, using some as seats and a couple of them as a table to lay our food on. Soon, we had company too, as some local children with ages ranging from 4 years old to 10 years old gathered in silence watching us from afar. We tried to invite them over but they wouldn’t approach, they just giggled and exchanged naughty remarks about the “strangers in their field”.

One of them, a skinny 7 years old boy had the courage to ask us if we would like some dates. It’d have been such a silly question to ask him “from where?”, so we just nodded. He then literally “walked” his way up a three storey palm tree in an unspoken agility, held the end of his red shirt with his teeth and filled the gap in between with some dates then “walked” – this time backwards - again down to earth. He dropped the dates right in front of our amazed eyes and ran back to join his gang. We were so touched by the gentle gesture that we insisted to offer the

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kids some biscuits in exchange, the younger ones showed interest, but the older ones quickly refused politely saying that give-away food is for charity, and they wouldn’t accept charity. A wave of disappointment at my “modern” life acquired culture struck me as I realized the pride of a 7 -10 bare-footed years old in simple clothes who understand the difference between “need” and “desire” almost instinctively.

As we reach the center of town we realize that we have to ride one more kilometer out of town, this time towards the north and along the main road, in order to visit “Jabal Al Mawta” or the “mountain of the dead”. We park our bikes in front of a souvenir booth and head to the ticket office. The area was loaded with tourists, and accordingly security personnel were checking on every visitor, asking where you came from and in which hotel you are staying.

Past the security clearance, we make our way up the engraved stone steps marking the route to the top. The entire platform of the mountain is covered with grave hol es, sometimes only inches apart, such that the whole mountain is but one huge necropolis. The tombs date from the 26th Dynasty, the Greek (Ptolemaic) and the Roman periods and some of them are open for visitors. The most popular ones show paintings of ancient Egyptian gods on their walls alongside hieroglyphic scriptures. Reaching the tip of the mountain you have yet another marvelous panoramic view of the whole oasis and its surroundings.

After a 10 kilometers bike ride all day, it’s only sane to have some rest. So we head back to the hotel for a quiet nap that lasts till eight in the evening. We had heard during the day that a café near Cleopatra spring offers a nice dinner over a bonfire and if we’re lucky there’d be a Siwan show. Not exactly knowing what to expect a “Siwan show” to be, we rent a couple of donkey- carts to take us to the spring. Moving through pitch black narrow lanes among the fields, it takes us around 15 minutes before we could see the bonfire and hear the loud chanting accompanied by soft drum beats. Suited in a secluded area right in the middle of the endless fields is this natural water spring known a Juba spring or Cleopatra spring. In the morning, it looks like a circular swimming pool, and is treated as one too since most visitors cannot resist taking a dive into its emerald water. Right next to the spring is a small café, with wooden rooftop, wooden chairs and woolen rags and pillows spread about.

A bonfire is lit in the middle of the yard next to the spring, while candles are spread all around the concrete edge of the spring. Diners are invited to pick up their food from an open buffet set up inside the café, then choose their seat in the yard, circling the Siwan ensemble of men in their local costumes of white “gelbab” and head cover – called “hammudi” – who enthusiastically chant in their special Siwan language to the beats of a couple of drummers. A

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couple of them also perform some sort of a traditional belly dance as part of the entertaining show.

It’s next to impossible to experience Siwa in just two days, let alone summing up a history that is as old as history itself in just a few pages. But our visit to Siwa had to come to an early end as we had to head back to Alexandria early next morning. However, these two days had left an imprint on my soul that would probably last forever. It is said that Siwa casts a spell on all its visitors, just one visit is enough to make you addicted to it forever. So, I’m sure that this will not be the last I see of this wondrous land.

