DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Fruits Extracts of the Gumbil Tree (Cordia Africana L.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Fruits Extracts of the Gumbil Tree (Cordia Africana L.) Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Fruits Extracts Of the Gumbil Tree (Cordia africana L.) Fadia SaifAldin Edrees Mohmmed B. Sc. In Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Holy Quran and Islamic Sciences, 2011. Postgraduate Diploma in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, 2013 A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Gezira, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of science in Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biosciences) Center of Biosciences and Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering and Technology, 6/ 1/ 2015 Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Fruits Extracts Of the Gumbil Tree (Cordia africana L.) Fadia SaifAldin Edrees Mohmmed 1 Supervision Committee: Name Position Signature Prof. Awad Mohamed Abdel-Rahim Main Supervisor …………... Dr. Yasir Mohamed Abdelrahim Co-supervisor …………... Date of Examination: 6/ January /2015 Antibacterial Activity of the Extracts of the Leaves and Fruits Of the Gumbil Tree (Cordia africana L.) Fadia SaifAldin Edrees Mohmmed Examination Committee: 2 Name Position Signature Prof. Awad Mohamed Abdel-Rahim Chairperson …………... Prof. Ahmed Elawad Elfaki External Examiner …………... Dr. Mai Abdalla Ali Abdalla Internal Examiner ………... Date of Examination: 6/ January /2015 Dedication To my Dear father Beloved mother Brothers and sisters (my grandmother) Uncles and my aunts Teachers & Friends 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My grateful thanks to ALLAH who gave me the health and ability to achieve this humble study, and with his will this achievement was properly completed. I would like also to express my thanks to all those who helped me to carry out this work especially Professor Awad Mohamed Abdel- Rahim, the main supervisor and Dr. Yasir Mohammed Abdel-Rahim, co- supervisor and Dr. Mutaman Ali for assistance. Thanks are also due the Technical Staff of the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira. Great thanks are due to my family and friends for support and encouragement. 4 Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Fruits Extracts of the Gumbil Tree (Cordia africana L.) Fadia Saif Aldean Edrees Mohmmed M. Sc. In Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biosciences) Center of Biosciences and Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of Gezira ABSTRACT Plant extracts were used to treat different diseases because they are cheap and effective, but pharmacists are often reluctant to prescribe them because of knowledge deficiency, real concerns about the product safety, concerns about liability, and the presence of pathogens contamination. The use of plants and their extracts as remedies for curing many diseases have stimulated studies for investigating the presence of effective antimicrobial substances in them. The present study was investigating the antibacterial properties of the tree Cordia africana (Gumbil) leaves and fruits extracts. The inhibition zone and the total plate count methods were used in this study. The results of the study showed that the extracts were highly effective against the two tested bacteria. It inhibited growth of the gram- negative (E. coli) bacterium. The extracts of leaves with methanol, hexane, ethanol and water were effective giving; 10, 10, 10 and 12 mm diameter, respectively. However, the extracts of the fruit with ethanol and hexane were highly effective both giving 12 mm compared methanol, chloroform and petroleum 5 ether which gave 10 mm. The water extract was the least (8 mm). However, the effect of the fruit extracts was more serious against Staph. aureus than on E. coli. Hexane and petroleum ether and ethanol were highly effective (12, 11, 11 mm, diameter, respectively) while methanol and chloroform gave intermediate effects (10 mm) and the water was the least effective (7 mm).The inhibitory effect of the water extract against the tested bacteria was more effective at the higher concentrations of the extracts (75 and 100%,). The effect of the water extract on the number of bacterial colonies was highly pronounced. The number of E. coli was decreased from 226 colonies at the control treatment to 29 colonies only at the higher concentration. A similar was recorded for the Staph. aureus. It could be recommended that, further tests should be carried on other microorganisms, and the active antibacterial components need to be verified. 