DOCSLIB.ORG

NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA by Dip. Pedagogics (TVTC

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA by Dip. Pedagogics (TVTC COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CELTISAFRICANA IN LESOTHO WITH THAT IN KWAZULU - NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA by MOSES TS'ELISO TS'EHLANA Dip. Pedagogics (T.V.T.C., Zambia), Dip. Forestry (Cyprus), B.Sc. hon. (Bangor) Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the FORESTRY PROGRAMME SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND AGRlBUSINESS FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU - NATAL PIETERMARITZBURG January 2005 ii ABSTRACT Research was conducted in three study sites in Lesotho, and the fourth, which was used on comparative basis, was in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study was suitable for Lesotho as it is a small country with very limited natural resources. Lesotho's weak economy, exacerbated by the increasing population, needs concerted efforts to redress its socio-economic problems. This study is one of such efforts to explore the potentials of the indigenous forests with the aim of addressing wood demands. Celtis africana is one of the species with a proven record in Lesotho to have been a well adapted, resourceful timber tree in the past. Over-exploitation has degenerated it to its brink of extinction. It is against this background that this research was conducted with the aim ofrestoring Celtis africana to its original status in Lesotho. The results revealed that due to climatic conditions, seeds from Kwazulu-Natal are heavier than those from localities in Lesotho. However, wood densities from study sites in Lesotho are higher than those of KwaZulu-Natal. Pre-treatment method of manual scarification showed the best outcomes in terms of germination percent and vigour while the control was the last. The diverse nature of Celtis africana allows it to survive and prosper in a wide and varying range of habitats. Its pliable and adaptive characters are manifested by its ability to adapt in novel environments. Under ideal warm and moist conditions Celtis africana keeps its foliage all the year round, but in dry or abnormally cold years it becomes a deciduous tree. Though it is distributed in a variety of habitats, Celtis africana prefers moist habitats. It also demonstrates greater "affinities" for the carbonates in the soils, in particular, calcium carbonate (CaC03) and dolomite (CaMgC03). More research and determined reforestation programmes are required in order to improve the status of Celtis africana in Lesotho. Its natural existence in Lesotho can curtail expense of provenance identification. Both extension strategies and silvicultural operations, which can assist in tree improvement, should be adopted. Social benefits iii which, are rendered by Celtis africana in South Africa, can be emulated and adopted in Lesotho. Other than being an admired and valuable recreational tree (planted in parks and in the homesteads), it is a protected tree in South Africa. Key words: Climate, altitude, utilization, habitat and carbonates. iv PREFACE The research work described in this dissertation was conducted at the University of KwaZulu - Natal, Pietermaritzburg and in designated study sites in Lesotho from December 2003 to January 2005, under the supervision ofMichael Underwood. The dissertation represents my original work and has not been submitted in any form for any degree or diploma to any University. I declare that where use has been made of the work ofothers, due acknowledgements have been made. Moses Ts'eliso Ts'ehlana (Candidate) January 2005 Mr. Michael Underwood (Supervisor) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all my fellow students for their assistance on any relevant matters that made this work to succeed. On particular basis, acknowledgements are directed to the following: Mr. Michael Underwood for general administrative help and assistance m sourcmg literature articles and references and tireless proofreading. Mr L. de Klerk for the cooperation he afforded me at nursery where I was conducting my germination tests. Dr. A. Modi for his enthusiasm in making the laboratories available for me to conduct my experiments. Professor P. Greenfield for providing me with nursery space to carry out my experiments. Dr. D. Wilson for advice and assistance in statistical analyses of the data. His efforts to enhance discovery learning are highly appreciated. Professor 1. Zwolinski for his relentless efforts to bring this work to a fruition by his hard but very constructive criticism. Mr. and Mrs. Fannin for their warm welcome in allowing me to conduct my research in their private farm. I have to acknowledge the inconvenience I might have caused them at making appointments at very odd times. Last but not least, my family, my wife Mrs. Mabafokeng G. Ts'ehlana, my daughter Mpho, and two sons Phomolo and Bafokeng. Their words of ecouragement have been a source ofinspiration to me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE ABSTRACT. 