DOCSLIB.ORG

Adaptations to Heterogenous Habitats: Life-History Characters of Trees and Shrubs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adaptations to Heterogenous Habitats: Life-History Characters of Trees and Shrubs ADAPTATIONS TO HETEROGENOUS HABITATS: LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS OF TREES AND SHRUBS By AMY ELISE ZANNE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 To my mother, Linda Stephenson, who has always supported and encouraged me from near and afar and to the rest of my family members, especially my brother, Ben Stephenson, who wanted me to keep this short. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Colin Chapman, for his continued support and enthusiasm throughout my years as a graduate student. He was willing to follow me along the many permutations of potential research projects that quickly became more and more botanical in nature. His generosity has helped me to finish my project and keep my sanity. I would also like to thank my committee members, Walter Judd, Kaoru Kitajima, Jack Putz, and Colette St. Mary. Each has contributed greatly to my project development, research design, and dissertation write-up, both in and outside of their areas of expertise. I would especially like to thank Kaoru Kitajima for choosing to come to University of Florida precisely as I was developing my dissertation ideas. Without her presence and support, this dissertation would be a very different one. I would like to thank Ugandan field assistants and friends, Tinkasiimire Astone, Kaija Chris, Irumba Peter, and Florence Akiiki. Their friendship and knowledge carried me through many a day. Patrick Chiyo, Scot Duncan, John Paul, and Sarah Schaack greatly assisted me in species identifications and project setup. A number of willing undergraduates agreed to toil through my many seed and seedling lab measurements including Carolyn Cross, Robyn Gartner, Jessi Patti, Laura Stockman, and Gabe Wagman. I thank them for their patience and diligence. I received help with soil analyses from Jacob Aniku, Nick Comerford, Hugh Popenoe, Larry Schwandes, and Ted Schuur. Both Nick Comerford and Larry Schwandes graciously opened their labs for me to conduct my analyses. Ben Bolker, Kavita Isvaran, Michael Palmer, Suhel Quader, and Nat Seavy provided assistance with statistical analyses. I would especially like to thank Ben Bolker, as I would have been unable to conduct many of the analyses without his iii guidance. I also thank Nat Seavy who was always on the lookout for new ways to analyze my data. Kavita Isvaran, Rebecca Kimball, Suhel Quader, and Doug Soltis assisted me with phylogenetic analyses. I would like to thank the staff of the Department of Zoology and Botany for their assistance throughout my graduate career. I would like to thank my family, especially my mother. They were supportive and encouraging whether or not they knew what I spent all those years doing. I would also like to thank Patrick Chiyo for being such a wonderful companion whether it was exploring the remote wilds of his home in Uganda or the remote wilds of my home in New Hampshire, especially in the winter with no heat. Many thanks are extended to friends in Gainesville. They have been both warm friends and academically-stimulating colleagues. I would like to thank the members of AAPIGS as our meetings led to many important discussions and insights. I extend special thanks to my officemates, Kavita Isvaran and Suhel Quader, who have appeared in many of the categories throughout this list. They were kind enough to open both their home and their office to me (especially toward the end of my dissertation, when their help was most needed). I would also like to thank Sarah Bouchard and Laura Sirot, who entered the graduate program with me and Scot Duncan and Denise Trunk, who were already here when I arrived. They have been strong supports for many years. This research was supported in part by College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Grinter and Dissertation Fellowships and a Ford Foundation Grant. I would also like to thank the Uganda Wildlife Authority, Makerere University, and Government of Uganda for allowing me to conduct my research in Kibale National Park. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 Life-History Strategies................................................................................................ 1 Life-History Strategies: Study Objectives................................................................... 2 2 TROPICAL FOREST DIVERSITY AND HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS: COMMUNITY VERSUS SPECIES PATTERNS ........................................................ 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 Materials and Methods............................................................................................... 9 Study Site............................................................................................................ 9 Vegetation......................................................................................................... 10 Soils and Light................................................................................................... 11 Analyses............................................................................................................ 12 Results ..................................................................................................................... 14 Environment...................................................................................................... 14 Vegetation: Community Response.................................................................... 16 Vegetation: Species Associations..................................................................... 17 Discussion................................................................................................................ 18 3 DO LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS OF JUVENILE TREES AND SHRUBS REFLECT ADAPTATIONS TO CONTRASTING HABITATS?................................. 37 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 37 Materials and Methods............................................................................................. 40 Study Site.......................................................................................................... 40 Methods ............................................................................................................ 