6 (.Cordia africana Lانُشاؽ انؼًاد نبكخيشيا نًسخخهظاث أوساق ورًاسشجشة انقًبيم ) فاديت سيف انذيٍ ادسيس يحًذ انًاجسخيش في انعهىو وانخقُيت انبيىنىجيت )عهىو أحيائيت( يشكز انعهىو وانخقُيت انبيىنىجيت كهيت انهُذست وانخكُىنىجيا جايعت انجزيشة انًهخض حسخخذو يسخخهظاث انُباحاث في يعانجت انعذيذ يٍ اﻷيشاع ورنك ﻷَها سخيظت وفعانت، غيش أٌ انًخخظظيٍ في يجال انظيذنت غيش يخحًسيٍ ﻻسخخذايها ورنك نعذو انًعشفت انخايت بها ونعذو انخأكذ يٍ سﻻيخها وقذسحها في انًعانجت ووجىد انخهىد بانكائُاث انًًشػت بها. اسخخذاو انُباحاث ويسخخهظاحها نًعانجت بعغ اﻻيشاع حفزث انباحزيٍ نذساست انًىاد انفعانت انًىجىدة بها كؼًاداث نهًكشوباث. حى في هزا Cordia)انبحذ دساست انخىاص انًزبـت نهبكخيشيا بًسخخهظاث أوساق ورًاس شجشة انقًبيم . حى اسخخذاو ؿشيقخي انًُـقت انًزبـت وانعذد انكهي نهًسخعًشاث. أظهشث انُخائج (africana ًَى انبكخيشيا أٌ نخهك انًسخخهظاث فعانيت عانيت ػذ انبكخيشيا انخي حًج دساسخها. فقذ ربــج . كاَج يسخخهظاث اﻻوساق بانًيزاَىل وانهكسيٍ وانًاء أكزش (E. coli)انسانبت نظبغت جشاو فعانيت حيذ أعـج 01,01,01,01 يهى قـش بانخىاني . بيًُا كاَج يسخخهظاث انزًاس باﻻيزاَىل وانهكسيٍ هًا اﻻكزش فعانيت حيذ اعـً كﻻهًا 01 يهى يقاسَت بًسخخهظاث انًيزاَىل وانكهىسوفىسو واﻻيزش انبخشوني انخي اعـج 01 يهى قـشاً. وكاٌ انًسخخهض انًائي هى اﻻقم ( Staph. aureus)فعانيت )4يهى(. هزا وكاَج يسخخهظاث انزًاس اكزشفعانيت عهي انبكخيشيا . وكاَج يسخخهظاث انهكسيٍ واﻻيزش انبخشوني واﻻيزاَىل أكزش E. coli يقاسَت بانبكخيشيا )00.00.01 يهى عهي انخىاني(. بيًُا أعـج Staph. aureusفعانيت ػذ انبكخيشيا يسخخهظاث انًيزاَىل وانكهىسوفىسو حأريشاث يخىسـت )01يهى( وكاٌ انًسخخهض انًائي هى اﻷقم فعانيت )3يهى(. كاٌ انخاريش انًائي انًزبؾ نهًسخخهض انًائي أكزش فعانيت عهً انخشكيزاث انعانيت )011,31%( . كاٌ حأريش انًسخخهض انًائي عهي حعذاد انًسخعًشاث انبكخيشيت أكزش وػىحاً. حيذ اَخفغ انخعذاد يٍ 112 يسخعًشة في حجشبت انًقاسَت اني 15 يسخعًشة فقؾ . حىطي انذساست Staph. aureusعهً انخشكيز انعاني. انُخائج يشابهت في حسجيهها نبكخيشيا 7 بإجشاء انًزيذ يٍ اﻻخخباساث عهً كائُاث حيت دقيقت أخشي وكزنك نهخعشف عهً انًكىَاث انفعانت ػذ انبكخيشيا. List of Contents Topic Page ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ No. - ----------- I Main page II Supervision committee III Examination committee Dedication Iv Acknowledgements V Abstract (English) VI Abstract (Arabic) VII List of Contents VIII 8 List of Tables X List of Figures Xi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 Objectives 4 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction 5 2.2. Plant investigated 8 2.2.1 Local names 8 2.2.2 Geo graphic distribution 8 2.2.3 Tree management 9 2.2.4 Taxonomy and nomenclature 9 2.2.5 Botanical Description 9 2.2.6 Products and services 10 2.2.7 Biology 10 2.2.8 Ecology 11 2.3. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts 11 2.4 Bacteria 13 2.4.1 Bacteria under test 13 2.4.1.1 E. coli 12 2.4.1.2 Staphylococcus aureus CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Sample collection 14 3.2 Source of cultures 14 3.3. Media used 14 9 3.3.1 Bacteriological media 14 3.3.1.1 Nutrient Agar 14 3.3.1.2 Nutrient Broth 14 3.4. Methods Used 15 3.4.1 The Cup-Plate Agar Diffusion Method 15 3.4.2 The Dilution Plate Method 15 3.5. Statistical Analysis 15 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 4.1. Effect of Different Extracting Solvents 16 4.2. Effect of Different Concentrations of the Aqueous 21 Extracts on the Inhibition Zone 4.3 Effect of Different Concentrations of the Extracts 21 on the Number of Colonies CHAPTER FIVE 30 DISCUSSION CHAPTOR SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions 33 5.2 Recommendations 33 REFERENCES 34 11 List of Tables Table Title Page No. No. 4.1 Effect of different plant parts extracts obtained by 17 different solvents on the inhibition zone (mm) of E. coli 4.2. Effect of different plant parts extracts obtained by 19 different solvents on the inhibition zone (mm) of Staph. aureus 4.3. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 22 extracts on the inhibition zone of (mm) E. coli 4.4. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 24 11 extracts on the inhibition zone (mm) of Staph. aureus 4.5. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 26 (leaves) extracts on the number of colonies of E. coli 4.6. