Integrated tropical reservoir Watershed agro ecology..- .. programs fisherie- management ' ' Tree forest .Bam o , farm ''.. " l stabiliZatio n!' gran Hatchery development Cage culture .. , - .Fish Fish ranchinranchingFloatingg--.. net culture e - .F ishe r ie s ay " "erienhancement Aquatic weed control , e nc e/ Ba y -- ' culture '-Dam '-D - Intensive aquaculture s-t M Drawdown d mills .... agri-aq uacultu re dustries cessing " _ Rice-fish W, )Il ,4 . integrated farming Reservoir Fisheries and Aquaculture Deveiopment for Resettlement in Indonesia Edited by Barry A.Costa-Pierce Otto Soemarwoto 1990 PERUSAHAAN UMUM LISTRIK NEGARA JAKARTA, INVONESIA INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY, PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY BANDUNG, INDONESIA INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES Reservoir Fisheries and Aquaculture Development for Resettlement in Indonesia Edited by B.A. COSTA-PIERCE 0. SOEMARWOTO 1990 Printed inManila, Philippines Published by Pei~jsahaan Umum Listrik Negara, Jakarta, Indonesia; Institute of Eco; jy, Padjadjaran University, JI. Sekeloa Selatan 1,Bandung, Indonesia; and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Costa-Pierce, B.A. and 0 Soemarwoto, Editors. 1990. Resprvoir fisheries and aquaculture development for resrtement in Indonesia. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 23, 378 p. ISN 0115-5547 ISBN 971-1022-50-8 Cover: Idealized view of component fisheries, agriculture, conservation and community industrial systems integrated to accomplish reservoir restoration and social rehabilitation of displaced persons. Artwork by Ovidio F. Espiritu, Jr. ICLARM Contribution No. 612. DEDICATION We dedicate adl of the hardwork coffectivefy put into this project, the human, natural,andspiritualenergyecpended,to the ,emon of Dr.fan R Smith, DirectorGenera, ICLARM, 1985 to 1989. We who have shared and been touched by your vision have been hownoredby the chance to meet a Brotherin the StruggeforDignity ...one so dedicatedto the triumph of the human spiritover immense adversity. Thank you ever so much, Ian, for helping our planet, our colfective home, anditspeopes. Contents Foreword * Roger S.V. Pulin..................................... vi introduction e Otto Soemarwoto . .. 1 Population Density and General Socioeconomic Conditions Around Saguling and Cirata Reservoirs e Opan S. Suwartapradja and Hisyam Achmad ............................................... 7 Water Quality Suitability of Saguling and Cirata Reservoirs for Develop­ ment of Floating Net Cage Aquaculture * Otto Soemarwoto, Cecep M. Roem, Titin Herawati and Barry A. Costa-Pierce ....................... 18 Research on Cage Aquaculture Systems in the Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia . Barry A. Costa-Pierce and Herri Y. Hadikusumah ........... 112 Economics of Floating Net Cage Common Carp Culture in the Saguling i-leservoir, West Java, Indonesia o Rusydi and Harlan C. Lampe .............. 218 Marketing of Common Carp from the Saguling Reservoir 0 Engkus W. Kusnadi and Harlan C. Lampe ................................. 240 Waste Production and Efficiency of Feed Use in Floating Net Cages in a Eutrophic Tropical Reservoir , Barry A. Costa-Pierce and Cecep M. Roem......................................... 257 Use of Earthworm Composts and Introduction of New Systems and Tech­ niques to Improve Production in Hatcheries and Nurseries for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) o Bambang Sudiarto, Budi R. Zakaria and Barry A. Costa-Pierce ................................. 272 Fisheries of the Saguling Reservoir and A Preliminary Appraisal of Manage­ ment Options o John L. Munro, ikandarand Barry A. Costa-Pierce ........... 285 Biotechnical Feasibility Studies un the Importatbin of Clupeichthys aesar­ nensis Wongratana, 1983 fror, Northeastern Thailand to the Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia, BarryA. Costa-Pierce and Otto Soemarw oto............................................ 329 Extension of Traditional Postharvest Fish Processing Techniques . Yedi Arifin ................................................ 364 Integrated System for Environmental Management in the Saguling/Cirata Reservoir Region o Maskana, Sri Astuty, Bambang Sudiarto and Odto Soemarwoto ......................................... 