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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CELTISAFRICANA IN LESOTHO WITH THAT IN KWAZULU - NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA by MOSES TS'ELISO TS'EHLANA Dip. Pedagogics (T.V.T.C., Zambia), Dip. Forestry (Cyprus), B.Sc. hon. (Bangor) Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the FORESTRY PROGRAMME SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND AGRlBUSINESS FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU - NATAL PIETERMARITZBURG January 2005 ii ABSTRACT Research was conducted in three study sites in Lesotho, and the fourth, which was used on comparative basis, was in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study was suitable for Lesotho as it is a small country with very limited natural resources. Lesotho's weak economy, exacerbated by the increasing population, needs concerted efforts to redress its socio-economic problems. This study is one of such efforts to explore the potentials of the indigenous forests with the aim of addressing wood demands. Celtis africana is one of the species with a proven record in Lesotho to have been a well adapted, resourceful timber tree in the past. Over-exploitation has degenerated it to its brink of extinction. It is against this background that this research was conducted with the aim ofrestoring Celtis africana to its original status in Lesotho. The results revealed that due to climatic conditions, seeds from Kwazulu-Natal are heavier than those from localities in Lesotho. However, wood densities from study sites in Lesotho are higher than those of KwaZulu-Natal. Pre-treatment method of manual scarification showed the best outcomes in terms of germination percent and vigour while the control was the last. The diverse nature of Celtis africana allows it to survive and prosper in a wide and varying range of habitats. Its pliable and adaptive characters are manifested by its ability to adapt in novel environments. Under ideal warm and moist conditions Celtis africana keeps its foliage all the year round, but in dry or abnormally cold years it becomes a deciduous tree. Though it is distributed in a variety of habitats, Celtis africana prefers moist habitats. It also demonstrates greater "affinities" for the carbonates in the soils, in particular, calcium carbonate (CaC03) and dolomite (CaMgC03). More research and determined reforestation programmes are required in order to improve the status of Celtis africana in Lesotho. Its natural existence in Lesotho can curtail expense of provenance identification. Both extension strategies and silvicultural operations, which can assist in tree improvement, should be adopted. Social benefits iii which, are rendered by Celtis africana in South Africa, can be emulated and adopted in Lesotho. Other than being an admired and valuable recreational tree (planted in parks and in the homesteads), it is a protected tree in South Africa. Key words: Climate, altitude, utilization, habitat and carbonates. iv PREFACE The research work described in this dissertation was conducted at the University of KwaZulu - Natal, Pietermaritzburg and in designated study sites in Lesotho from December 2003 to January 2005, under the supervision ofMichael Underwood. The dissertation represents my original work and has not been submitted in any form for any degree or diploma to any University. I declare that where use has been made of the work ofothers, due acknowledgements have been made. Moses Ts'eliso Ts'ehlana (Candidate) January 2005 Mr. Michael Underwood (Supervisor) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all my fellow students for their assistance on any relevant matters that made this work to succeed. On particular basis, acknowledgements are directed to the following: Mr. Michael Underwood for general administrative help and assistance m sourcmg literature articles and references and tireless proofreading. Mr L. de Klerk for the cooperation he afforded me at nursery where I was conducting my germination tests. Dr. A. Modi for his enthusiasm in making the laboratories available for me to conduct my experiments. Professor P. Greenfield for providing me with nursery space to carry out my experiments. Dr. D. Wilson for advice and assistance in statistical analyses of the data. His efforts to enhance discovery learning are highly appreciated. Professor 1. Zwolinski for his relentless efforts to bring this work to a fruition by his hard but very constructive criticism. Mr. and Mrs. Fannin for their warm welcome in allowing me to conduct my research in their private farm. I have to acknowledge the inconvenience I might have caused them at making appointments at very odd times. Last but not least, my family, my wife Mrs. Mabafokeng G. Ts'ehlana, my daughter Mpho, and two sons Phomolo and Bafokeng. Their words of ecouragement have been a source ofinspiration to me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE ABSTRACT. 