40 Analyses............................................................................................................ 43 Results ..................................................................................................................... 45 Life-History Character Variation........................................................................ 45 Cotyledon Types and Other Categorical Variables........................................... 46 Mean Character Comparisons among Discrete Categories.............................. 47 v Seed Mass and Continuous Variables.............................................................. 48 Multivariate Analyses ........................................................................................ 48 Phylogenetic Effects.......................................................................................... 49 Discussion................................................................................................................ 51 Cotyledon Type................................................................................................. 51 Seed Size.......................................................................................................... 55 Suites of Characters.......................................................................................... 57 Juvenile Characters and Environmental Associations ...................................... 57 Phylogeny ......................................................................................................... 58 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 59 4 ADAPTATION AND VARIATION OF TREE AND SHRUB SEEDLINGS: SURVIVAL AND GROWTH ACROSS HABITATS................................................... 69 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 69 Materials and Methods............................................................................................. 72 Study Site.......................................................................................................... 72 Methods ............................................................................................................ 73 Analyses............................................................................................................ 75 Results ....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Domestication and Survival of Selected Medicinal Trees and Shrubs in Chapereria Division West Pokot County Kenya
    Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports 3(2): 1-17, 2019; Article no.AJARR.46516 Domestication and Survival of Selected Medicinal Trees and Shrubs in Chapereria Division West Pokot County Kenya Peris Nyambura Maina 1* and Ms Brexidis Mandila 1 1Department of Agroforestry, University of Kabianga, P.O.Box 2030 – 20200, Kericho, Kenya. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJARR/2019/v3i230082 Editor(s): (1) Nadia Sabry El-Sayed El-Gohary, Associate Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Javier Rodríguez Villanueva, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. (2) Paul Kweku Tandoh, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/46516 Received 23 October 2018 Accepted 16 January 2019 Original Research Article Published 08 February 2019 ABSTRACT Depletion of medicinal plant species as a result of over over-extraction in their natural habitats will have detrimental effects on the livelihood of the locals that herbal medicine is part and parcel of their health systems. Though domestication is the best strategy to conserve medicinal tree and shrub species, most medicinal trees and shrubs have remained undomesticated due to low survival rates and inadequate information on the best strategies to improve survival rates. This study was designated to determine the domestication level and survival rates of selected medicinal tree and shrub species in the semi-arid regions of Chepareria division. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Strategy and Social Environment in Redtail Monkeys (Cercopithecus Ascanius)
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2020 Nutritional Strategy and Social Environment in Redtail Monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) Margaret Bryer The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3554 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] NUTRITIONAL STRATEGY AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN REDTAIL MONKEYS (CERCOPITHECUS ASCANIUS) by MARGARET A. H. BRYER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2020 i © 2020 MARGARET A. H. BRYER All Rights Reserved ii Nutritional strategy and social environment in redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) by Margaret A. H. Bryer This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. December 6, 2019 Jessica M. Rothman Chair of Examining Committee December 6, 2019 Jeff Maskovsky Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Larissa Swedell Andrea L. Baden Marina Cords David Raubenheimer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Nutritional strategy and social environment in redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) by Margaret A. H. Bryer Advisor: Jessica M. Rothman An animal’s nutritional strategy involves the complex interplay between its dynamic physiology and its environment, an environment that includes a landscape of foods that vary in nutritional composition as well as a social environment of other feeding individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Collections from Ethiopia Desalegn Desissa & Pierre Binggeli