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 28 (leaves) extracts on the number of colonies of Staph. aureus List of Figures Figure Title Page No. No 4.1 Effect of different plant parts extracts obtained by 18 different solvents on the inhibition zone of (mm) E. coli 4.2. Effect of different plant parts extracts obtained by 20 different solvents on the inhibition zone of (mm) Staph. aureus 4.3. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 23 12 extracts on the inhibition zone (mm) of E. coli 4.4. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 25 extracts on the inhibition zone of (mm) Staph. aureus 4.5. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 27 leaves extracts on the number of colonies of E. coli 4.6. Effect of different concentrations of Cordia africana 29 leaves extracts on the number of colonies of Staph. aureus INTRODUCTION Natural products from plants have played major sustaining roles in the life of humans, especially for food sources and for medicinal products. Nature has provided mankind with folk medicines for centuries and continues to be the richest source of bioactive chemicals for the development of modern drugs. Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice, based on the use of plants and plant extracts. Herbalism is also known as botanical medicine, medical herbalism, herbal medicine, herbolog, and phytotherapy. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources (Acharya and Shrivastava, 2008).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Prosopis Juliflora - Prosopis Pallida Complex: a Monograph
    DFID DFID Natural Resources Systems Programme The Prosopis juliflora - Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph NM Pasiecznik With contributions from P Felker, PJC Harris, LN Harsh, G Cruz JC Tewari, K Cadoret and LJ Maldonado HDRA - the organic organisation The Prosopis juliflora - Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph NM Pasiecznik With contributions from P Felker, PJC Harris, LN Harsh, G Cruz JC Tewari, K Cadoret and LJ Maldonado HDRA Coventry UK 2001 organic organisation i The Prosopis juliflora - Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph Correct citation Pasiecznik, N.M., Felker, P., Harris, P.J.C., Harsh, L.N., Cruz, G., Tewari, J.C., Cadoret, K. and Maldonado, L.J. (2001) The Prosopis juliflora - Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph. HDRA, Coventry, UK. pp.172. ISBN: 0 905343 30 1 Associated publications Cadoret, K., Pasiecznik, N.M. and Harris, P.J.C. (2000) The Genus Prosopis: A Reference Database (Version 1.0): CD ROM. HDRA, Coventry, UK. ISBN 0 905343 28 X. Tewari, J.C., Harris, P.J.C, Harsh, L.N., Cadoret, K. and Pasiecznik, N.M. (2000) Managing Prosopis juliflora (Vilayati babul): A Technical Manual. CAZRI, Jodhpur, India and HDRA, Coventry, UK. 96p. ISBN 0 905343 27 1. This publication is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. (R7295) Forestry Research Programme. Copies of this, and associated publications are available free to people and organisations in countries eligible for UK aid, and at cost price to others. Copyright restrictions exist on the reproduction of all or part of the monograph.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Genetic Variations in Cordia Africana (Lam) in Sudan Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker
    Yasir et al., Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal, No. 10, 2015, 72-33 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Assessment of Genetic Variations in Cordia africana (Lam) in Sudan Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker Yasir M. Abdelrahim1, Hind A. Babiker2, Mutaman A. Abdelgader1, Elnur E. Abdelrahman2 and Eisa E. El Gaali 3 Abstract Cordia (Cordia africana) is one of the important forest trees in Sudan. The study was carried out to assess the genetic diversity among four accessions of C. africana growing naturally in different geographical areas in Sudan using DNA molecular markers. The DNA was extracted from 250 mg of fresh leaf materials and subjected to PCR using 10 RAPD primers. The primers generated 45 polymorphic bands out of 64 total bands. Application of INTYS PC21- program in the cluster analysis, showed two diverse groups among the examined accessions. High similarity was observed between Ad-Damazin and Kas accessions (77%). Cordia species from Ad-Damazin, Kas and Zalingei populations formed a cluster group, whereas the species from Diling was diverged from them. The tested accessions of C. africana were found to have considerable genetic diversity. These results indicate that RAPD could be efficiently used for studying genetic diversity of wild plant species. Keywords :Cordia africana, RAPD marker, Genetic variation, DNA. Introduction Cordia africana is a flowering tree of the family Boraginaceae (Nadja et al., 2002). The tree is native to tropical Africa. In Sudan, the tree is known as “gumbail” and widespread in Ad-Damazin, Darfur and Kordofan (Drummond, 1981). C. africana is fast-growing tree valued for food, firewood and in manufacturing of high quality furniture (Bekele-Tesemma et al., 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Quantification of Headspace Volatile Constituents of Okpehe, Fermented Prosopis Africana Seeds *Onyenekwe, P
