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Botryosphaeriaceae Species Overlap on Four Unrelated, Native South African Hosts

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Botryosphaeriaceae Species Overlap on Four Unrelated, Native South African Hosts Botryosphaeriaceae species overlap on four unrelated, native South African hosts Fahimeh JAMI1*, Bernard SLIPPERS2, Michael J. WINGFIELD1, Marieka GRYZENHOUT3 1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 2Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 3Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, * Corresponding author. Tel.: +27124205819; Fax:0027 124203960. E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Botryosphaeriaceae represents an important and diverse family of latent fungal pathogens of woody plants. While some species appear to have wide host ranges, others are reported only from single hosts. It is, however, not clear whether apparently narrow host ranges reflect specificity or if this is an artifact of sampling. We address this question by sampling leaves and branches of native South African trees from four different families, including Acacia karroo (Fabaceae), Celtis africana (Cannabaceae), Searsia lancea (Anacardiaceae) and Gymnosporia buxifolia (Celastraceae). As part of this process, two new species of the Botryosphaeriaceae, namely Tiarosporella africana sp. nov. and Aplosporella javeedii sp. nov., emerged from sequence comparisons based on the ITS rDNA, TEF-1α, β-tubulin and LSU rDNA gene regions. An additional five known species were identified including Neofusicoccum parvum, N. kwambonambiense, Spencermartinsia viticola, Diplodia pseudoseriata and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Despite extensive sampling of the trees, some of these species were not isolated on many of the hosts as was expected. For example, B. dothidea, which is known to have a broad host range but was found only on A. karroo. This could have resulted from the fact that it is a rare species in the region. With the exception of S. lancea, which was infected by A. javeedii all the hosts were infected by more than one Botryosphaeriaceae species. Collectively, the results suggest that some intrinsic host factors, possibly combined with local environmental conditions, affect the distribution and co-infectivity of various hosts by the Botryosphaeriaceae. 1 This would counteract the general ability of a species in the Botryosphaeriaceae to infect a broad range of plants. The combination of host and environmental factors might also explain why some Botryosphaeriaceae with apparently broad host ranges, are found on different suites of hosts in different areas of the world. Keywords Botryosphaeriales, host pattern, Tiarosporella, Aplosporella, Taxonomy Introduction Fungi residing in the Botryosphaeriaceae (Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriales) have been characterised from a wide variety of trees. They commonly occur as endophytes in asymptomatic plant tissues (Smith et al. 1996b), but some species are also important pathogens. The shift in habit from endophyte to being virulent pathogens typically occurs when trees are subjected to stress (Slippers and Wingfield 2007). Some Botryosphaeriaceae infect several different hosts, which may or may not be related to each other. Other species are known from only a single host. While there appear to be some distinct patters of host association for those species that infect conifers as opposed to angiosperms (De Wet et al. 2008), relatively little is known regarding the epidemiology and host ranges of these intriguing fungi. Species of Botryosphaeriaceae occur widely in South Africa and they have been found on virtually every tree species that has been sampled for them. Hosts include native trees such as Terminalia catappa (Myrtales: Combretaceae) (Begoude et al. 2010), Pterocarpus angolensis (Fabales: Fabaceae) (Mehl et al. 2011), Syzygium cordatum (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) (Pavlic et al. 2007), Acacia melifera (Fabales: Fabaceae) (Slippers et al. 2013), A. karroo (Jami et al. 2012), and woody species of Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea (Proteales: Proteaceae) (Denman et al. 2003). Non-native hosts of the Botryosphaeriaceae in South Africa include Pinus spp. (Pinales: Pinaceae), Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), Prunus spp. (Rosales: Rosaceae), and Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae) (Damm et al. 2007a; Smith et al. 1996a; Van Niekerk et al. 2004). Despite relatively intensive sampling over many years, most native woody plants in South Africa have not been sampled for the presence of Botryosphaeriaceae. Some species of Botryosphaeriaceae have broad host ranges, occurring on both native and non-native hosts in a sampled area. For example, Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, N. australe (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, 2 Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, N. parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, N. luteum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, N. kwambonambiense Pavlic, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Diplodia seriata De Not., Spencermartinsia viticola (A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous and Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not., have been found on various native and non-native trees in South Africa (Damm et al. 2007a; Denman et al. 2003; Pavlic et al. 2007, 2009a; Pillay et al. 2013; Slippers et al. 2007; Smith et al. 1996a; Van Niekerk et al. 2004). Some Botryosphaeriaceae can also infect a variety of native hosts and examples include Dothiorella dulcispinae Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Phaeobotryosphaeria variabilis F.J.J. van der Walt, Slippers & G.J. Marais, and Spencermartinsia rosulata F.J.J. van der Walt, Slippers & G.J. Marais, that infect different Acacia species (Jami et al. 2012; Slippers et al. 2013), L. pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous from Pt. angolensis, T. catappa and S. cordatum (Begoude et al. 2010; Mehl et al. 2011; Pillay et al. 2013), and N. protearum (Denman & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips that infects Leucadendron laureolum × Ldn. salignum and Protea spp. (Denman et al. 2003). In contrast, some species have thus far been found only on a single host plant, for example Tiarosporella urbis-rosarum Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Diplodia allocellula Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Dothiorella brevicollis Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Do. oblonga F.J.J. van der Walt, Slippers & G.J. Marais, Spencermartinsia pretoriensis Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., S. capri-amissi, N. viticlavatum (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips and L. pyriformis F.J.J. van der Walt, Slippers & G.J. Marais (Jami et al. 2013; Slippers et al. 2013; Van Niekerk et al. 2004). This pattern of association could be attributed to a sampling effect. For example, sampling has not been particularly intensive for most tree species and sampling has also tended to focus on particular areas. It is thus not clear whether species known from a limited number of hosts are host specific, or if they simply have not been sampled from other hosts. Acacia karroo has been subjected to intensive surveys for Botryosphaeriaceae across various geographical areas in southern Africa (Jami et al. 2012, 2013; Slippers et al. 2013). A large diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae has been found during these studies, including T. urbis- rosarum, D. allocellula, P. variabilis, Do. brevicollis, Do. dulcispinae, N. vitifusiforme, S. viticola, S. pretoriensis, S. rosulata, N. australe, N. parvum, N. kwambonambiense, B. dothidea and L. theobromae. Some of these species are known from hosts other than A. karroo, while 3 others have been reported only from this tree. As in other systems, the question arises as to whether this reflects the level of host specificity or if it is due to a sampling bias. The aim of this study was to determine patterns of overlap of the Botryosphaeriaceae occurring on A. karroo and three unrelated and commonly occurring tree species that grow in areas surrounding it. These trees included Celtis africana (Rosales: Cannabaceae), Searsia lancea (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), and Gymnosporia buxifolia (Celastrales: Celastraceae). Sampling was made at a particular point in time and at a single location to exclude the effect of temporal and geographical diversity. We also considered the level of diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae in different tissues on these hosts. It was thus anticipated that the results would provide a rudimentary estimation of the patters of diversity for Botryosphaeriaceae in South Africa that might be expected across different hosts. Materials and methods Collection of samples and isolations Healthy plant material from A. karroo and three commonly occurring and surrounding tree species, namely C. africana, S. lancea and G. buxifolia were collected in October 2011 (spring). Ten healthy and co-occurring trees of each species were randomly chosen for sampling. Three healthy branches including leaves were collected from each tree, placed in paper bags, and transferred to the laboratory to be processed for isolations. Samples were obtained from a nature reserve area in Pretoria, South Africa. For each sample, 12 pieces (0.5 cm in length) of tissue were taken from each branch and 12 pieces were cut from the simple leaves. The samples were surface disinfested in 10% hydrogen peroxide for two minutes, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water and cultured on 2% malt extract agar (MEA) (Biolab, S.A.). Single hyphal-tips
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