11 PREFACE. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. v LIST OF TABLES. XlI LIST OF FIGURES. xv LIST OF APPENDICES. 161 CONTENT PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 Evolution ofindigenous species. 1 1.2 Human interactions with ecosystems. 1 1.3 Lack of awareness ofsocio - economic importance ofthe indigenous vegetation. 2 1.4 Background information in relation to Celtis africana in Lesotho. 3 1.5 Aim and the objectives ofthe research. 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON CELTIS AFRICANA. 7 2.1 Introduction. 7 2.2 Nomenclature ofCeltis africana. 7 2.3 Family and genus ofCeltis africana. 8 2.4 General distribution ofCeltis africana. 10 2.4.1 Habitat of C. africana. 10 2.5 Diaognostic features ofCeltis africana. 15 2.5.1 Description ofstem, form and crown. 15 vii 2.5.2 Bark. 15 2.5.3 Flowers. 16 2.5.4 Leaves. 20 2.5.5 Fruit and seed. 22 2.5.6 Wood. 23 2.6 Pests and diseases ofCeltis africana. 24 2.6.1 Pests. 24 2.6.2 Diseases. 25 2.7 Socio - economic importance ofCeltis africana. 25 2.8 Conclusions. 26 3. DESCRIPTION OF LESOTHO AS THE COUNTRY THE MAIN STUDY AREAS, AND THE NICHES OF CELTISAFRICANA IN SOUTH AFRICA. 28 3.1 Location ofLesotho as the main study country. 28 3.2 Geology. 28 3.3 Soils. 30 3.4 Vegetation. 32 3.4.1 Vegetation of South Africa. 32 3.4.1.1 Coastal Forest. 33 3.4.1.2 Afromontane Forest. .. 33 3.4.1.3 Sand Forest. 34 3.4.2 Vegetation ofLesotho. 35 3.5 Physiographic zones in Lesotho. 36 3.5.1 Lowlands zone. 38 3.5.2 Foothills zone. 39 3.5.3 Mountain zone. 40 3.5.4 Senqu Valley zone. 41 3.6 General climate ofLesotho. 42 3.6.1 Precipitation. 42 3.6.1.1 Rainfall. 42 viii 3.6.1.2 Snow 43 3.6.1.3 Relative humidity. 44 3.6.2 Evaporation. 46 3.6.3 Temperature 46 3.7 Conclusions. 49 4. INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS IN RELATION TO FOREST MANAGEMENT. 50 4.1 Introduction. 50 4.2 The indigenous trees and related legislation. 50 4.2.1 TheLand Act No 17 of 1979 and afforestation programmes. 50 4.3 Tree planting by ownership. 52 4.3.1 Indigenous trees and shrubs. .. 52 4.3.1.1 Management ofindigenous trees and shrubs. 53 4.3.2 Government owned plantations. 54 4.3.3 Trees and small-holdings (treelots) owened communally or individually. 56 4.3.3.1 Trees owned by individuals in the homesteads 59 4.3.4 Urban and roadside planting. 59 4.4 Conclusions. 59 5. METHODS AND MATERIALS. 61 5.1 Introduction. 61 5.2 Assessment ofseed mass. 61 5.3 Germination tests. 62 5.3.1 Germination periods. 62 5.3.2 Germination percent. 63 5.3.3 Germination energy. 63 5.3.4 Germination value. 63 ·5.4 Establishment ofrelationship between diameter at breast ix height and height. 64 5.5 Leaf-blade assessment. 65 5.6 Determination ofwood densities. 65 5.7 Statistical analysis. 66 6. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA, AND IN LESOTHO. 67 6.1 Dargle - study area in KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. 67 6.1.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 68 6.1.2 Vegetation. 71 6.1.3 Climate. 71 6.1.3.1 Precipitation. 71 6.1.3.2 Temperature. 72 6.2 Fort-Hartley - study area in Lesotho. 73 6.2.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 73 6.2.2 Climate. 75 6.2.2.1 Precipitation. 76 6.2.2.2 Temperatures. 76 6.2.3 Vegetation. 76 6.3 Mokhalinyane - study area in Lesotho. 77 6.3.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 77 6.3 .2 Vegetation. 78 6.3.3 Climate. 78 6.3.3.1 Precipitation. 78 6.3.3.2 Temperatures. 79 6.4 Hilton - study area in Lesotho. 79 6.4.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 79 6.4.2 Vegetation. 80 6.4.3 Climate. 80 6.4.3.1 Precipitation. 81 6.4.3.2 Temperature 81 x 6.5 Conclusions. 82 7. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS BY TREATMENTS. 83 7.1 Introduction. 83 7.2 Variables showing stand characteristics.................................. 83 7.2.1 Frequency distribution. 83 7.2.2 Dbh and height as estimators for forest measurements. 84 7.2.3 Importance ofseed masses in forestry. 85 7.2.4 Germination tests and their significance in forestry. 85 7.2.5 The impact ofphotosynthesis and climatic factors on leafdimensions. 86 7.2.6 Wood density as a parameter in determining wood quality. 88 7.3 Study plots as a source ofdata for stand variables. 89 7.3.1 Study plots for Dargle. 89 7.3.2 Study plot for Fort-Hartley. 90 7.3.3 Study plots for Mokhalinyane. 91 7.3.4 Study plots for Hilton. 93 7.4 Dbh and height variables. 94 7.4.1 Relationship between dbh and height for Dargle.
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