    International Food Research Journal 21(3): 1193-1197 (2014) Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my Identification and quantification of headspace volatile constituents of okpehe, fermented Prosopis africana seeds *Onyenekwe, P. C., Odeh, C. and Enemali, M. O. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University, P. M. B. 1022, 930001 Keffi, Nigeria Article history Abstract Received: 23 July 2013 The volatile components of the fermented seeds of Prosopis africana, (okpehe), were determined. Received in revised form: Traditional method of production was used. The volatile constituents were analyzed by Gas 16 January 2014 Accepted: 18 January 2014 Chromatography using the PDMS-SPME head space technique and identification of volatiles was by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with those of the library. In all, there Keywords are about 51 volatile components with 8 alcohols, 15 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 2 acetates, 11 Condiment benzene derivatives, 4 alkanes, 2 alkenes and 4 others. The aldehydes constitutes the bulk of Fermented the volatiles followed by the pyrazines. Most of the identified compounds are known to have Flavour strong impact on the flavour and fragrance of fermented and roasted products. Okpehe Prosopis africana Volatile components © All Rights Reserved Introduction Extraction of Prosopis seed is generally difficult because the seeds are imbedded in a pulpy mesocarp Okpehe, a fermented flavouring food condiment, within a hard dry pod. Grinding mills have been used most popular in the middle belt of Nigeria, is produced to remove the outer dry pod. The pods are then soaked from Prosopis africana, a leguminous oil seed. It is in a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid for 24 hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C
    Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Second edition revised of: A.C. Zeven and P.M. Zhukovsky, 1975, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity 'N -'\:K 1~ Li Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants A.C. Zeven andJ.M.J, de Wet K pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1982 ~T—^/-/- /+<>?- •/ CIP-GEGEVENS Zeven, A.C. Dictionary ofcultivate d plants andthei rregion so f diversity: excluding mostornamentals ,fores t treesan d lowerplant s/ A.C .Zeve n andJ.M.J ,d eWet .- Wageninge n : Pudoc. -11 1 Herz,uitg . van:Dictionar y of cultivatedplant s andthei r centreso fdiversit y /A.C .Zeve n andP.M . Zhukovsky, 1975.- Me t index,lit .opg . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 SISO63 2UD C63 3 Trefw.:plantenteelt . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 ©Centre forAgricultura l Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen,1982 . Nopar t of thisboo k mayb e reproduced andpublishe d in any form,b y print, photoprint,microfil m or any othermean swithou t written permission from thepublisher . Contents Preface 7 History of thewor k 8 Origins of agriculture anddomesticatio n ofplant s Cradles of agriculture and regions of diversity 21 1 Chinese-Japanese Region 32 2 Indochinese-IndonesianRegio n 48 3 Australian Region 65 4 Hindustani Region 70 5 Central AsianRegio n 81 6 NearEaster n Region 87 7 Mediterranean Region 103 8 African Region 121 9 European-Siberian Region 148 10 South American Region 164 11 CentralAmerica n andMexica n Region 185 12 NorthAmerica n Region 199 Specieswithou t an identified region 207 References 209 Indexo fbotanica l names 228 Preface The aimo f thiswor k ist ogiv e thereade r quick reference toth e regionso f diversity ofcultivate d plants.Fo r important crops,region so fdiversit y of related wild species areals opresented .Wil d species areofte nusefu l sources of genes to improve thevalu eo fcrops .