11 PREFACE. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. v LIST OF TABLES. XlI LIST OF FIGURES. xv LIST OF APPENDICES. 161 CONTENT PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 Evolution ofindigenous species. 1 1.2 Human interactions with ecosystems. 1 1.3 Lack of awareness ofsocio - economic importance ofthe indigenous vegetation. 2 1.4 Background information in relation to Celtis africana in Lesotho. 3 1.5 Aim and the objectives ofthe research. 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON CELTIS AFRICANA. 7 2.1 Introduction. 7 2.2 Nomenclature ofCeltis africana. 7 2.3 Family and genus ofCeltis africana. 8 2.4 General distribution ofCeltis africana. 10 2.4.1 Habitat of C. africana. 10 2.5 Diaognostic features ofCeltis africana. 15 2.5.1 Description ofstem, form and crown. 15 vii 2.5.2 Bark. 15 2.5.3 Flowers. 16 2.5.4 Leaves. 20 2.5.5 Fruit and seed. 22 2.5.6 Wood. 23 2.6 Pests and diseases ofCeltis africana. 24 2.6.1 Pests. 24 2.6.2 Diseases. 25 2.7 Socio - economic importance ofCeltis africana. 25 2.8 Conclusions. 26 3. DESCRIPTION OF LESOTHO AS THE COUNTRY THE MAIN STUDY AREAS, AND THE NICHES OF CELTISAFRICANA IN SOUTH AFRICA. 28 3.1 Location ofLesotho as the main study country. 28 3.2 Geology. 28 3.3 Soils. 30 3.4 Vegetation. 32 3.4.1 Vegetation of South Africa. 32 3.4.1.1 Coastal Forest. 33 3.4.1.2 Afromontane Forest. .. 33 3.4.1.3 Sand Forest. 34 3.4.2 Vegetation ofLesotho. 35 3.5 Physiographic zones in Lesotho. 36 3.5.1 Lowlands zone. 38 3.5.2 Foothills zone. 39 3.5.3 Mountain zone. 40 3.5.4 Senqu Valley zone. 41 3.6 General climate ofLesotho. 42 3.6.1 Precipitation. 42 3.6.1.1 Rainfall. 42 viii 3.6.1.2 Snow 43 3.6.1.3 Relative humidity. 44 3.6.2 Evaporation. 46 3.6.3 Temperature 46 3.7 Conclusions. 49 4. INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS IN RELATION TO FOREST MANAGEMENT. 50 4.1 Introduction. 50 4.2 The indigenous trees and related legislation. 50 4.2.1 TheLand Act No 17 of 1979 and afforestation programmes. 50 4.3 Tree planting by ownership. 52 4.3.1 Indigenous trees and shrubs. .. 52 4.3.1.1 Management ofindigenous trees and shrubs. 53 4.3.2 Government owned plantations. 54 4.3.3 Trees and small-holdings (treelots) owened communally or individually. 56 4.3.3.1 Trees owned by individuals in the homesteads 59 4.3.4 Urban and roadside planting. 59 4.4 Conclusions. 59 5. METHODS AND MATERIALS. 61 5.1 Introduction. 61 5.2 Assessment ofseed mass. 61 5.3 Germination tests. 62 5.3.1 Germination periods. 62 5.3.2 Germination percent. 63 5.3.3 Germination energy. 63 5.3.4 Germination value. 63 ·5.4 Establishment ofrelationship between diameter at breast ix height and height. 64 5.5 Leaf-blade assessment. 65 5.6 Determination ofwood densities. 65 5.7 Statistical analysis. 66 6. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA, AND IN LESOTHO. 67 6.1 Dargle - study area in KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. 67 6.1.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 68 6.1.2 Vegetation. 71 6.1.3 Climate. 71 6.1.3.1 Precipitation. 71 6.1.3.2 Temperature. 72 6.2 Fort-Hartley - study area in Lesotho. 73 6.2.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 73 6.2.2 Climate. 75 6.2.2.1 Precipitation. 76 6.2.2.2 Temperatures. 76 6.2.3 Vegetation. 76 6.3 Mokhalinyane - study area in Lesotho. 77 6.3.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 77 6.3 .2 Vegetation. 78 6.3.3 Climate. 78 6.3.3.1 Precipitation. 78 6.3.3.2 Temperatures. 79 6.4 Hilton - study area in Lesotho. 79 6.4.1 Geomorphology, geology and soils. 79 6.4.2 Vegetation. 80 6.4.3 Climate. 80 6.4.3.1 Precipitation. 81 6.4.3.2 Temperature 81 x 6.5 Conclusions. 82 7. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS BY TREATMENTS. 83 7.1 Introduction. 83 7.2 Variables showing stand characteristics.................................. 83 7.2.1 Frequency distribution. 83 7.2.2 Dbh and height as estimators for forest measurements. 84 7.2.3 Importance ofseed masses in forestry. 85 7.2.4 Germination tests and their significance in forestry. 85 7.2.5 The impact ofphotosynthesis and climatic factors on leafdimensions. 86 7.2.6 Wood density as a parameter in determining wood quality. 88 7.3 Study plots as a source ofdata for stand variables. 89 7.3.1 Study plots for Dargle. 89 7.3.2 Study plot for Fort-Hartley. 90 7.3.3 Study plots for Mokhalinyane. 91 7.3.4 Study plots for Hilton. 93 7.4 Dbh and height variables. 94 7.4.1 Relationship between dbh and height for Dargle.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TAXON:Trema Orientalis (L.) Blume SCORE:10.0 RATING
