Wat e r she d a9r0- e co logy pr og ra ms Il1tegrated tropical reservo.ir fisheries management DraY/down -Feed agri-aquaculture t -Equipment industries II :"'Ptocessing 'Rice-fish integrated farming ~......I"'f"~.~~- -- .- I-~ Wservoir Fisheries and Aquaculture Development /' for Resettlement in Indonesia Edited by Barry A. $osta-Pierce Otto Soernarwoto PERUSAHAAN UMUM LlSTRlK NEGARA JAKARTA, INDONESIA INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY, PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY BANDUNG, INDONESIA INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES Reservoir Fisheries and APP, ! t 1991 Aquaculture Development for Resettlement in Indonesia Edited by B.A. COSTA-PIERCE 0.SOEMARWOTO 1990 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by Perusahaan Umum Listrik Negara, Jakarta, Indonesia; Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, JI. Sekeloa Selatan 1, Bandung, Indonesia; and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Costa-Pierce, B.A. and 0. Soemanvoto, Editors. 1990. Reservoir fisheries and aquaculture development for resettlement in Indonesia. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 23, 378 p. Cover: Idealized view of component fisheries, agriculture, conservation and cornmunitv industrial systems integrated to accomplish reservoir restoration and social rehabilitation of displaced persons. Artwork by Ovidio F. Espiritu, Jr. ICLARM Contribution No. 612. We dedicate all qf tfk hard work collectivefg put into thk praject, th human, natural; andspiritdenergj evenried, to th mnwry qf Dr. Ian % Smith, Director Geverd ICLWM, 1985 to 1989. We wfw have shred and been touched 6y your vision have been hrwred 6y the chrtce to meet a Brother in tfie StnggIk for D@iq ... om so dedicated to the triumph qf tfu human spirit over immense udversity. %nC you ever so much, Ian, for heCping our planet, our cohctive home, and its peopk. Contents Foreword Roger S. V. Pullin. ................................... vi Introduction Otto Soernanuoto ................................... 1 Population Density and General Socioeconomic Conditions Around Saguling and Cirata Reservoirs Opan S. Suwarfapradja and HisyarnAchmad ......................................... 7 ,, ,, Water Quality Suitability of Saguling and Cirata Reservoirs for Develop- ment of Floating Net Cage Aquaculture * Otto Soemanuoto, Cecep M, Roem, Titin Hera wati and Barry A. Costa-Pierce .................... 18 / . - Research on Cage Aquaculture Systems in the Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia Barry A. Costa-Pierce and Herri Y. Hadikusumah ........... 112 Economics of Floating Net Cage Common Carp Culture in the Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia Rusydi and Harlan C. Lampe ............ 21 8 Marketing of Common Carp from the Saguling Reservoir Engkus W. Kusnadi and Harlan C. Larnpe ................................. 240 Waste Production and Efficiency of Feed Use in Floating Net Cages ' in a Eutrophic Tropical Reservoir Barry A. Costa-Pierce and Cecep M. Roem ......................................... 257 Use of Earthworm Composts and lntroduction of New Systems and Tech- niques to Improve Production in Hatcheries and Nurseries for Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) Bambang Sudiarto, Budi R. Zakaria and Barry A. Costa-Pierce ............................ Fisheries of the Saguling Reservoir and A Preliminary Appraisal of Manage- ment Options John L. Munro, lskandar and Barry A. Costa-Pierce ........... 285 Biotechnical Feasibility Studies on the Importation of Clupeichthys aesar- nensis Wongratana, 1983 from Northeastern Thailand to the Saguling Reservoir, West Java, lndonesia Barry A. Costa-Pierce and Otto Soernarwoto.. .......................................... 329 Extension of Traditional Postharvest Fish Processing Techniques YediArifin.. ........................................... 364 Integrated System for Environmental Management in the SagulingICirata Reservoir Region Maskana, Sri Astuty, Bambang Sudiarto and Otto Soernarwoto ......................................... 370 Foreword This Technical Report describes a success story in reservoir aquaculture and fisheries research and development. There have, of course, been other examples of new reservoirs creating valuable fisheries and aquaculture opportunities, but the work reported here - a highly fruitful cooperation between the Indonesian State Electric Company (PLN), the Institute of Ecology (IOE) of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, the West Java Provincial Fisheries Agency and its Technical Management Unit for Saguling and Cirata (UPTD) and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, with the farsighted support of the World Bank - is a rare, if not unique example of an effort to develop reservoir fish production technology for a