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WRAP Thesis Pino James 2015.Pdf University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/77850 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Student Engagement in Modern Foreign Languages: A Pedagogical Model Nicolás Pino James A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics University of Warwick, Centre for Applied Linguistics December 2015 Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Research Focus and Aims .................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Motivation for the Study .................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter Two: Background of the Study .............................................................................. 20 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.2 A Shortage of Positive Attitudes towards MFL ................................................................. 20 2.3 Engaging Students in MFL ................................................................................................ 28 Chapter Three: Literature Review ....................................................................................... 35 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 35 3.2 Operationalising Engagement ............................................................................................ 35 3.2.1 Establishing the Interaction between Motivation and Engagement ............................ 37 3.2.2 Focusing on a Domain of Student Engagement .......................................................... 39 3.2.3 Engagement as a Multidimensional Construct ............................................................ 43 3.3 An Approach to Foster Student ASEC Engagement ......................................................... 55 3.3.1 Schools Can Shape Engagement ................................................................................. 56 3.3.2 Learning Activities as the Key Facilitator of Engagement within the School ............ 58 3.3.3 Making Learning Activities Engaging ........................................................................ 60 3.4 The ProE Model for ASEC Engagement in Learning Activities ....................................... 69 3.4.1 Project-Based Learning ............................................................................................... 73 Chapter Four: Methodology ................................................................................................. 76 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 76 4.2 Participants ......................................................................................................................... 76 4.2.1 Students ....................................................................................................................... 77 4.2.2 The Teacher ................................................................................................................. 78 4.3 Action Research Approach ................................................................................................ 81 2 4.4 Data Collection Instruments ............................................................................................... 89 4.4.1 Interviews .................................................................................................................... 90 4.4.1.1 Pre-Model Implementation Pair Interviews with Students .......................... 91 4.4.1.2 After-Project Group Interviews with Students ............................................. 92 4.4.1.3 Interviews with Pamela ................................................................................ 95 4.4.1.4 Interview Design and Implementation ......................................................... 96 4.4.2 Research Journal ....................................................................................................... 102 4.4.3 Open-Response Questionnaires (or Reflection Sheets) ............................................ 105 4.4.4 After-Project Questionnaires ..................................................................................... 110 4.5 Thematic Analysis ............................................................................................................ 115 4.6 Research Ethics ................................................................................................................ 123 4.6.1 Procedural Ethics ...................................................................................................... 124 4.6.2 Ethics in Practice ....................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Five: Action Research Cycle Zero ....................................................................... 133 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 133 5.2 Preliminary Work ............................................................................................................. 135 Chapter Six: Action Research Cycle One (C1) ................................................................. 138 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 138 6.2 Action Research C1: Planning ......................................................................................... 138 6.3 Action Research C1: Acting ............................................................................................ 139 6.4 Action Research C1: Observing ....................................................................................... 140 6.5 Action Research C1 Reflecting (I): Practitioner Account ............................................... 141 6.6 Action Research C1 Reflecting (II): Researcher Account ............................................... 147 6.6.1 C1 ASEC Engagement .............................................................................................. 148 6.6.1.1 C1 Global Analysis of ASEC Engagement ................................................ 149 6.6.1.2 C1 Temporal Analysis of ASEC Engagement ........................................... 157 6.6.2 C1 Facilitators of Engagement .................................................................................. 172 6.6.3 C1 Inhibitors of Engagement .................................................................................... 192 6.7 Action Research C1 Reflecting (III): Discussion ............................................................ 207 Chapter Seven: Action Research Cycle Two (C2) ............................................................ 216 3 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 216 7.2 Action Research C2: Planning ......................................................................................... 216 7.3 Action Research C2: Acting ............................................................................................ 217 7.4 Action Research C2: Observing ....................................................................................... 219 7.5 Action Research C2 Reflecting (I): Practitioner Account ............................................... 219 7.6 Action Research C2 Reflecting (II): Researcher Account ............................................... 221 7.6.1 C2 Global Analysis of ASEC Engagement ............................................................... 222 7.6.2 C2 Temporal Analysis of ASEC Engagement .......................................................... 233 7.6.3 C2 Facilitators of Engagement .................................................................................. 239 7.6.4 C2 Inhibitors of Engagement .................................................................................... 260 7.7 Action Research C2 Reflecting (III): Discussion ............................................................ 270 Chapter Eight: Conclusion .................................................................................................. 282 8.1 Conclusion of the Study ................................................................................................... 282 8.2 Contributions to Knowledge ............................................................................................ 284 8.2.1 Contributions to MFL Research ................................................................................ 285 8.2.2 Contributions to Applied Linguistics in Language Education Research .................. 286 8.2.3 Contributions to General
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