Siwa still has a lot of treasures to discover and deeper culture to experience, so let that be another story to tell. By: Shereen Adel

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Games for your mind

Word Find: Military stuff

G L A Y R R C C O R I A K L N R N S E R L A R K O D R H L E Y R L F A I R E N T N E M A N R D R P H P Y Y G A D A R N K A A Y E A T A N O R S M E Y O A C R E A E A E G R I Y P A E V L M K E L I L E P T R O F N E Y I G G A P R S A M G E A C P R P P S R R A M F O R T A A L N R T E B S A M R E I A B H T A T E M K C I N I R K N N N R N E M H C N T S T E C T P I A M I N C B R N E E A E I D N R H R L N R R S H L N N S O Y E A A I R H F M D A E E E D L P A N E E D A D M Y A N N B G T A N A M N A A R R P E L A O T L P O A I P R Y R H V T I R L E L B S I E N R C K L D I A I N D T T L T A R E N L R E T A B D H F C A R B K R N R E P O I S O F T L M G T I L E R A A R A L T E N L A R R N T Y M S A B P L S L T A R E L N E A P M Y H S A E E C P H A L A L R A N E P A R L R A R O E Y L P L A Y H G A S E M S R R I E F L E N I A R N N N F V R G E T L B D K R B N E E U R S V E R M N A I A E S E O G E N I O N S A L B T L E A H N N A R L L I C O E D C N E E L G L A G T R N A G A R T R L B G N A A C E E T T R Y L L R R C A B S Y R Y I U A L N G T N C E A G L C N S H L T Y H E R T T D R O T I D L E H N N I N I P F H L I P C H R R R S B A R L R C L C E S E D U S N G C A B O M A I R O I B B R E I A R N O L M G R A D E N D R U Y E D N Y I E R G F N K R A L

Cavalry Artillery Archers Infantry

Pikemen Knights Commando Platoon

Brigade Sniper Barrage Grenade

Satchel Rifle Bullet

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Geo-Find (Find the City using the instructions

Dear Explorer to embark on your search of the quest for this city you must know it is:

 This city is located: 27°42′N 85°20′E  The country is bordered with India to the south and China to the north

The City name is: ______

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قدح من التارٌخ

فمعنا للتارٌخ مذاق أخر

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مقدمة التارٌخ ..قد ٌكون فً رأي البعض هو من األشٌاء التً تبعث علً الملل بأسلوبه الجاف و المباشر..ولكن التارٌخ فً حقٌقة األمر قصة.. قصة كالتً نسمعها عن أبائنا و أجدادنا.

نحن هنا فً "قدح من التارٌخ" جئنا كً نأخذكم فً جولة بل فً رحلة عبر التارٌخ و كل ذلك من خالل قدح صغٌر من التارٌخ تتناوله و تستمتعوا به

لذا نأمل أن تحوز مجلتنا أعجابكم

فرٌق العمل

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الشوارع حواديث الحلمٌة"هللا حى .. عباس جاى!"

صدق أو ال تصدق، لٌس هذا هتاف بعض مجاذٌب السٌدة، بل كان هو هتاف المصرٌٌن فى الفترة ما بٌن 9191 و 9199 ضد اإلستعمار اإلنجلٌزى بعد صدور قرار الحكومة اإلنجلٌزٌة بعزل الخدٌوى عباس حلمى الثانى مع بداٌة نشوب الحرب العالمٌة األولى، متخلصة بذلك من سلطة الحكم العثمانى فى مصر، ولذلك اعتبر المصرٌٌون عباس هو رمز لنهاٌة الحكم اإلنجلٌزى.

وقد شهدت فترة حكم الخدٌوى عباس والتى استمر لمدة 39 عاماً الكثٌر من اإلنشاءات، بل ٌمكن القول أن عهده شهد إنشاء معظم كباري مصر للسكك الحدٌدٌة وللسٌارات والمشاة تربو ال91 كوبرى لعل أشهرها هو كوبرى عباس الذى تم إزالته منذ بضعة سنوات.