clearly identified and resourceful target group (those displaced by the reservoir development) whose interests, resources and aptitudes were considered from the earliest inception of the reservoir construction planning. Moreover, the need for adequate institutional and technical support, training and extension as the aquaculture and fisheries technologies evolved and sustained support to farmers and fishermen thereafter, were also recognized and emphasized by all concerned. Any new reservoir is like a big 'experiment' with respect to its aquaculture and capture fisheries potential. No one can predict with certainty how productive the ecosystem will be, which species will predominate, which (if any) should be introduced, how the entry to capture fisheries and aquaculture should be managed, which regulations to enact, whether the original fishermen and fish farmers will persevere or will leave their operations for others to continue, the possible risks of fish kills, diseases, conflicts between different users, and myriad other questions. Indeed any new aquatic ecosystem, its exploiters and beneficiaries comprise a highly dynamic and evolving situation. What looks promising early in the life of the reservoir may not be sustainable. This underlines the need for sustained institutional support and constant monitoring of the ecology of new reservoirs and their catchments. The objectives of this project were to identify appropriate aquaculture and fisheries methods for resettled families; to conduct research for the development of aquaculture technology that would create employment; to provide technology transfer, training and extension advice to farmers and scientists; and to complete a comprehensive fisheries and aquaculture development plan for two reservoirs. All these objectives were achieved. As the development plan went to press and the Cirata Reservoir was filling, 1,083 displaced families from the Saguling area were involved in fish production, 2,081 persons had been trained, and the reservoir was supplying over 20% of the freshwater fish entering the Bandung district, an area with over three million people. Equally rapid development is anticipated in the Cirata Reservoir. Moreover, these developments have had a flow-on effect in that fish seed supply (especially from rice-fish culture systems), feed supply and fish handling operations have expanded and benefited more people over a wide area. In addition to the comprehensive development plan, there were additional benefits in the form of advances in research methodology and scientific and extension publications that will have much wider impact than in the Saguling-Cirata target area alone or indeed in Indonesia. A list of these publications is appended (Appendix 1). These together with this Technical Report can help the planning and execution of tropical reservoir fisheries and aquaculture development elsewhere. PLN-IOE-UPTD-ICLARM teamwork made these results possible. All concerned hope that the start made through this project towards aquaculture and fisheries development in the Saguling and Cirata Reservoirs will result in a sustainable improvement in the livelihood of those who live around them and will point the way to similar developments elsewhere. Roger S.V. Pullin Director, Aquaculture Program ICLARM vii Appendix 1 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Costa-Pierce, B.A., Rusydi, A. Safari and G. Wira Atmadja. 1989. Small-scale hatchery for common carp. ICLARM Education Series 8, 42 p. lnstitute of Ecology, Indonesian State Electric Company and ICLARM Manila, Philippines. Also printed as: Buku pentunjuk. Pembenihan ukuran kecil ikan mas. (In Indonesian). Costa-Pierce, B.A., M.A. Bimbao, S. Zainal and P. Effendi. 1989. IGLARM and south-south technology transfer: Philippine aquaculture technology and Indonesia. Part II. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 12(1): 14-16. Costa-Pierce, B.A., H.Y. Hadikusurnah and Y. Dhahiyat. 1989. Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) production in cage systems in West Java, Indonesia, p. 84-96. In E.A. Huisman, N. Zonneveld and A.H.M. Bouwmans (eds.) Aquacultural research in Asia: management techniques and nutrition. Proceedings of the Asian seminar on aquaculture organized by IFS, Malang, Indonesia, 14-18 November 1988. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Pudoc Wageningen, The Netherlands. Costa-Pierce, B.A., Rusydi, A. Safari and G. Wira Atmadja. 1989. Culture of common carp in floating net cages. ICLARM Education Series 7, 42 p. lnstitute of Ecology, Indonesian State Electric Company (IOE UNPAD- PLN), Bandung, lndonesia and ICLARM, Manila, Philippines. Also printed as: Miara lauk emas dina jaring terapung di bendungan Saguling-Cirata. (In Sundanese). Costa-Pierce, B.A., Rusydi, A. Safari and G. Wira Atmadja. 1989. Growing fish in