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ULASAN Kajian Filogenetika Molekuler Dan Peranannya Dalam Menyediakan Informasi Dasar Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Sumber Genetik Anggrek

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ULASAN Kajian Filogenetika Molekuler Dan Peranannya Dalam Menyediakan Informasi Dasar Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Sumber Genetik Anggrek Jurnal AgroBiogen 4(1):35-40 ULASAN Kajian Filogenetika Molekuler dan Peranannya dalam Menyediakan Informasi Dasar untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Sumber Genetik Anggrek Topik Hidayat1 dan Adi Pancoro2 1Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, Bandung 40154 2Sekolah Ilmu Teknologi dan Hayati, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132 ABSTRACT oleh para pelaku hortikultura melalui kawin silang antarjenis anggrek (hibridisasi) dalam upaya mening- Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in Providing Basic Knowledge to Improve Quality of Genetic Resources of katkan kualitas anggrek yang baru dihasilkan untuk Orchid. Topik Hidayat and Adi Pancoro. Early information memenuhi kebutuhan dan selera pasar (market pull). resulted from molecular phylogenetic studies of many im- Namun demikian, seringkali para pelaku hortikultura portant ornamental crops is often less attention to many menemui kendala bahwa anggrek baru yang dihasil- growers and farmers. Phylogenetics is one of the most pre- kan sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan lingkungan ferable method in systematics to reconstruct evolutionary dan tidak berumur panjang meskipun memiliki sifat- relationships of groups of biological organisms in order to sifat vegetatif lain yang unggul (Frowine 2005). Bahkan understand their biodiversities. This has been revolutionized pada beberapa kasus, dua jenis anggrek tidak bisa di- by DNA sequences data. In this method, a group of organ- isms that shares many identical characteristics are con- hibridisasi. Para petani atau pelaku hortikultura yang sidered to be closely related; deriving from a common lain tidak menyadari bahwa hal ini mungkin karena ancestor and is assumed to have similar genetic patterns adanya ketidakcocokan dalam hal genetik (genetic and biochemical properties. By these basic principles, incompatibility) dan evolusi dari kedua tanaman molecular phylogenetics plays important roles in revealing a anggrek tersebut. Untuk itu perlu diupayakan informasi basic knowledge on pattern of relationships to which awal mengenai hubungan genetik dan/atau evolusi genetic resources can be improved. Over the past decade, dari tanaman-tanaman yang akan dihibridisasi. botanists have done several thousand phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of economically and horticulturally Filogenetika merupakan salah satu metode yang important crops. Orchids are the best example for this. paling sering digunakan dalam sistematika untuk me- There is no doubt that most orchid plants had played roles in mahami keanekaragaman makhluk hidup melalui horticulture and hybridization. At present, many infrageneric rekonstruksi hubungan kekerabatan (phylogenetic and intergeneric hybrids are available commercially. Suc- relationship). Seiring dengan kemajuan pesat biologi cessful hybridization can be achieved if two or more individ- molekuler, data DNA saat ini telah digunakan dalam ual plants understudy are closely related in respect to their banyak penelitian filogenetika untuk menghasilkan genetics and evolution. informasi yang lebih akurat. Makalah ini mendeskripsi- Key words: Hybridization, molecular phylogenetics, orchid kan prinsip-prinsip dasar filogenetika molekuler dan subtribe Aeridinae, quality of genetic resources. aplikasi kajiannya dalam usaha meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya genetik tanaman, dalam hal ini anggrek. PENDAHULUAN Selain itu, dalam makalah ini juga dibahas beberapa hasil penelitian yang relevan. Khusus bagi negara berkembang seperti Indone- sia, sektor pertanian merupakan tulang punggung yang SISTEMATIKA DAN FILOGENETIKA MOLEKULER menyokong kehidupan bangsa dengan segala aspek- aspeknya. Salah satu bidang pertanian yang saat ini Dalam ilmu biologi, sistematika memiliki peran sedang mengalami pertumbuhan dan perkembangan utama menyediakan perangkat pengetahuan untuk yang sangat pesat adalah hortikultura, terutama budi mengkarakterisasi organisme dan sekaligus menge- daya tanaman hias. Tidak diragukan lagi, tanaman nalinya dalam rangka memahami keanekaragaman. anggrek merupakan salah satu primadona tanaman Secara fundamental, sistematika bertujuan untuk me- hias. Budidaya tanaman anggrek biasanya dilakukan mahami dan mendeskripsikan keanekaragaman suatu organisme dan merekonstruksi hubungan kekerabatan Hak Cipta © 2008, BB-Biogen dengan organisme lainnya (Gravendeel 2000) serta 36 JURNAL AGROBIOGEN VOL. 4 NO. 1 mendokumentasikan perubahan-perubahan yang ter- yang terdapat pada outgroup. Karakter sinapomorfik jadi selama evolusi dan mengubahnya ke dalam se- adalah