ولدت فى عهد الخدٌوى عباس منطقه من الحدائق مثمرة متاخمة لمنطقة صحراوٌة فى طرف القاهرة، وتم تعمٌرها ببناء عدد من القصور والسراٌات لعدٌد من أمراء األسرة العلوٌة مثل قصر االمٌر ٌوسف كمال واألمٌر وحٌد الدٌن وتبعهم العدٌد من الوجهاء فً تشٌٌد القصور والفٌالت. وسمٌت المنطقة نسبة إلى الخدٌوى باسم "حلمٌة الزٌتون" لتفرقتها عن حى "الحلمٌة" األقدم المنسوب إلى الخدٌوى عباس حلمى األول.

وكانت بها مزرعة كبٌرة لتربٌة النعام متاخمة لقصر األمٌر ٌوسف كمال وهى التى ٌطلق علٌها اآلن منطقة "أرض النعام"، ومقر قصر األمٌر ٌوسف اآلن المعهد القومى لبحوث الصحراء وفى المنطقة الصحراوٌة كانت ثكنات للجٌش االنجلٌزى التً أصبحت بعد الجالء ثكنات للجٌش المصري ومدرسة إعدادٌة ومركز شباب ومعهد تأهٌل للمعاقبن ذهنٌا. وٌوجد بها إلى اآلن فٌال محمد فرٌد أبو حدٌد المفكر اإلسالمً الكبٌر، وفٌال الشٌخ عبد العزٌز البشرى وفٌال الشٌخ محمد عبده االمام المجدد، وفٌال الشٌخ الدكتور محمد المسٌر أستاذ العقٌدة بجامعة االزهر.و منزل أ/محمد ماهر.

ٌحد حى حلمٌة الزٌتون شرقا حى مصر الجدٌدة وجنوبا حى الزٌتون وغربا حى المطرٌة وشماال عٌن شمس وهو ٌقع إدارٌا ضمن حى عٌن شمس وقسم شرطة عٌن شمس. وأهم شوارعها شارع عٌن شمس وشارع بن الحكم وشارع منشٌه النحرٌر وشارع متحف المطرٌه وشارع العمران شارع إبراهٌم عبدالرازق وشارع سلٌم األول واهم مٌادٌنها مٌدان الحلمٌة ومٌدان التجنٌد ومٌدان ابن الحكم.

إعداد/ شٌرٌن عادل

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في بر مصر شغل كاٌرو - الجزء الثانً -

فى الجزء األول من رحلتنا فى مدٌنة القاهرة، قمت بزٌارة حى المطرٌة، حٌث تقع المنطقة األثرٌة القدٌمة التى شكلت نواة أول المدٌنة األولى للقاهرة، وهى مدٌنة أون هلٌوبولٌس الفرعونٌة. وانتهى الجزء األول بتوجهى إلى منطقة سقارة حٌث وصل بنا التسلسل الزمنى العمرانى فى تارٌخ مدٌنة القاهرة.

لم ٌكن من الممكن أن انتقل إلى محطتى التالٌة بالمواصالت العامة، لذا فقد أخذت سٌاراتى وانطلقت بها فوق الطرٌق الدائرى حتى مخرج "المرٌوطٌة" ومنه إلى شارع الهرم. ثم مرة آخرى أدخل ٌمٌناً كأننى فى طرٌق العودة إلى الدائرى، غٌر أنى أمر أمامه واستكمل الطرٌق بمحاذاة ترعة المرٌوطٌة. تمر عٌنى سرٌعاً على البٌوت البسٌطة شمال الترعة والفٌالت المختلفة االرتفاعات والمساحات واأللوان على ٌمٌنى فى تباٌن طبقى عجٌب ال ٌفصله سوى، وٌاللسخرٌة، "ترعة"!