    [Show full text]
  • General News
    Biocontrol News and Information 27(1), 1N–26N pestscience.com General News The Dilemma of Prosopis: Is There a Rose The last article, from South Africa, evaluates the Between the Thorns? status of Prosopis in that country and the conflicts of interest it has created. It addresses many of the The genus Prosopis contains species with outstand- questions raised in the articles above, discussing ingly useful qualities: they grow in arid and semi- from South Africa’s position of experience the limita- arid zones and give high yields where little else will tions of and possibilities for both utilization and grow. They produce high-quality wood for fuel and control, including biological control – also consid- timber, seeds with varied uses as human and animal ering in this context its obligations as part of the food, and other non-wood products. Species from the African continental community. New World have been introduced into Africa, Asia and Australia over the last 200 years. In some coun- These articles are followed by a tribute to Daniel tries, however, introduced Prosopis has become a Gandolfo, who died in January 2006. He worked on highly invasive weed, covering large tracts of land many weed projects for different cooperators, but his with impenetrable thorny thickets and rendering it inputs into Prosopis biocontrol research will be with unusable. It can even be invasive in its area of origin us forever as a result of the fact that David Kissinger in the New World. As affected countries devote named the seed-feeding weevil on which Daniel worked (see South African article, below) Coelo- increasing amounts of time and money to controlling cephalapion gandolfoi.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulp and Papermaking Characteristics of South Sudanese Cordia Africana (Gambil) Wood
    Pulp and Papermaking Characteristics of South Sudanese Cordia Africana (Gambil) Wood Osman Taha Elzaki NCR Sudan Selim Otuk Tuphach Upper Nile University Tarig Khider ( [email protected] ) University of Bahri College of Applied and Industrial Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-8402 Research note Keywords: Cordia africana, physical properties, Fibre dimensions, Chemical composition, Pulping conditions, Papermaking Posted Date: March 15th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-27401/v2 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/10 Abstract Objective The wood of an important indigenous Sudanese hardwood species, Cordia africana lam, was examined to determine its suitability for pulp and papermaking. Basic density, bark-to-wood ratio, ber dimensions and chemical composition were studied. Results Pulps were evaluated and papermaking characteristics were tested. C. africana wood showed medium basic density (410 kg m-1). The average bark-to wood ratio by mass (6.82%) and volume (11.67%) were in the normal average for pulpwood and could be used for production of high grade pulp. The bers of C. africana were long with an average ber length of 1.13 mm, average ber diameter was 30 µm with an average lumen diameter 20 µm and cell wall thickness of 5 µm. the wood showed high ash content (2.7%), high pentosans (25%), relatively medium lignin content (23.9%).C. africana pulped 0 with 12-15% alkali charge as Na2O for two hours at 170 C gave good Kappa numbers with normal and relatively high yield with very low rejects.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Density of Cordia Africana Lam. Across Land Use Gradients in Jimma Highlands, Southwest Ethiopia
    International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) ISSN 2307-4531 (Print & Online) http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Population Density of Cordia africana Lam. across Land Use Gradients in Jimma Highlands, Southwest Ethiopia Desalegn Ragaa , Dereje Denub* aJimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma, Ethiopia bDereje Denu, Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma Ethiopia aEmail: [email protected], bEmail: [email protected] Abstract This study was conducted to assess the population density of Cordia africana across land use gradients in the Jimma Highlands of southwest Ethiopia. A transect with a length of 23 km with 1km buffer was established across different land use types. The transect was stratified into different land use types (cropland, semi-forest coffee, natural forest, woodland, pasture, plantation). The study plots were randomly distributed in different land use types along the transect. The population density, diameter at breast height and height of each Cordia africana tree were taken from the one hectare plot. The biomass of the tree was calculated by using non- destructive allometric equation (AGB = 0.0673(ρD2 H)0.976) and aboveground live carbon storage in the tree was estimated at 50% of the AGB. The highest population density was recorded from SFC system followed by cropland. Cordia africana was not recorded from pastureland and plantation forests. The highest aboveground live carbon storage in the biomass of the tree was also found in SFC system followed by woodlands. There was significant population density difference between the two levels of protections (t = 5.34, P = 0.003).