    TAXON: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Family: Cannabaceae Common Name(s): charcoal tree Synonym(s): Celtis guineensis Schumach. gunpowder tree Celtis orientalis L. peach cedar Trema guineensis (Schumach.) Ficalho poison peach Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 4 Mar 2020 WRA Score: 10.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical, Pioneer Tree, Weedy, Bird-Dispersed, Coppices Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401
    [Show full text]
  • Celtis Occidentalis
    Celtis occidentalis - American or Common Hackberry (Ulmaceae) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Celtis occidentalis is a tough tree for urban or rural -lateral stems often die back a few inches to give a sites, growing rapidly to provide shade, windbreak, ragged appearance to the ends of branches and/or erosion control under stressful conditions. Trunk -light gray to gray-green FEATURES -very corky to warty ornamental bark, slowly Form becoming platy with age -large deciduous tree -often to 3' or more in diameter on old trees, with -maturing at 70' tall x significant basal flair 50' wide -wood is much stronger than Silver Maple (another -upright oval growth quick shade tree) habit in youth, quickly losing its central USAGE leader and becoming Function rounded to irregular in -shade tree (for highly stressed, poor soil, or wet soil habit with age sites where rapid growth is needed), deciduous -rapid growth rate windbreak, pioneer invader tree Culture Texture -full sun -medium texture overall in foliage and when bare -prefers moist soils but (fine-textured twigs, but bold and irregular branching is adaptable to many pattern) adverse conditions, -average density in foliage but thick when bare including wet or dry Assets sites and poor soils -urban tolerant (dry sites, soil compaction, pollution, -propagated primarily wind, heat, acid or alkaline soil tolerant), ornamental by seed but also by rooted stem cuttings or grafted bark, rapid growth, adaptable to wet
    [Show full text]
  • (Celtis Occidentalis) Announcing the 2020 SMA Urban Tree of the Year
    savatree.com Announcing the 2020 SMA Urban Tree of the Year: Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Study Area Outline This map, indicating tree canopy Census Block Groups prioritization, addresses the need Tree Canopy Prioritization for green infrastructure, heat island Compiled by Michelle Sutton, City Trees Editor Highest Priority relief and environmental justice. It factors in corresponding maps with the following variables: minority Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) The experienced Medium populations, median household arborist can tell right away that this tree was topped decades income, impervious surfaces, ago, with the resulting shoot growth making up most of surface temperature and existing Lowest Priority tree canopy. the canopy. The homeowners were unconcerned with the Each fall, risk it posed. They like the shade and they don’t give a hoot SMA members nom- about having to rake leaves. I love homeowners like that! inate and vote for the Urban Tree of the Year; in 2020, the Where are the trees winner of that distinction is hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). in your city? In this tribute to the humble and hardworking hackberry, we SavATree can help you look at the distribution hear from New York Tree Trust of tree canopy across your city and relate it Development Director James to the biophysical and Kaechele; State of Wyoming Community Resource Forester social environment. Tara Costanzo; Upper Arlington, Mapping is a tool Ohio Parks and Forestry to inform program, Superintendent Steve Cothrel; City of Oak Creek, Wisconsin policy, and practice to Urban Forester Rebecca Lane; identify opportunities Hamilton, Ontario Supervisor of for increasing Urban Forestry Tami Sadonoja; environmental equity.