ال ٌمض وقت طوٌل حتى تختفى العمائر وٌحل محلها مساحات شاسعة من األراضى الزراعٌة، تمر سرٌعة الفتة تحمل اسم "أبو صٌر" تلٌها أخرى بفارق عدة كٌلومترات تحمل اسم "سقارة". انحرف ٌمٌنا عند هذه األخٌرة فأمر بٌن المزٌد من األراضى الزراعٌة ٌتخللها بعض المبانى القصٌرة التى تحمل الفتات تشٌر إلى أنها مصانع للسجاد الٌدوى. عندما أصل إلى قمة الطرٌق تستوقفنى نقطة تفتٌش، ما أن أعبرها حتى ٌطل على من فوق هضبة عالٌة الهرم المدرج الذى لم أره سوى فى الكتب المدرسٌة التى كانت تحكى عن أول هرم بناه الفراعنة؛ هرم سقارة المدرج.

تباٌن ألوان ممتع ذلك الذى ٌوجد بٌن اللون األخضر لؤلراضى الزراعٌة باألسفل والرمال الصفراء المحٌطة بالهرم باألعلى هو أروع تشبٌه عن أصول تلك المنطقة. حٌث تخبرنا المناطق الزراعٌة عن المدٌنة العاصمة لمصر التى أسسها الملك "مٌنا" المعروف ألى تلمٌذ فى اإلعدادبة ب"مٌنا موحد القطرٌن" بعد توحٌده لطرفى البالد الشمالى والجنوبى المتنازعٌن. تلك المدٌنة التى سماها "الحائط األبٌض". أما الرمال الصفراء فتنبىء عن جبانة تلك المدٌنة التى كانوا ٌقومون ببناء مقابر الملوك والنبالء بها. الحقٌقة أن األهرمات الثالثة األشهر – خوفو وخفرع ومنقرع – هم على امتداد هذه الجبانة، لكن بداٌتها كانت هنا، حٌث هرم "زوسر" المدرج. وعلى بعد بضعة كٌلومترات تستطٌع أن ترى هرمٌن صغٌرٌن ٌنتسبان إلى الملك "سنفرو" فى المنطقة المعروفة اآلن باسم "دهشور". أصل إلى قمة الهضبة فأصٌر أمام المصطبة اآلولى من المصاطب الستة للهرم المدرج. على ٌمٌنى توجد بعض المقابر األثرٌة بٌنما انطلق أنا إلى ٌسار الهرم حٌث ٌقف معبد قصٌر من من دور واحد – أو هذه ما تبقى منه على األقل هو معبد "زوسر" الذى كانت تقام فٌه المراسم الجنائزٌة للجبانة. وبذكر المعابد، فأن المدٌنة الفرعونٌة الرابضة أسفل الجبانة قد أكتسبت شهرتها فى تلك اآلونة بسسب معبد آخرهو معبد "بتاح"، وبتاح هذا كان آله الخلق ، لذلك كان اٌضاً آله الصناع والحرفٌٌن والبناءٌن، وكان على ما ٌبدو "رئٌس اآللهة" فى زمن كانت لآللهة فٌه مشجعٌن كمشجعى النوادى الٌوم، حتى ان شعب مصر أٌام الفراعنة البد وان كان منقسماً حولهم كما ٌنقسمون الٌوم حول األهلى والزمالك. والعجٌب أنه كما أوشك علم األهلى أن ٌصبح علماً لمصر – خٌث أن اللون األبٌض صار مكروهاً كراهٌة شعبٌة ال حدود لها بفضل خٌبة الزمالك، كما أن اللون األسود ٌذكرنا ب"أٌامنا السودة"، فأصبح اللون األحمر هو الجزء الوحٌد من علم مصر الذى ٌذكرنا معشر المصرٌٌن باالنتصارات والبطوالت! – صار اسم معبد هذا اآلله اسماً لمصر كلها وذلك بعد تحرٌف كلمة "هً – كو – بتاح" والتى تعنى "بٌت روح بتاح" إلى "هٌكوبته" والتى سمعها اإلغرٌق فكتبوها بلغتهم "إٌجوبتا" التى أوصلتنا عبر الالتٌنٌة إلى "إٌجٌبت" ومنها إلى "إٌجٌبشان هاٌبوسنى، هٌه!" بالطبع.

