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Universidad De Cantabria Universidad Del País Vasco UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL TESIS DOCTORAL Aplicación de la Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional a la simulación y optimización de biorreactores multi-ambiente para tratamiento de aguas residuales PHD THESIS Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to the simulation and optimization of multi-environment bioreactors for wastewater treatment RICARDO BLANCO AGUILERA Directores: RUBÉN DÍEZ MONTERO JUAN IGNACIO TEJERO MONZÓN Escuela de Doctorado de la Universidad de Cantabria Santander, junio de 2020 UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS DPTO. DE CIENCIAS Y TÉCNICAS DEL AGUA Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE TESIS DOCTORAL APLICACIÓN DE LA DINÁMICA DE FLUIDOS COMPUTACIONAL A LA SIMULACIÓN Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DE BIORREACTORES MULTI-AMBIENTE PARA TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES APPLICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TO THE SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MULTI-ENVIRONMENT BIOREACTORS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT RICARDO BLANCO AGUILERA SANTANDER, JUNIO DE 2020 DIRECTORES: RUBÉN DÍEZ MONTERO JUAN IGNACIO TEJERO MONZÓN “Al igual que todos los jóvenes, me proponía ser un genio, pero afortunadamente intervino la risa.” Lawrence Durrell, Clea (1960). “Aprended a distinguir los valores falsos de los verdaderos y el mérito real de las personas bajo toda suerte de disfraces. Un [individuo] mal vestido, pobre y desdeñado puede ser un sabio, un héroe, un santo; el birrete de un doctor puede cubrir el cráneo de un imbécil.” Antonio Machado, Homenaje a Antonio Pérez de la Mata (1910). “La ciencia no está cimentada sobre roca: por el contrario, podríamos decir que la atrevida estructura de sus teorías se eleva sobre un terreno pantanoso, es como un edificio sobre pilotes. Éstos se introducen desde arriba en la ciénaga, pero en modo alguno hasta alcanzar ningún basamento natural o ‘dado’. Cuando interrumpimos nuestros intentos de introducirlos hasta un estrato más profundo, ello no se debe a que hayamos topado con terreno firme: paramos simplemente porque nos basta que tengan firmeza suficiente para soportar la estructura, al menos por el momento.” Karl Popper, La lógica de la investigación científica (1962). Agradecimientos El desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral ha llevado mi cuerpo y mi mente al más absoluto de los límites. A pesar de que uno siente haber recorrido el camino demasiado solo, es justo levantar la cabeza para recordar que el ser totalmente aislado jamás culmina satisfactoriamente ningún viaje. Y es que, tal y como escribía una vez el filósofo Javier López Alós, “la soledad tiene también declinaciones no individuales”. Sirvan las siguientes líneas para agradecer a todas aquellas personas que han hecho posible que hoy esté poniendo punto y final a este intenso tránsito. En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer a mis directores de tesis el haberme dado la oportunidad de realizar este trabajo de investigación. A Iñaki Tejero, por recibirme en el grupo que fundó hace ya más de tres decenios, y confiar en todo momento en mi capacidad. A Rubén Díez, por descubrirme el mundo académico cuando aún ni siquiera me había graduado como Ingeniero de Caminos, pero, sobre todo, por su supervisión, ayuda y valiosas aportaciones a lo largo de estos complicados años. A mis directores no oficiales del Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental, sin los cuales esta tesis doctoral jamás hubiera llegado a buen puerto. Al profesor Javier López Lara por su generosidad al tratarme como un doctorando suyo más, por su guía, y por todo el tiempo que ha invertido en este proyecto más allá de su responsabilidad. A Gabriel Barajas, Gabi, por estar siempre disponible, por su incalculable paciencia con un principiante y por enseñarme todo lo que sé de OpenFOAM®; pero también por todos los buenos momentos, las risas y esas conversaciones sobre filosofía política. Al Grupo de Computación Avanzada de la Universidad de Cantabria (IFCA-CSIC), por darme acceso al Supercomputador Altamira de la Red Española de Supercomputación para poder llevar a cabo las simulaciones numéricas. En especial a los investigadores que allí me han atendido, Álvaro López y Aida Palacio, por toda la ayuda brindada, su disponibilidad incondicional y la excesiva paciencia que han mostrado con todo un dummy de la computación paralela. Special thanks to the Professor Joel Ducoste for his hospitality and very useful lessons during my research stay in the Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering at North Carolina State University. A la Universidad de Cantabria primero (PRE03, CVE-2016-11670), y al Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte del Gobierno de España después (FPU16-05036), por proporcionarme