WISCONSIN MAGAZINE of HISTORY Im
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(ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 80, No. 1 • Autumn, 1996 iM •»"' ? .'^, "•'• ' • ^ inr •I 11 r •III \ IIII nil *•tr'l-B'Tr' .»••.-, *jr. THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN GEOR(;E L. VOOT, Director Officers GLENN R. COAXES, President RICHARD H. HOI^CHER, Treasurer GERALD D. VI.STE, First Vice-President GEOR(;E L. VOGT, Secretary PATRICIA A. BOGE, Second Vice-f^sident The State Historical Society of Wisconsin is both a state agency and a private membership organization. Founded in 1846—two years before statehood—and chartered in 1853, it is the oldest American historical society to receive continuous public funding. By statute, it is charged with collecting, advancing, and disseminating knowledge of Wisconsin and of the trans-Allegheny West. The Society serves as the archive of the State of Wisconsin; it collects all manner of books, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, relics, newspapers, and aural and graphic materials as they relate to North America; it maintains a museum, library, and research facility in Madison as well as a statewide system of historic sites, school services, area research centers, and affiliated local societies; it administers a broad program of historic preservation; and publishes a wide variety of historical materials, both scholarly and popular. Membership in the Society is open to the public, /nrfwirfua/membership (one person) is $27.50. Senior Citizen /nrfiw'rfua/membership is $22.50. Family membership is $32.50. Senior Citizen Family membership is $27.50. Su/)/)ortJng-membership is $100. Sustaining membership is $250. A fairon contributes $500 or more. Lj/emembership (one person) is $1,000. Membership in the Friends of the SHSW is open to the public. Individual membership (one person) is $20. Family membership is $30. The Society is governed by a Board of Curators which includes twenty-four elected members, the Governor or designee, three appointees of the Governor, a legislator from the majority and minority from each house, and ex officio, the President of the University of Wisconsin System, the President of the Friends of the State Historical Society, the Presidentof the Wisconsin History Foundation, Inc., and the President of the Administra tive Committee of the Wisconsin Council for Local History. A complete listing of the Curators appears inside the back cover. The Society is headquartered at 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488, at the Juncture of Langdon and Park streets on the University of Wisconsin campus. The State Historical Museum is located at 30 North Carroll Street. A partial listing of phone numbers (Area Code 608) follows: General Administration 264-6400 Hours of opcradon 264-6588 AfTiliated local societies 264-6583 Institutional advancement 264-6585 Archives reading room 264-6460 Library Circulation desk 264-65.S4 Contribution of manuscript materials 264-6477 Maps 264-6458 Development 264-6589 Membership 264-6587 Editorial offices 264-6461 Microforms reading room 264-6536 Fax 264-6404 Museum lours 264-6555 Film collections 264-6470 Newspaper reference 264-6531 Genealogical and general reference inquiries.. 264-6535 Picture collections 264-6470 Government publications and reference 264-6525 Public information office 264-6586 Historic preservation 264-6500 School services 264-6579 Historic sites 264-6586 Archives Division http://www.wisc.edu/shs-archives ON THE COVER.- The Vertefeuilte House restoration, Prairie du Chien. An article on the tmilding begins on page 36. Photo try Jeff Dean, 1993. Volume 80, Number 1 / Autumn, 1996 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Incumbent Without a Party: Wisconsin 53706-1488 Robert M. La Follette, Jr., and the Distributed to members as part of Wisconsin Republican Primary of 1946 their dues. Individual member ship, $27.50; senior citizen individual, $22.50; family, |32.50; Michael Kades senior citizen family, $27.50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $250; patron, $500 or more; life (one person), $1,000. Single The Vertefeuille House of Prairie du Chien: numbers from Volume 57 forward are $5 plus postage. Microfilmed A Survivor from the Era of French Wisconsin 36 copies available through University Microfilms, 300 North Mary Antoine de Julio Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsi bility for statements made by Communications 57 contributors. Periodicals postage paid at Madison, Wisconsin. POSTMASTER: Send address changes Book Reviews 59 to Wisconsin Magazine of History, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488. Book Review Index 68 Copyright © 1996 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Histor)' Checklist 69 The Wisconsin Magazine of History is indexed annually by the editors; Accessions 72 cumulative indexes are assembled decennially. In addition, articles Contributors are abstracted and indexed in 78 America: History and Life, Historical Abstracts, Index to Literature on the American Indian, and the Combined Editor Retrospective Index to Journals in PAUL H. HA.SS History, 1838-1974. Associate Editors Photographs identified with WTli negative numbers are from the WILLIAM C. MARTEN Historical Society's collections. JOHN O. HOLZHUETER .