أقف فوق أعلى موضع بالهضبة وأنظر إلى المدن والقرى الواقعة تحتى؛ تحدٌدا "مٌت رهٌنة" و"دهشور" و"سقارة" و"أبو صٌر" و"أبو غراب" و"زاوٌة العرٌان"، تلك هى أراضى مدٌنة مدٌنة "الحائط األبٌض" التى أسسها الملك مٌنا واستمرت من بعده على امتداد ستة وأربعون أسرة هى مدى طول التارٌخ الفرعونى بأكمله، والتى بلغت من البهاء والضخامة

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والجمال ٌوماً ما ان أطلِق علٌها اسم "من-نفر" أى :الباقٌة إلى األبد الجمٌلة" والذى تم تحرٌفه عبر اإلغرٌقٌة إلى اسمها المشهور اآلن؛ "ممفٌس".ً

أترك سٌارتى وأعود إلى مترو األنفاق، فأنزل فى محطة مارجرجس التى ٌحنقنى دائما لفظ العامة لها "مارى جرجس" حتى أنى فى صغرى كنت أظن أنه اسم فتاة ما حتى عرفت أن "مار" هى لفظة قبطٌة تعنى قدٌس؛ أى ان االسم هو القدٌس جرجس ولٌس فتاة تدعى مارى! هنا مصر القدٌمة ... المعروفة اٌضاً ب"مصر العتٌقة" ... هنا مركز الحضارة القبطٌة فى المدٌنة. المكان ٌعج باآلثار القبطٌة وأشهرها الكنٌسة المعلقة، بدون ان أدخلها أستطٌع رؤٌة بقاٌا حصن بابلٌون الذى بنٌت فوق برجٌه. هذا الحصن قد بناه االمبراطور الفارسى المعروف ب "قمبٌز" وسماه – أى الحصن - المصرٌون "بٌر – هابى – أون" أى "منزل أون على النٌل" ثم حُرِّف بعد ذلك إلى "بابلٌون" وتم تحوبل عاصمة الحكم من ممفس القدٌمة على الضفة اآلخرى من النٌل الى هذه المنطقة شرق النٌل والتى تطل فى نفس الوقت على جزٌرة الروضة. بعد الفرس اختفى دور القاهرة اإلقلٌمى تقرٌباً عندما دخل اإلغرٌق مصر بقٌادة اإلسكندر األكبر الذى شٌد مدٌنة اإلسكندرٌة فجعلها عاصمة للبالد بدالً من القاهرة ثم نهج الرومان نهجه بقٌادة اإلمبراطور الرومانى أغسطس الذى استولى على البالد عام 30 قبل المٌالد بعد هزٌمته لكلٌوباطرة و"البوى فرٌند بتاعها" مارك أنطونى و استٌالئه على مصر

أمتار قلٌلة تفصل بٌن بقاٌا الحصن وكنٌسة أبو سرجة ... بٌنما أكثر من 530 عاماً تفصل بٌنهما فى الزمان وهى الفترة الفاصلة بٌن بناء الحصن ولجوء العائلة المقدسة المكونة من السٌد المسٌح وأمه وٌوسف النجار إلى األرض التى تقع فوقها الكنٌسة اآلن وذلك فى نهاٌة رحلة هروبهم من فلسطٌن إلى مصر. المكان ٌزخم بالكنائس القبطٌة التى ٌقال انها قد بلغت 20 كنٌسة على مساحة ال تتعدى المٌل المربع الواحد وذلك مع ازدهار الدعوة المسٌحٌة فى مصر ولم ٌتبق منها الٌوم سوى الكنائس الخمسة الماثلة أمامى ها هنا. فى هذه المنطقة بالذات عاش القدٌس مرقص الرسول حٌث نشط فى الدعوة الى الدٌن الجدٌد تحت الحكم الرومانى لمصر، إال ان الكنٌسة المصرٌة – ومقعدها اإلسكندرٌة – أخذت فى االنفصال عن الكنائس الرومانٌة شٌئا فشٌئا فتدهورت األوضاع بنهاٌة فترة الحكم الرومانى الذى شهد اضطهادات عدة األقباط، وظلت األوضاع كذلك الى ان غلبت الروم، وإلى ان وصلت الى ناصٌة الشارع حٌث الساحة الكبٌرة التى تقع أمام مسجد عمرو بن العاص