    [Show full text]
  • Check-List of the Butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in Western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea)
    Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 25 (4): 161–174 (2004) 161 Check-list of the butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) Lars Kühne, Steve C. Collins and Wanja Kinuthia1 Lars Kühne, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; email: [email protected] Steve C. Collins, African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Wanja Kinuthia, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract: All species of butterflies recorded from the Kaka- list it was clear that thorough investigation of scientific mega Forest N.R. in western Kenya are listed for the first collections can produce a very sound list of the occur- time. The check-list is based mainly on the collection of ring species in a relatively short time. The information A.B.R.I. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Furthermore records from the collection of the National density is frequently underestimated and collection data Museum of Kenya (Nairobi), the BIOTA-project and from offers a description of species diversity within a local literature were included in this list. In total 491 species or area, in particular with reference to rapid measurement 55 % of approximately 900 Kenyan species could be veri- of biodiversity (Trueman & Cranston 1997, Danks 1998, fied for the area. 31 species were not recorded before from Trojan 2000). Kenyan territory, 9 of them were described as new since the appearance of the book by Larsen (1996). The kind of list being produced here represents an information source for the total species diversity of the Checkliste der Tagfalter des Kakamega-Waldschutzge- Kakamega forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Mine Near Robertson, Western Cape Province
    SAND MINE NEAR ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE BOTANICAL STUDY AND ASSESSMENT Version: 1.0 Date: 06 April 2020 Authors: Gerhard Botha & Dr. Jan -Hendrik Keet PROPOSED EXPANSION OF THE SAND MINE AREA ON PORTION4 OF THE FARM ZANDBERG FONTEIN 97, SOUTH OF ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE Report Title: Botanical Study and Assessment Authors: Mr. Gerhard Botha and Dr. Jan-Hendrik Keet Project Name: Proposed expansion of the sand mine area on Portion 4 of the far Zandberg Fontein 97 south of Robertson, Western Cape Province Status of report: Version 1.0 Date: 6th April 2020 Prepared for: Greenmined Environmental Postnet Suite 62, Private Bag X15 Somerset West 7129 Cell: 082 734 5113 Email: [email protected] Prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity 3 Jock Meiring Street Park West Bloemfontein 9301 Cell: 083 412 1705 Email: gabotha11@gmail com Suggested report citation Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity, 2020. Section 102 Application (Expansion of mining footprint) and Final Basic Assessment & Environmental Management Plan for the proposed expansion of the sand mine on Portion 4 of the Farm Zandberg Fontein 97, Western Cape Province. Botanical Study and Assessment Report. Unpublished report prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity for GreenMined Environmental. Version 1.0, 6 April 2020. Proposed expansion of the zandberg sand mine April 2020 botanical STUDY AND ASSESSMENT I. DECLARATION OF CONSULTANTS INDEPENDENCE » act/ed as the independent specialist in this application; » regard the information contained in this
    [Show full text]
  • Sugarberry Plant Fact Sheet
    Plant Fact Sheet Wildlife: Many species of songbirds including SUGARBERRY mockingbirds and robins eat the fruit and use the tree for nesting habitat. It is a larval and nectar host for two Celtis laevigata Willd. butterflies: hackberry emperor (Asterocampa celtis) and Plant Symbol = CELA American snout (Libytheana carineta). White-tailed deer browse the leaves and fruit. Contributed by: USDA NRCS Plant Materials Program Other Uses: Sugarberry is used for furniture, athletic goods, firewood, and plywood. It has limited use for flooring, creating, and for wood posts. It is used as an ornamental and as a street tree in residential areas in the lower South Status Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values). Description and Adaptation Sugarberry is a native tree that can grow up to 80 feet in height and up to 3 feet in diameter. It is a short lived tree, probably living not more than 150 years. It has a broad crown formed by spreading branches that are often drooped. The bark is light gray in color and can be smooth or covered with corky warts. The branchlets are covered with short hairs at first and eventually they become smooth. The leaves are alternated, simple, and slightly serrate. The leaves are 2-4 inches long and 1 to 2 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. USDA SCS, 1989. Midwest wetland flora: inches wide. The lance-shaped leaves gradually taper to a Field office illustrated guide to plant species.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyploidy in Trema (Ulmaceae)
