An Ex Ante Estimate of Effects of Landscape Restoration on the Monetary Value of Selected Ecosystem Services an Analysis of the Justdiggit Project in Morocco
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AN EX ANTE ESTIMATE OF EFFECTS OF LANDSCAPE RESTORATION ON THE MONETARY VALUE OF SELECTED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AN ANALYSIS OF THE JUSTDIGGIT PROJECT IN MOROCCO M.S. Wildschut MSc. Thesis in Environmental Sciences August 2017 Supervised by: R.S. de Groot Course code: ESA-80436 Environmental Systems Analysis AN EX ANTE ESTIMATE OF EFFECTS OF LANDSCAPE RESTORATION ON THE MONETARY VALUE OF SELECTED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AN ANALYSIS OF THE JUSTDIGGIT PROJECT IN MOROCCO Author: M.S. Wildschut August 2017 WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY Study program: Master Environmental Sciences Chair group: Environmental Systems analysis (ESA) Organisation: Justdiggit Supervisors: R.S. de Groot Justdiggit: R. Willard S. de Haas DATA FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY EXTERNAL USE OF DATA IS ONLY PERMITTED WITH CONSENT OF THE PROJECT SUPERVISORS Preface During my bachelors in Engineering, I focused on reducing the impact of companies on the environment. However, I had the feeling I was playing the sustainability game on the wrong side, making things less bad instead of good. Therefore I wanted to study Environmental Sciences for my masters and focus on showing the value of nature. I quickly found my match in the third and fourth month studying in expressing the real value of nature through the concept of ecosystem services. Instead of only a feeling base, tree-hugging mind set, I could express the value in monetary terms, speaking the same language as large companies, governments and inhabitants. For my master thesis I wanted to get out of my comfort zone and challenge myself to tackle a problem as individually as possible in a country as far away as possible. I believe that I thrive when given full responsibility of a project and will learn a lot by practising research in a foreign setting, somehow I had Africa already in mind because it felt adventurous. R. De Groot connected me to the organisation Justdiggit. An organisation with a clear and beautiful goal that gave me the level of responsibility I was searching for with their project in Morocco. For this thesis I was able to combine desk research with field research during a 3,5 months stay in Marrakech. The University of Marrakech was kind enough to help me settle in the city and take me with them on one of their field visits. A huge thanks to Justdiggit and my supervisor from Wageningen university Dolf de Groot, for me giving me the opportunity to practice research abroad. Content Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Justdiggit Project: Rehamna ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Problem statement and aim of the Thesis .................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Structure ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Research framework .................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Concepts and methods ............................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Data collection and detailed research approach ......................................................................................................... 13 3 Ecosystem service quantification .................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Carbon sequestration and storage .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Erosion prevention and maintenance of soil fertility ................................................................................................. 24 3.3 Moderation of extreme events ................................................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Food & Raw materials ............................................................................................................................................... 31 4 Monetary valuation of ecosystem services ...................................................................................................................... 36 4.1 Carbon sequestration and storage .............................................................................................................................. 36 4.2 Erosion prevention and maintenance of soil fertility ................................................................................................. 36 4.3 Food & Raw materials ............................................................................................................................................... 37 5 Cost/benefit analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 5.1 Costs calculation ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 5.2 TEV and NPV calculation ......................................................................................................................................... 39 6 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40 7 Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 43 References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Appendices .............................................................................................................................................................................. 47 An ex ante estimate of effects of landscape restoration on the monetary value of selected ecosystem services: An analysis of the Justdiggit project in Morocco SUMMARY Ecosystems interact with human life in a variety of ways. Human life is depended on the natural processes in forms of drinker water, crops yields, etc. This means that ecosystems provide services to human life in terms of survival, livelihood and benefiting health. This thesis aims to quantify the ecosystem services (ES’s) of a region in Morocco and comparing these services to the land use in the same region after a landscape restoration project has been implemented. The NGO Justdiggit is starting a demonstration project in the Moroccan Rehamna province near the town of Sidi bou Othmane. Justdiggit’s main methodology is to improve rainwater filtration in the soils to combat desertification. The overarching approach is to connect 10 projects of roughly 3000 ha, connecting the water cycle from coastal areas to areas further inland. Justdiggit calls the concept a “hydrological corridor”. To implement such a project, much financing is required. The benefits of the restoration project must be quantified to attract financing. For large investments, economic values can motivate decision making. Justdiggit is trying to construct a body of literature that show the economic benefits from their interventions and turn their approach into a business case. This thesis contribute to this body of literature by providing economic values of the ES’s for the Rehamna province. The Rehamna province is characterized by barren, hard soil. The agricultural season is short due to droughts. The land is primarily used for agriculture and livestock. The project area consists of 4 douars (i.e. small villages) mainly inhabited by farmers with pastures surrounding them (3449 ha). Primary agricultural products in the region are olives, wheat and barley and sheep as livestock. Justdiggit’s interventions are separated in three catchment areas; the low, middle and high catchments. The low catchment will be improved by increasing the surface cover of olive farms, the middle catchment will move from solely wheat, barley and livestock to a combination of olive and carob trees (forecasted) supported by agroforestry systems, compost, stone bunds and water boxes (irrigation technique). Interventions in the high catchment prevent downstream flooding and retains runoff water and sediment. Elements de banquettes, a type of terraces made of earth bunds, are created in combination with olive and carob trees, wheat and barley fields, livestock grazing and cactus plants are used as natural barriers. The general aim of this research is to ex ante estimate the monetary value changes of selected ecosystem services for Justdiggit’s landscape restoration project in the Rehamna