370 v Foreword This Technical Report describes a success story in reservoir aquaculture and fisheries research and development. There have, of course, been other examples of new reservoirs creating valuable fisheries and aquaculture opportunities, but the work reported here - a highly fruitful cooperation between the Indonesian State Electric Company (PLN), the Institute of Ecology (IOE) of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, the West Java Provincial Fisheries Agency and its Technical Management Unit for Sagu!ing and Cirata (UPTD) and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, with the farsighted support of the World Bank - is a rare, if not unique example of an effort to develop reservoir fish production technology for a clearly identified and resourceful target group (those displaced by the reservoir development) whose int, rests, resources and aptitudes were considered from the earliest inception of the reservoir construction planning. Moreover, the need for adequate institutional and technical support, raining and extension as the aquaculture and fisheries technologies evolved and sustained support to farmers and fishermen thereafter, were also recognized and emphasized by all concerned. Any new reservoir islike a big 'experiment' with respe:t to its aquaculture and capture fisheries potential. No one can predict with certainty how productive the ecosystem will be, which species will predominate, which (if any) should be introduced, how the entry to capture fisheries and aquaculture should be managed, which regulations to enact, whether the original fishermen and fish farmers will persevere or will leave their operations for others to continue, the possible risks of fish kills, diseases, conflicts between different users, and myriad other questions. Indeed any new aquatic ecosystem, its exploiters and beneficiaries comprise a highly dynamic and evolvir.o situation. What looks promising early in the life of the reservoir may not be sustainable. This underlines the need for sustained institutional support and constant monitoring of the ecology of new rescrvoirs and their catchments. The objectives of this project were to identify appropriate aquaculture and fisheries methods for resettled tamilies; to conduct research for the development of aquaculture technology that would create employment; to provide technology transfer, training and extension advice to farmers and scientists; and to complete a comprehensive fisheries and aquaculture development plan for two reservoirs. All these objectives were achieved. As the development plan went to press and the Cirata Reservoir was filling, 1,083 displaced families from the Saguling area were involved in fish production, 2,081 persons had been trained, and the reservoir was supplying over 20% of the freshwater fish entering the Bandung district, an area with over three million people. Equally rapid development isanticipated in the Cirata Reservoir. Moreover, these developments have had a flow-on effect in that fish seed supply (especially from rice-fish -!ulture systems), feed supply and fish handling operations have expanded and benefited more people cver a wide area. In addition to the comprehensive development plan, there were additional benefits in the form of advances in research methodology and scientific and extension publications that will have much wider impact than in the Saguling-Cirata target area alone or indeed in Indonesia. A list of these publications is appended (Appendix 1). Those together with this Technical Report can help the planning and execution of tropical reservoir fisheries and aquaculture development elsewhere. vi PLN-IOE-UPTD-ICLARM teamwork made these results possible. All concerned hope that the start made through this project towards aquaculture and fisheries development in the Saguling and Cirata Reservoirs will result in a sustainable improvement in the livelihood of those who live around them and will point the way to similar developments elsewhere. Roger S.V. Pullin Director, Aquaculture Program ICLARM vii Appendix 1 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Costa-Pierce, B A., Rusydi, A.Safari and G. Wira Atinadja. 1989. Small-scale hatchery for Education Series 8, common carp. ICLARM 42 p. Institute of Ecology, Indonesian State Electric Company Philippines. Also printed as: Buku and ICLARM Manila, pentunjuk. Pembenihan ukuran kecil ikan mas. (In Indonesian). Costa-Pierce, B.A., M.A. Bimbao, S. Zainal and P. Effendi. 1989. ICLARM and south-south technology transfer: Philiopine aquaculture technology and Indonesia. Part Costa-Pierce, B.A., II.Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 12(1): 14-16. H.Y. Hadikusumah and Y. Dhahiyat. 1989. Tilapia (Oreochromis production in cage sp.) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) systems in West Java, Indonesia, p. 84-96. In E.A. Huisman, Bouwmans (eds.) Aquacultural N.Zonneveld and A.H.M. research in Asia: management techniques and Asian seminar on aquaculture nutrition. Proceedings of the organized by IFS, Malang, Indonesia, 14-18 November Agricultural Publishing 1988. Centre for and Documentation, Pudoc Wageningen, The Netherlands. Costa-Pierce, B.A., Rusvdi, A. Safari and G. Wira Atmadja. 1989. Culture of common carp in floating net cages. ICLARM Education Series 7, 42 p. Institute of Ecology, Indonesian State