    1971 341 Polyploidy in Trema (Ulmaceae) A. S. Hans1,2,3 Panjab University, Botany Department, Chandigarh 14, India ReceivedDecember 18, 1969 Introduction Trema Lour. belongs to Ulmaceae, a small family of trees and shrubs, encompassing 15 genera and about 150 species (Lawrence 1951) in tropics and subtropics of both the hemispheres. Trema is a small genus composed of 30 tropical species of which only three species constitute the Indian flora. The members of the Ulmaceae show variation in basic chromosome number. Celtis is polybasic with x=10, 11, and 14 (Darlington and Wylie 1955), while Ulmus, Holoptelea and Zelkovia exhibit a uniform base number of 14. A few instances of inter and intraspecific polyploidy in Celtis and Ulmus exist in nature. Celtis australias has been reported to be a tetraploid (2n=40), while C. laevigata, C. sinensis, and C. occidentalis are diploid, all with 2n=20 (Bowden 1945). The report of 2n=28 in C. occidentalis (Sax 1933) is suggestive of aneuploid races in the species. Most of the species of Ulmus are diploid except U. americana where in addition to the diploid race (Krause 1930), a tetraploid race is also known (Sax 1933). Artificial triploids and tetraploids have been raised in U. glabra by Ehrenberg (1945). The two chromosomally known species of Trema exhibit variable numbers. T. orientalis has been reported to have n=18 (Arora 1960) from Banglore and n=20 (Gajapathy 1961) from Madras in South India; T. politoria has n=10+B (Mehra and Gill). In view of the discordant reports on the chromosome number (n=18, 20) in Trema orientalis, the cytological study was undertaken to ratify the chromosome number, to assess the incidence of polyploidy, and if possible to determine the base number of this small genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Bark Medicines Used in Traditional Healthcare in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: an Inventory
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69(3): 301–363 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254–6299 Bark medicines used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An inventory OM Grace1, HDV Prendergast2, AK Jäger3 and J van Staden1* 1 Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa 2 Centre for Economic Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, United Kingdom 3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 13 June 2002, accepted in revised form 14 March 2003 Bark is an important source of medicine in South Overlapping vernacular names recorded in the literature African traditional healthcare but is poorly documented. indicated that it may be unreliable in local plant identifi- From thorough surveys of the popular ethnobotanical cations. Most (43%) bark medicines were documented literature, and other less widely available sources, 174 for the treatment of internal ailments. Sixteen percent of species (spanning 108 genera and 50 families) used for species were classed in threatened conservation cate- their bark in KwaZulu-Natal, were inventoried. gories, but conservation and management data were Vernacular names, morphological and phytochemical limited or absent from a further 62%. There is a need for properties, usage and conservation data were captured research and specialist publications to address the in a database that aimed to synthesise published infor- gaps in existing knowledge of medicinal bark species mation of such species.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Lauraceae
    PHYLOGENY Andre'S. Chanderbali,2'3Henk van der AND HISTORICAL Werff,3 and Susanne S. Renner3 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LAURACEAE: EVIDENCE FROM THE CHLOROPLAST AND NUCLEAR GENOMES1 ABSTRACT Phylogenetic relationships among 122 species of Lauraceae representing 44 of the 55 currentlyrecognized genera are inferredfrom sequence variation in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. The trnL-trnF,trnT-trnL, psbA-trnH, and rpll6 regions of cpDNA, and the 5' end of 26S rDNA resolved major lineages, while the ITS/5.8S region of rDNA resolved a large terminal lade. The phylogenetic estimate is used to assess morphology-based views of relationships and, with a temporal dimension added, to reconstructthe biogeographic historyof the family.Results suggest Lauraceae radiated when trans-Tethyeanmigration was relatively easy, and basal lineages are established on either Gondwanan or Laurasian terrains by the Late Cretaceous. Most genera with Gondwanan histories place in Cryptocaryeae, but a small group of South American genera, the Chlorocardium-Mezilauruls lade, represent a separate Gondwanan lineage. Caryodaphnopsis and Neocinnamomum may be the only extant representatives of the ancient Lauraceae flora docu- mented in Mid- to Late Cretaceous Laurasian strata. Remaining genera place in a terminal Perseeae-Laureae lade that radiated in Early Eocene Laurasia. Therein, non-cupulate genera associate as the Persea group, and cupuliferous genera sort to Laureae of most classifications or Cinnamomeae sensu Kostermans. Laureae are Laurasian relicts in Asia. The Persea group