    Miscellaneous Notes & Reports in Natural History, No 001 Ecology, Conservation and Resources Management 2003 Plant collections from Ethiopia Desalegn Desissa & Pierre Binggeli List of plants collected by Desalegn Desissa and Pierre Binggeli as part of the biodiversity assessment of church and monastery vegetation in Ethiopia in 2001-2002. The information presented is a slightly edited version of what appears on the herbarium labels (an asci-delimited version of the information is available from [email protected]). Sheets are held at the Addis Ababa and Geneva herberia. Abutilon longicuspe Hochst. ex A. Rich Malvaceae Acacia etbaica Schweinf. Fabaceae Desalgen Desissa & Pierre Binggeli DD416 Desalegn Desissa & Pierre Binggeli DD432 Date: 02-01-2002 Date: 25-01-2002 Location: Ethiopia, Shewa, Zena Markos Location: Ethiopia, Tigray, Mekele Map: 0939A1 Grid reference: EA091905 Map: 1339C2 Grid reference: Lat. 09º52’ N Long. 39º04’ E Alt. 2560 m Lat. 13º29' N Long. 39º29' E Alt. 2150 m Site: Debir and Dey Promontary is situated 8 km to the West of Site: Debre Genet Medihane Alem is situated at the edge of Mekele Inewari Town. The Zena Markos Monastery is located just below Town at the base of a small escarpment. The site is dissected by a the ridge and overlooks the Derek Wenz Canyon River by 1200 m. stream that was dry at the time of the visit. For site details go to: The woodland is right below the cliff on a scree slope. Growing on a http://members.lycos.co.uk/ethiopianplants/sacredgrove/woodland.html large rock. For site details go to: Vegetation: Secondary scrubby vegetation dominated by Hibiscus, http://members.lycos.co.uk/ethiopianplants/sacredgrove/woodland.html Opuntia, Justicia, Rumex, Euphorbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Plant-Animal Interactions: Linking Defaunation with Seed Predation, and Resource- Dependent Co-Occurrence
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2021 TROPICAL PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS: LINKING DEFAUNATION WITH SEED PREDATION, AND RESOURCE- DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE Peter Jeffrey Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Williams, Peter Jeffrey, "TROPICAL PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS: LINKING DEFAUNATION WITH SEED PREDATION, AND RESOURCE-DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE" (2021). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11777. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TROPICAL PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS: LINKING DEFAUNATION WITH SEED PREDATION, AND RESOURCE-DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE By PETER JEFFREY WILLIAMS B.S., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 2014 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology – Ecology and Evolution The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2021 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Graduate School Dean Jedediah F. Brodie, Chair Division of Biological Sciences Wildlife Biology Program John L. Maron Division of Biological Sciences Joshua J. Millspaugh Wildlife Biology Program Kim R. McConkey School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Williams, Peter, Ph.D., Spring 2021 Biology Tropical plant-animal interactions: linking defaunation with seed predation, and resource- dependent co-occurrence Chairperson: Jedediah F.
    [Show full text]
  • BEATRICE MISSAH.Pdf
    KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES FACULTY OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY LARVICICAL AND ANTI-PLASMODIAL CONSTITUENTS OF CARAPA PROCERA DC. (MELIACEAE) AND HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS L. POIT (LAMIACEAE) BY BEATRICE MISSAH SEPTEMBER, 2014 LARVICICAL AND ANTI-PLASMODIAL CONSTITUENTS OF CARAPA PROCERA DC. (MELIACEAE) AND HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS L. POIT (LAMIACEAE) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MPHIL PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY, FACULTY OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BY BEATRICE MISSAH KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI SEPTEMBER, 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the experimental work described in this thesis is my own work towards the award of an MPhil and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person or material which has been submitted for any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the test. ……………………………………… ………………………… Beatrice Missah Date Certified by ………………………………………… …………………………… Dr. (Mrs.) Rita A. Dickson Date (Supervisor) …………………………………………… ………………………….. Dr. Kofi Annan Date (Supervisor) Certified by ………………………………………… ………………………….. Prof. Abraham Yeboah Mensah Date (Head of Department) ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my dear father Mr. Bernard Missah for his immense support and care for me. iii ABSTRACT Malaria is a serious health problem worldwide due to the emergence of parasite resistance to well established antimalarial drugs. This has heightened the need for the development of new antimalarial drugs as well as other control methods. Plant based antimalarial drugs continue to be used in many tropical areas for the treatment and control of malaria and hence the need for scientific investigation into their usefulness as alternatives to conventional treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of Agriculture
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INVENTORY No. 79 Washington, D. C. T Issued March, 1927 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN PLANT INTRO- DUCTION, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, DURING THE PERIOD FROM APRIL 1 TO JUNE 30,1924 (S. P. I. NOS. 58931 TO 60956) CONTENTS Page Introductory statement 1 Inventory 3 Index of common and scientific names _ 74 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT During the period covered by this, the seventy-ninth, Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, the actual number of introductions was much greater than for any similar period in the past. This was due largely to the fact that there were four agricultural exploring expeditions in the field in the latter part of 1923 and early in 1924, and the combined efforts of these in obtaining plant material were unusually successful. Working as a collaborator of this office, under the direction of the National Geographic Society of Washington, D. C, Joseph L. Rock continued to carry on botanical explorations in the Province of Yunnan, southwestern China, from which region he has sent so much of interest during the preceding few years. The collections made by Mr. Rock, which arrived in Washington in the spring of 1924, were generally similar to those made previously in the same region, except that a remarkable series of rhododendrons, numbering nearly 500 different species, many as yet unidentified, was included. Many of these rhododendrons, as well as the primroses, delphiniums, gentians, and barberries obtained by Mr. Rock, promise to be valuable ornamentals for parts of the United States with climatic conditions generally similar to those of Yunnan.