-i.i^..!.•«-.. » .». •^m .—«» WHi (X3)46764 Robert M. La Follette, Jr. i Incumbent Without a Party: Robert M. La Follette, Jr., and the Wisconsin Republican Primary of 1946 By Michael Kades T was 1946. An era had ended. For twenty been but a necessary interruption of their I years—from the stock market crash to labors. To them, victor)' meant not compla the end of World War II—Americans had cency, but a fresh opportunity to complete dedicated themselves to fighting one threat the unfinished business ofthe New Deal. or another. During the Great Depression, For most, that opportunity would prove most lacked the means to enjoy the luxuries illusory. Franklin Roosevelt was dead, and of modern capitalism; during the war that his replacement, Harry Truman, was fo followed, they lacked the opportunity, sac cused on foreign policy, not domestic re rificing automobiles for tanks and silk stock form. The threat of Soviet-sponsored glo ings for parachutes. Now the Depression bal communism had begun to dominate was over and the enemy beaten. Tokyo and national policy. Some surviving activists in Hiroshima lay in ruins; the surviving Nazis Congress were Democrats from safe, one- were in the dock at Nuremberg. After two party districts; their jobs, at least, were se decades of stress and sacrifice, it was at last cure. But progressive Republicans faced a time to savor the fruits of peace and return more ominous future. These liberals de ing prosperity. Before long, Americans pended upon grassroots organization and would be sitting in front of their new televi personal loyalties in their struggles against sion sets, more engrossed in the doings of conservative Republicans and machine Lucy and Milton Berle than the problems Democrats. They had befriended labor be of union steelworkers and disenfranchised fore labor was powerful; they had supported blacks. the New Deal but opposed early interven In the Congress of the United States, tion in the war. Many had seen their bases however, there remained the icons of a sapped by the New Deal and the corre bygone era, the men whose vision and cre sponding political realignment. Some, con ativity had helped to redefine government vinced during the depths ofthe Depression and shape national policy. In response to that the Democrats were too timid and the Franklin Roosevelt's call, they had imple Republicans too hidebound, had formed mented the epochal programs of the New third parties. But, after some initial suc Deal. They had created the WPA and the cesses, these progressive third parties had PWA, the TVA and the NLRB. They had failed, and liberal congressmen and sena passed a progressive income tax and unem tors had lost their seats to reactionary Re ployment compensation. The war itself had publicans or New Deal Democrats. By 1946, (A)pyrighl © 1996 by ihe Stale Hi.slorical Socielv of Wisconsin All rigtiis of reproduclion in any form resened. WISCONSIN MAG.JLZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1996 only one third-party member survived in Follette remained in Washington until just the United States Senate. He was Robert days before the election. The result: a per Marion La Follette, Jr., Progressive from sonal and national disaster. La Follette lost Wisconsin, the elder son of Fighting Bob, by 5,357 votes, and Joseph R. McCarthy heir to the state's proud tradition of liberal took his first huge step toward the United insurgency. States Senate. No single factor caused La A twenty-year veteran of the Senate, La Follette's defeat; rather, his abdication of Follette symbolized the activism ofthe New political leadership led to blunders that Deal. He had played an instrumental role in alienated moderate Republicans; the CIO's passing the revenue act of 1936.' Two years commitment to the Democratic party de later, when the Senate Democratic leader prived him of labor's support; and voter ship opposed increasing public works spend apathy, combined with the senator's refusal ing. La Follette led the fight to save the to campaign, led to a low turnout in the President's request.*^ As chairman of the northwestern part of the state, a La Follette Civil Liberties Committee, La Follette had stronghold. traveled the country exposing the illegal and frequently violent strikebreaking tac tics of big business.* Now, La Follette saw HE Progressive party that assembled in new challenges: modernizing Congress' T Portage on March 17, 1946, was but a committee system, increasing the minimum shadow of the institution that had domi wage, and outlawing the poll tax. He was nated state politics during the mid-thirties, ready to direct his energy and innovation to when Bob La Follette's brother Phil had these problems.