    [Show full text]
  • Analysisandinterpreta Tion Of
    A N A L Y S I S A N D I N T E R P R E T A T I O N OF B O T A N I C A L R E M A I N S F R O M S I B U D U C A V E , K W A Z U L U – N A T A L Christine Scott A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Archaeology School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, 2005 D E C L A R A T I O N I declare that this thesis is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. ……………………… Signature of candidate …….. day of …..…………… 2005 ii A B S T R A C T The identification and analysis of seeds (including fruits and nuts) from second millennium AD deposits at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, constitute the first in-depth archaeobotanical study of seeds in South Africa. The study highlights problems in the reconstruction of past vegetation and climatic variables from seed data. The Sibudu seed assemblage produced no evidence to suggest vegetation change in the Sibudu area during the last 1000 years. Either it is not possible to identify short-term fluctuations in indigenous vegetation from seed data, or the evidence of vegetation change has been masked by the influence of the perennial Tongati River, depositional history, differential preservation and recovery, and identification difficulties.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Bridge-Grafting As Technique to Restore Growth in Girdled Ocotea Bullata and Curtisia Dentata in the Southern Cape Forest Area
    Exploring bridge-grafting as technique to restore growth in girdled Ocotea bullata and Curtisia dentata in the Southern Cape forest area by ANNA SUSANNA VAN WYK submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the subject NATURE CONSERVATION at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: MRS. E.M. VAN STADEN CO-SUPERVISORS: PROF. W.A.J. NEL DR. G PRINSLOO MAY 2017 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first and foremost like to express my sincerest appreciation to my supervisors, Mrs. E.M. van Staden and Prof. W.A.J. Nel, for their professional guidance and unequivocal support, and the trust shown in me during the entire study period. I would furthermore like to thank Dr. Gerhard Prinsloo for introducing me to metabolomics as a method for analyzing plant metabolites and for the training and assistance provided regarding the analysis of the bark samples. A special thank you to UNISA as an institution, for the opportunities I was presented with during this study period, with special reference to Professor Nel, Mrs. Van Staden and Dr. Prinsloo who made these opportunities possible. I would like to extend my gratitude to the SANParks staff involved in making this study possible – Dr. Wessel Vermeulen and his team of scientists at Scientific Services in Knysna, Jessica Hayes, regional ecologist, Sandra Taljaard, Park Manager of the Wilderness National Park, and Leslie-Ann Meyer, Park Manager of the Tsitsikamma National Park. Your inputs are highly valued and appreciated. My appreciation goes further to include all SANParks staff members who assisted me during the entire study period.
    [Show full text]
  • Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation
    Darwin Initiative Award 15/036: Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity Loss in South-East Africa's Montane Ecosystems MT MABU, MOZAMBIQUE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION November 2012 Jonathan Timberlake, Julian Bayliss, Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Colin Congdon, Bill Branch, Steve Collins, Michael Curran, Robert J. Dowsett, Lincoln Fishpool, Jorge Francisco, Tim Harris, Mirjam Kopp & Camila de Sousa ABRI african butterfly research in Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 2 Front cover: Main camp in lower forest area on Mt Mabu (JB). Frontispiece: View over Mabu forest to north (TT, top); Hermenegildo Matimele plant collecting (TT, middle L); view of Mt Mabu from abandoned tea estate (JT, middle R); butterflies (Lachnoptera ayresii) mating (JB, bottom L); Atheris mabuensis (JB, bottom R). Photo credits: JB – Julian Bayliss CS ‒ Camila de Sousa JT – Jonathan Timberlake TT – Tom Timberlake TH – Tim Harris Suggested citation: Timberlake, J.R., Bayliss, J., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Congdon, C., Branch, W.R., Collins, S., Curran, M., Dowsett, R.J., Fishpool, L., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Kopp, M. & de Sousa, C. (2012). Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. 94 pp. Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 3 LIST OF CONTENTS List of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]