    [Show full text]
  • EL GENERO CARAPA AUBL. (Mellaceae) EN COLOMBIA
    Caldasia 19(3): 397-407 EL GENERO CARAPA AUBL. (MELlACEAE) EN COLOMBIA MARíA EUGENIA MORALES-PUENTES Programa de Botánica Económica, Instituto de Ctencle« Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá, Colombia. CElect: [email protected] Resumen Se complementan las descripciones e ilustran las especies de Carapa para Colombia, se incluye información sobre distribución geográfica, fenología, usos y nombres vulgares. Se registra C. procera DC. por primera vez para Colombia. Palabras claves: Meliaceae, Carapa, Colombia, distribución, usos. Abstract The species of Carapa known from Colombia are iIIustrated and their descriptions are complemented. Information on their geographical distribution, phenology, uses and common names is presented. C. procera DC. is recorded for the first time in Colombia. Key words: Meliaceae, Carapa, Colombia, distribution, uses. Introducción tract y CDROM Index Kewensis. Se realizaron sa- lidas de campo para precisar la información obte- El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar la informa- nida en la revisión de las colecciones al Trapecio ción sobre la diversidad y distribución de Carapa Amazónico y al Chocó. El material examinado per- en Colombia y aportar algunos datos sobre hábitat, mitió complementar las descripciones e introducir ecología, nombres vulgares y usos. modificaciones al tratamiento del género y las es- Las especies de la familia Meliaceae son de gran im- pecies a partir de la última revisión de Pennington portancia económica gracias a la alta calidad de sus & Styles (198 1). La información obtenida se pro- maderas. Entre las más importantes encontramos cesó y analizó a través de la base interelacional Cedrela odorata L. (cedro), Swietenia macrophy- SPICA del programa de Botánica Económica del l/a King (caoba) y Carapa guianensis Aubl.
    [Show full text]
  • SCREENING for ANTIBACTERIAL and ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS in Bersama Abyssinica FRESEN
    SCREENING FOR ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS IN Bersama abyssinica FRESEN ONG’ERA TABITHA NYANCHOKA (B.ED, SC.) (I56/CE/11221/2007) A Research Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in the School of Pure and Applied Science, Kenyatta University MAY 2016 ii Declarations I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been previously presented for a degree in Kenyatta University or in any other University. Ong’era Tabitha Nyanchoka Reg. No. I56/CE/11221/07 Sign: _________________________Date _____________________________ Department of Chemistry We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. Prof. Alex K. Machocho Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University Sign: _______________________ Date_____________________________ Prof. Nicholas K. Gikonyo Department of Pharmacy, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Kenyatta University Sign: ____________________________Date__________________________ iii Dedication To my daughter Flavian Bonareri, sons Adrian Nyaenya and Fabian Ong’era and my beloved husband Evans Nyaenya. iv Acknowledgements I would like to display my sincere gratitude to the following persons for their support, assistance and encouragement throughout the course of my research and compilation of this thesis. My supervisors: Prof. Alex Machocho of the Department of Chemistry and Prof. Nicholas Gikonyo of the Department of Pharmacy, Complementary and Alternative medicine for their guidance, motivation, support and time invested in me. Also, Dr. Omari Amuka of Maseno University for assisting me in the plant collection exercise. Dr. Margret Ng’ang’a of the Department of Chemistry for her encouragement and support throughout my research in the laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Calibrated Chronograms, Fossils, Outgroup Relationships, and Root Priors: Re-Examining the Historical Biogeography of Geraniales
    bs_bs_banner Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 29–49. With 4 figures Calibrated chronograms, fossils, outgroup relationships, and root priors: re-examining the historical biogeography of Geraniales KENNETH J. SYTSMA1,*, DANIEL SPALINK1 and BRENT BERGER2 1Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY 11439, USA Received 26 November 2013; revised 23 February 2014; accepted for publication 24 February 2014 We re-examined the recent study by Palazzesi et al., (2012) published in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (107: 67–85), that presented the historical diversification of Geraniales using BEAST analysis of the plastid spacer trnL–F and of the non-coding nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Their study presented a set of new fossils within the order, generated a chronogram for Geraniales and other rosid orders using fossil-based priors on five nodes, demonstrated an Eocene radiation of Geraniales (and other rosid orders), and argued for more recent (Pliocene–Pleistocene) and climate-linked diversification of genera in the five recognized families relative to previous studies. As a result of very young ages for the crown of Geraniales and other rosid orders, unusual relationships of Geraniales to other rosids, and apparent nucleotide substitution saturation of the two gene regions, we conducted a broad series of BEAST analyses that incorporated additional rosid fossil priors, used more accepted rosid ordinal