mediante beca la financiación necesaria para la consecución de esta tesis doctoral. Durante estos años, también he tenido la gran oportunidad de ejercer la docencia dentro del Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas del Agua y del Medio Ambiente de la Universidad de Cantabria. Mi agradecimiento al resto de profesores con los que he compartido asignaturas y otros menesteres por sus enseñanzas: Amaya Lobo, Ramón Collado, Carlos Rico, Lorena Esteban. De forma particular a la profesora Ana López, que, además de todo, me ha querido, cuidado y apoyado como una madre, algo que jamás olvidaré. A mis compañeras de despacho que han ido y venido durante estos tres años, y que han hecho más liviano el devenir de los días: María, Gloria, María Fernanda, Nuria, Jose, Chus, Mercedes. En especial a Eli, que compartió conmigo todos los días y todas las horas de aquellos dos primeros años tan duros; y a Mónica, que, en este último año, ha aportado humor a esta mente excesivamente analítica. Por último, a Fernando, por ser un gran amigo y el mejor compañero de piso que uno pudiera imaginar; y a mis padres, María y Domingo, y mi hermano, Jose Antonio, por levantarme todas y cada una de las veces que he besado el suelo. Ricardo Blanco Aguilera Santander, junio de 2020 Summary The main step in urban wastewater treatment usually consists in a single aerobic activated sludge stage for organic matter removal. If the removal of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) is also required, a more complex treatment process is needed, including anoxic and anaerobic stages. At this respect, conventional configurations for Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) imply a significant increase in the volume needed and energy consumption compared to processes for only organic matter removal. In this context, multi-environment reactors are an innovative alternative to simplify conventional BNR treatment trains since they are more compact and can adapt to existing quality requirements. Concretely, the AnoxAn reactor unifies the anaerobic and anoxic zones of the conventional BNR configurations in a single upflow reactor. Although its biological efficiency has been already demonstrated on a pilot scale, other physical characteristics significantly affect the performance of AnoxAn. Specifically, the multi-environmental zoning (hydraulic separation must be maintained between anaerobic and anoxic zones) and singular elements configuration (mixing devices and baffles) give rise to a complex hydrodynamic behaviour that interferes in the desired biological operation of the reactor. Therefore, in this thesis, a comprehensive hydrodynamic assessment of AnoxAn is carried out, and the influence of the hydraulic behaviour on the biological efficiency of the process is evaluated. For that purpose, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based numerical tool is developed with the open source toolbox OpenFOAM®, and a hydrodynamic optimization methodology for multi-environment reactors is proposed. The results obtained in this work have contributed to the development of technological and operational improvements of AnoxAn. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of this thesis and places it within the context of the current scientific research. Chapter 2 presents the state of the art and the theoretical basis regarding the hydrodynamic analysis of multi-environment reactors for wastewater treatment. In resume, the literature shows that AnoxAn has promising environmental and energetic advantages, and its viability for BNR has been already demonstrated at pilot scale. However, there is a need for a deeper hydrodynamic analysis of AnoxAn in order to develop optimized and scalable configurations. Besides, the state of the art reveals that a correct hydrodynamic behaviour enhances an efficient biological performance in wastewater treatment reactors. On the other hand, CFD modelling represents an advanced tool for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the hydrodynamic performance of wastewater treatment processes, being the level of detail of these numerical techniques a remarkable step forward compared to experimentation and compartment-based modelling. However, there is a lack of comprehensive hydrodynamic analysis and optimization CFD studies regarding multi-environment reactors. Besides, the optimization studies found in literature do not follow any standardized methodology. IX Based on the findings and conclusions of the revision of the state of art, the scope and objectives of the thesis are presented in Chapter 3. The main objective of the research work is to comprehensively analyse and optimize the hydrodynamic behaviour of multi-environment bioreactors through the development of an open source three-dimensional numerical model based on CFD, validated and applied to the anaerobic-anoxic AnoxAn reactor. The next four chapters (Chapters 4-7) are the main
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