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of the Vascular Plants in East African Rain Forests
    Conservation status of the vascular plants in East African rain forests Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaft des Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften der Universität Koblenz-Landau vorgelegt am 29. April 2011 von Katja Rembold geb. am 07.02.1980 in Neuss Referent: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Barthlott Conservation status of the vascular plants in East African rain forests Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaft des Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften der Universität Koblenz-Landau vorgelegt am 29. April 2011 von Katja Rembold geb. am 07.02.1980 in Neuss Referent: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Barthlott Early morning hours in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents V 1 General introduction 1 1.1 Biodiversity and human impact on East African rain forests 2 1.2 African epiphytes and disturbance 3 1.3 Plant conservation 4 Ex-situ conservation 5 1.4 Aims of this study 6 2 Study areas 9 2.1 Kakamega Forest, Kenya 10 Location and abiotic components 10 Importance of Kakamega Forest for Kenyan biodiversity 12 History, population pressure, and management 13 Study sites within Kakamega Forest 16 2.2 Budongo Forest, Uganda 18 Location and abiotic components 18 Importance of Budongo Forest for Ugandan biodiversity 19 History, population pressure, and management 20 Study sites within Budongo Forest 21 3 The vegetation of East African rain forests and impact
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity and Molecular Profiling of Cordia Africana Lam
    Natural Product Research Formerly Natural Product Letters ISSN: 1478-6419 (Print) 1478-6427 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gnpl20 Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and molecular profiling of Cordia africana Lam. on human breast cancer cell line Abeer M. Ashmawy, Iriny M. Ayoub & Omayma A. Eldahshan To cite this article: Abeer M. Ashmawy, Iriny M. Ayoub & Omayma A. Eldahshan (2020): Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and molecular profiling of Cordiaafricana Lam. on human breast cancer cell line, Natural Product Research, DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1736064 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1736064 View supplementary material Published online: 05 Mar 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gnpl20 NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1736064 SHORT COMMUNICATION Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and molecular profiling of Cordia africana Lam. on human breast cancer cell line Abeer M. Ashmawya, Iriny M. Ayoubb and Omayma A. Eldahshanb aCancer Biology Department, Biochemistry Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; bFaculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Metabolic profiling of the hexane extract and essential oil Received 4 January 2020 of Cordia africana Lam., an economically important agroforestry Accepted 13 February 2020 species, was performed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Cytotoxicity was assessed in MCF-7 cancer cells using sulphorhodamine-B assay. KEYWORDS Cordia africana Caspase-8, BcL-2 and Ki-67 levels were evaluated using ; cytotoxicity; MCF-7; BcL-2; Ki-67; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Diversification History of Prosopis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 93, 621–640. With 6 figures Molecular phylogeny and diversification history of Prosopis (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) SANTIAGO ANDRÉS CATALANO1*, JUAN CÉSAR VILARDI1, DANIELA TOSTO1,2 and BEATRIZ OFELIA SAIDMAN1 1Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA - Capital Federal, Argentina. 2Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA INTA Castelar, CC 25 Castelar 1712, Argentina Received 29 December 2006; accepted for publication 31 May 2007 The genus Prosopis is an important member of arid and semiarid environments around the world. To study Prosopis diversification and evolution, a combined approach including molecular phylogeny, molecular dating, and character optimization analysis was applied. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from five different molecular markers (matK-trnK, trnL-trnF, trnS-psbC, G3pdh, NIA). Taxon sampling involved a total of 30 Prosopis species that represented all Sections and Series and the complete geographical range of the genus. The results suggest that Prosopis is not a natural group. Molecular dating analysis indicates that the divergence between Section Strombocarpa and Section Algarobia plus Section Monilicarpa occurred in the Oligocene, contrasting with a much recent diversification (Late Miocene) within each of these groups. The diversification of the group formed by species of Series Chilenses, Pallidae, and Ruscifoliae is inferred to have started in the Pliocene, showing a high diversification rate. The moment of diversification within the major lineages of American species of Prosopis is coincident with the spreading of arid areas in the Americas, suggesting a climatic control for diversification of the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptations to Heterogenous Habitats: Life-History Characters of Trees and Shrubs
    ADAPTATIONS TO HETEROGENOUS HABITATS: LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS OF TREES AND SHRUBS By AMY ELISE ZANNE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 To my mother, Linda Stephenson, who has always supported and encouraged me from near and afar and to the rest of my family members, especially my brother, Ben Stephenson, who wanted me to keep this short. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Colin Chapman, for his continued support and enthusiasm throughout my years as a graduate student. He was willing to follow me along the many permutations of potential research projects that quickly became more and more botanical in nature. His generosity has helped me to finish my project and keep my sanity. I would also like to thank my committee members, Walter Judd, Kaoru Kitajima, Jack Putz, and Colette St. Mary. Each has contributed greatly to my project development, research design, and dissertation write-up, both in and outside of their areas of expertise. I would especially like to thank Kaoru Kitajima for choosing to come to University of Florida precisely as I was developing my dissertation ideas. Without her presence and support, this dissertation would be a very different one. I would like to thank Ugandan field assistants and friends, Tinkasiimire Astone, Kaija Chris, Irumba Peter, and Florence Akiiki. Their friendship and knowledge carried me through many a day. Patrick Chiyo, Scot Duncan, John Paul, and Sarah Schaack greatly assisted me in species identifications and project setup.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosopis, an Alien Among the Sacred Trees of South India
    TROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS 38 REPORTS FORESTRY TROPICAL UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Viikki TropicalUNIVERSITY Resources OF HELSINKI Institute Viikki Tropical Resources Institute UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Viikki TropicalVITRI Resources Institute VITRI VITRI Viikki Tropical Resources Institute TROPICALTROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS REPORTS VITRI No. 32 Laxén, J. 2007. Is prosopis a curse or a blessing? – An ecological-economic TROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS analysis of an invasive alien tree species in Sudan. Doctoral thesis. TROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS No. 33No. 32Katila, P.Laxén, 2008. J. Devolution2007. Is prosopis of forest-related a curse or a blessing? rights: – An ecological-economic 34 Comparativeanalysis analyses of an invasive of six alien developing tree species countries. in Sudan. Doctoral Doctoral thesis. 38 No. 34No. 33Reyes, T.Katila, 2008. P. Agroforestry2008. Devolution systems of forest-related for sustainable rights: Comparativelivelihoods analysesand improved of six Prosopis, an land managementdeveloping countries. in the East Doctoral Usambara thesis. Mountains, Tanzania. No. 34Doctoral Reyes, thesis T. (limited 2008. Agroforestry distribution). systems for sustainable livelihoods and improved land management in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Doctoral thesis (limited distribution). No. 35 Zhou, P. 2008. Landscape-scale soil erosion modelling and ecological restoration for of South India Trees Alien among the Sacred a mountainous watershed in Sichuan, China. Doctoral thesis (limited distribution). No. 36 Hares, M. & Luukkanen, O. 2008. Research Collaboration on Responsible Natural Resource Management, The 1st UniPID Workshop. No. 37 Husgafvel, R. 2010. Global and EU governance for sustainable forest management with special reference to capacity building in Ethiopia and Southern Sudan. Doctoral thesis. No. 38 Walter, K. 2011. Prosopis, an alien among the sacred trees of South India.
    [Show full text]