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Genetic Variations in Cordia Africana (Lam) in Sudan Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker
    Yasir et al., Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal, No. 10, 2015, 72-33 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Assessment of Genetic Variations in Cordia africana (Lam) in Sudan Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker Yasir M. Abdelrahim1, Hind A. Babiker2, Mutaman A. Abdelgader1, Elnur E. Abdelrahman2 and Eisa E. El Gaali 3 Abstract Cordia (Cordia africana) is one of the important forest trees in Sudan. The study was carried out to assess the genetic diversity among four accessions of C. africana growing naturally in different geographical areas in Sudan using DNA molecular markers. The DNA was extracted from 250 mg of fresh leaf materials and subjected to PCR using 10 RAPD primers. The primers generated 45 polymorphic bands out of 64 total bands. Application of INTYS PC21- program in the cluster analysis, showed two diverse groups among the examined accessions. High similarity was observed between Ad-Damazin and Kas accessions (77%). Cordia species from Ad-Damazin, Kas and Zalingei populations formed a cluster group, whereas the species from Diling was diverged from them. The tested accessions of C. africana were found to have considerable genetic diversity. These results indicate that RAPD could be efficiently used for studying genetic diversity of wild plant species. Keywords :Cordia africana, RAPD marker, Genetic variation, DNA. Introduction Cordia africana is a flowering tree of the family Boraginaceae (Nadja et al., 2002). The tree is native to tropical Africa. In Sudan, the tree is known as “gumbail” and widespread in Ad-Damazin, Darfur and Kordofan (Drummond, 1981). C. africana is fast-growing tree valued for food, firewood and in manufacturing of high quality furniture (Bekele-Tesemma et al., 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cape Coast Extraction, Isolation And
    UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST EXTRACTION, ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME LIMONOIDS AND SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE ROOT BARK OF TURRAEA HETEROPHYLLA - SMITH (MELIACEAE) AKROFI ROBERTSON 2011 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST EXTRACTION, ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME LIMONOIDS AND CONSTITUENTS OF THE ROOT BARK OF TURRAEA HETEROPHYLLA - SMITH (MELIACEAE) BY ROBERTSON AKROFI THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY JUNE, 2011 DECLARATION Candidate’s Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my original work and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this University or elsewhere. Candidate’s Signature: -------------------------------- Date: ------------------- Robertson Akrofi Supervisors’ Declaration We hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of the thesis were supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Cape Coast. Principal Supervisor’s Signature: ------------------------- Date: ------------------- Professor F. S. K. Tayman Co-Supervisor’s Signature: -------------------------------- Date: ------------------- Professor Y. O. Boahen ii ABSTRACT The root bark of the plant Turraea heterophylla belonging to the family Meliaceae was investigated for its chemical constituents. Phytochemical screening of both the methanolic and methylene chloride extracts indicated the presence of tannins, saponnins, terpenes, steroids and about eight different limonoids. Exhaustive extraction, chromatography and spectral analyses led to isolation of three compounds. The spectrometric analyses and the resulting data - including IR, NMR(H-H COSY and 1HNMR) and the LC - ESI - MS spectra and their interpretation helped to propose the structures of the three compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysisandinterpreta Tion Of
    A N A L Y S I S A N D I N T E R P R E T A T I O N OF B O T A N I C A L R E M A I N S F R O M S I B U D U C A V E , K W A Z U L U – N A T A L Christine Scott A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Archaeology School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, 2005 D E C L A R A T I O N I declare that this thesis is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. ……………………… Signature of candidate …….. day of …..…………… 2005 ii A B S T R A C T The identification and analysis of seeds (including fruits and nuts) from second millennium AD deposits at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, constitute the first in-depth archaeobotanical study of seeds in South Africa. The study highlights problems in the reconstruction of past vegetation and climatic variables from seed data. The Sibudu seed assemblage produced no evidence to suggest vegetation change in the Sibudu area during the last 1000 years. Either it is not possible to identify short-term fluctuations in indigenous vegetation from seed data, or the evidence of vegetation change has been masked by the influence of the perennial Tongati River, depositional history, differential preservation and recovery, and identification difficulties.
    [Show full text]