تختفى من أمامى جموع الزائرٌن للمنطقة السٌاحٌة العتٌقة وسٌارات أمن الدولة المرابطة على جانب الطرٌق ٌستند الٌها جنود بسطاء ٌحدقون فى السٌاح المارٌن كأنهم ٌرونهم للمرة األولى برغم تواجدهم المستمر فى مثل هذه المناطق. تختفى المحال التى تحمل الفتات كتبت بعدة لغات تعطى أسعاراً خرافٌة لزجاجات المٌاه المعدنٌة وعلب الكوال. وٌختفى من أمامى حتى المسجد الكبٌر المعروف بمسجد عمرو، ذلك الذى ٌعد أول مساجد مصر وأفرٌقٌا وأكثرها اتساعا. ٌختفى من أمامى وال أرى سوى أرض فضاء على مد البصر، وبمنتصفها ضربت خٌمة بٌضاء كبٌرة الى حد ما، فوقها حمامة بٌضاء بنت عشها هناك فٌبدو ان الخٌمة ظلت بال ساكن لفترة طوٌلة. هى خٌمة عمرو بن العاص اذن، قائد جٌوش عمر بن الخطاب أمٌر المؤمنٌن وخلٌفة المسلمٌن، ذلك انه بعد دخوله البالد واستٌالءه على حصن بابلٌون نصب خٌمته هنا وتركها لٌستكمل إجالء الروم من االسكندرٌة، فلما عاد وجد الخٌمة مازالت قائمة وقد بنت تلك الحمامة عشها فوقها، فكان ان أمر ببناء مسجده هذا فى

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نفس الموقع لٌكون مركز لمدٌنة تكون هى عاصمة الحكم االسالمى الجدٌد فى مصر، ولذلك سمٌت المدٌنة ب"مصر الفسطاط" أى " بلد الخٌام" نسبة إلى خٌمته تلك. بقلم/ شٌرٌن عادل

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Volume 11 A CUP OF HISTORY

حكايات شعبية قصة موموتارو – الٌابان

قصة موموتارو من القصص الشعبٌة المشهورة بالٌابان وهناك العدٌد من القصص المصورة واألفالم التى تسجل مغامرات هذا البطل الصغٌر حتى انه ٌوجد تمثال تذكارى له أمام محطة المترو الرئٌسٌة بمدٌنة أوكاٌاما الٌابانٌة التى تجرى أحداث األسطورة على أرضها

ٌحكى أنه منذ مئات السنٌن البعٌدة، عاش بمدٌنة أوكاٌاما بالٌابان حطاب أمٌن عجوز وزوجته. فى صباح أحد األٌام الجمٌلة ذهب الرجل العجوز إلى التالل مع منجله، لجمع حزمة من العصً، فً حٌن ذهبت زوجته الى النهر لغسل المالبس القذرة. عندما وصلت المرأة الى النهر، رأت إحدى ثمرة عظٌمة من الخوخ تطفو مع تٌار الماء، فالتقطتها، وحملتها معها الى المنزل، وهى تنوى ان تقدمها لزوجها حٌن ٌعود. وحٌن عاد الزوج العجوز من التالل، وضعت الزوجة الصالحة ثمرة الخوخ أمامه. وعندما دعته لتناولها، إذا بالثمرة تنشق إلى نصفٌن، وٌخرج إلى العالم طفل رضٌع أخذ فى البكاء. فأخذه الزوجٌن وتولٌاه بالرعاٌة كابن لهم. وألنه ولد من ثمرة خوخ، فقد سمٌاه "موموتارو" ، أو "ابن الخوخة".