karakter yang diturunkan dan terdapat pada buah sistem klasifikasi yang mencerminkan evolusinya kelompok monofiletik. Gambar 1 memperlihatkan se- (Systematics Agenda 2000). Oleh karena itu, salah satu buah pohon kekerabatan sebagai hasil dari analisis tugas penting dari sistematika adalah merekonstruksi filogenetika. hubungan evolusi (evolutionary relationship) dari ke- lompok-kelompok organisme biologi. Sebuah hubung- Penggunaan DNA dalam Studi Filogenetik an evolusi yang direkonstruksi dengan baik dapat digu- Karakter morfologi telah lama digunakan dalam nakan sebagai landasan untuk melakukan penelitian- banyak penelitian filogenetika. Dengan pesatnya per- penelitian komparatif (comparative investigations) kembangan teknik-teknik di dalam biologi molekuler, misalnya dalam bidang ekologi dan biogeografi. seperti polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dan sequen- Ada dua metode untuk merekonstruksi hubungan cing DNA, penggunaan sekuen DNA dalam penelitian evolusi dari sebuah kelompok organisme biologi, yaitu filogenetik telah meningkat pesat dan telah dilakukan fenetika dan kladistika. Kalau metode pertama me- pada semua tingkatan taksonomi, misalnya famili, naksir hubungan evolusi berdasarkan kepemilikan ka- marga, dan spesies. Filogenetik molekuler mengombi- rakter atau ciri yang sama (overall similarity) dari ang- nasikan teknik biologi molekuler dengan statistik gota-anggota suatu kelompok, maka yang kedua men- untuk merekonstruksi hubungan filogenetika. dasari sebuah hubungan pada perjalanan evolusi ka- Pemikiran dasar penggunaan sekuen DNA dalam rakter atau ciri dari setiap anggota suatu kelompok studi filogenetika adalah bahwa terjadi perubahan yang sedang dipelajari. Kladistika sering disebut atau basa nukleotida menurut waktu, sehingga akan dapat ditulis di dalam literatur ilmiah sebagai filogenetika diperkirakan kecepatan evolusi yang terjadi dan akan dan merupakan metode yang umum digunakan di dapat direkonstruksi hubungan evolusi antara satu dalam banyak penelitian sistematika. kelompok organisme dengan yang lainnya. Beberapa Di dalam filogenetika, sebuah kelompok organis- alasan penggunaan sekuen DNA (Hillis et al. 1996), yaitu (1) DNA merupakan unit dasar informasi yang me yang anggota-anggotanya memiliki banyak kesa- mengkode organisme, (2) lebih memudahkan dalam maan karakter atau ciri dianggap memiliki hubungan mengekstrak dan menggabungkan informasi menge- yang sangat dekat dan diperkirakan diturunkan dari nai proses evolusi suatu kelompok organisme, sehing- satu nenek moyang; nenek moyang dan semua turun- ga mudah untuk dianalisis, (3) memudahkan dalam annya akan membentuk sebuah kelompok monofiletik pembuatan model dari peristiwa evolusi secara kom- (Gambar 1). Oleh karena itu, anggota-anggota di da- paratif, dan (4) menghasilkan informasi yang banyak lam kelompok monofiletik ini diasumsikan membawa dan beragam, dengan demikian akan ada banyak sifat atau pola genetik dan biokimia yang sama (Topik bukti tentang kebenaran suatu hubungan filogenetika. 2005). Sekuen DNA telah menarik perhatian para prakti- Dalam analisis filogenetika kelompok outgroup si taksonomi dunia untuk dijadikan karakter dalam sangat dibutuhkan dan menyebabkan polarisasi karak- penelitian filogenetika karena beberapa fakta. Perta- ter atau ciri, yaitu karakter apomorfik dan plesiomor- ma, sekuen DNA menawarkan data yang akurat me- fik. Karakter apomorfik adalah karakter yang berubah lalui pengujian homologi yang lebih baik terhadap ka- dan diturunkan dan terdapat pada ingroup, sedangkan rakter-karakter yang ada (Baldwin et al. 1995). Kedua, karakter plesiomorfik merupakan karakter primitive sekuen DNA menyediakan banyak character states ka- rena perbedaan laju perubahan basa-basa nukleotida di dalam lokus yang berbeda adalah besar (Moritz dan Karakter sinapomorfik/ Hillis 1996). Ketiga, sekuen DNA telah terbukti meng- apomorfik Kelompok hasilkan sebuah hubungan kekerabatan yang lebih monofiletik alami (Chase et al. 1993, Topik 2005). Sumber karakter DNA dapat diperoleh dari inti (nDNA), kloroplas (cpDNA), dan mitokondria Outgroup (mtDNA). Tabel 1 memuat beberapa sistem gen dan genom yang telah digunakan dalam penelitian filo- Karakter genetika molekuler. plesiomorfik Analisis filogenetika molekuler merupakan proses Gambar 1. Pohon kekerabatan dan polarisasi karakter dalam anali- sis filogenetika. bertahap untuk mengolah data sekuen DNA atau pro- Sumber: Topik (2005). tein sehingga diperoleh suatu hasil yang menggambar- 2008 T. HIDAYAT DAN A. PANCORO: Kajian Filogenetika Molekuler dan Peranannya 37 Tabel 1. Beberapa sistem gen dan genom dalam studi filogenetik Selain rutin dilakukan pada anggrek, hibridisasi de- molekuler ngan teknik ini juga telah diterapkan pada tanaman Gen atau genom Metode buah-buahan, misalnya jeruk dan apokat (Witjaksono DNA kloroplas Analisis restriksi dan Litz 2002). Gen rbcL dari DNA kloroplas Analisis sekuen DNA Karena dalam hibridisasi terjadi penggabungan Gen matK dari DNA kloroplas Analisis sekuen
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