نشأ موموتارو قوٌا شجاعا. وفً ٌوم من ذات األٌام قال لوالدٌه: "لقد انتوٌت الذهاب الى جزٌرة الغٌالن حتى أجمع الثروات التً لدٌهم هناك، فادعوا لى، ولتعدا لى بعض فطائر الزالبٌة ألخذها معى فى رحلتً". وبعد الوداع الحار، انطلق موموتارو فى سعادة لٌبدأ رحلته.

وفى الطرٌق، اصطدم بقرد صغٌر، فاستوقفه القرد وسأله: "مه ًال مه ًال . إلى أٌن تذهب ٌا موموتارو ؟" "انا ذاهب الى جزٌرة الغٌالن، للحصول على الكنز المدفون هناك" ، أجابه موموتارو. "وماذا تحمل فً حزامك؟" "أننى أحمل أفضل فطائر الزالبٌة فً الٌابان كله". فقال القرد "حسناً، فاذا اعطٌتنى واحدة، فسأذهب معك".

لذلك أعطى موموتارو إحدى فطائر الزالبٌة للقرد، الذي أخذ ٌتبعه. ولم ٌبتعدا قلٌ ًال حتى سمع موموتارو أحد الطٌور الصغٌرة ٌنادٌه: " مه ًال مه ًال . إلى أٌن تذهب ٌا موموتارو؟" فأجابه موموتارو كما أجاب القرد من قبل. وتبعه الطائر كذلك بعد ان توسل من أجل فطٌرة الزالبٌة.

بعد ذلك بقلٌل، قابلوا الكلب، الذي صرخ قائ ًال : "مه ًال مه ًال . إلى أٌن تذهب ٌا موموتارو؟" "انا ذاهب الى جزٌرة الغٌالن، للحصول على الكنز المدفون هناك" ، أجاب موموتارو مرة أخرى. "حسناً، فاذا اعطٌتنى واحدة، فسأذهب معك" قال الكلب مثل من قبله. وهكذا، سار موموتارو مستكم ًال رحلته، ٌتبعه القرد، والطائر الصغٌر، والكلب.

وحٌن وصلوا جمٌعا ً الى جزٌرة الغٌالن، طار الطائر الصغٌر فوق بوابة القلعة، وتسلق القرد على جدارها، فً حٌن قاد موموتارو الكلب مقتحما ً البوابة إلى داخل القلعة. ثم انهم دخلوا فى معركة مع الغٌالن، واجبروهم على

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االستسالم، وأخذوا ملكهم أسٌرا ً. وهكذا، قدم الغٌالن التحٌة إلى موموتارو، وقاموا باستخراج الكنوز المدفونة بالجزٌرة. وكانت هناك المعاطف التً تجعل مرتدٌها من المحاربٌن غٌر مرئً، والمجوهرات التً تحكم المد والجزر والشعاب المرجانٌة، والمسك، والزمرد، والعنبر، إلى جانب الذهب والفضة. كل هذه الكنوز وضعها الغٌالن المهزومٌن أمام موموتارو.

وهكذا، عاد موموتارو إلى بٌته محم ًال بالثروات، وحفظ أهله الذٌن تولوه صغٌراً بالرعاٌة والعناٌة حتى آخر العمر.

ترجمة/ شٌرٌن عادل

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Volume 11 A CUP OF HISTORY

A Cup of History Staff

I would like to take this chance to introduce the magazine Staff English section writers:  Shereen Adel  Ferial Abdelghany  Hany Nada  Tarek Refaat

Arabic Section writers:  Shereen Adel

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