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Abdali, Ahmad Shah, Invasion of Punjab by 114 Acland, George 144 INDEX Abdali, Ahmad Shah, invasion of Ahmedabad Mazdoor Mahajan 10, Punjab by 114 51 Acland, George 144 Ahmedabad Millowners’ Adamji 92, 122 Association 32, 73n Adamji group 114, 116, 120, 148 Air India, Tatas collaboration with bankruptcy of 112 state in 161 Aden, merchants’ migration to 222, Ali, Mir Laik 112 229 Ali, Wazir 84, 112, 120 Agarwal Shekhawati bases/dharam- All India Trade Union Congress shalas 209 (AITUC), and Congress 10, Agarwals, from Rajasthan 194, 195 50 in banking 209 Ambedkar, B.R. 52, 67n agriculture, capitalist development American Civil War 214 in 245 Amin, Shahid 263 commercialization of 190 Anderson, Benedict 263 commodification of 173 ‘Anglo-Muslim’ legal system, on income, introduction of 57 succession 118 non-taxation of 16 Anjuman-i-Islam, creation of 77 output, stratification of 123 Arasaratnam, Sinnapah 154 rain-fed 190 Ardhakathanak 177 riverine 188, 189 Aroras, of Punjab 189, 194 agro-industrial sector, new entrepre- Arya Samaj 77, 83 neurs in 180 ‘Asiatic’ immigrants 234 Ahmad, Imtiaz xi Assam Ahmedabad, big businessmen in 27 agricultural income tax in 57 cotton textile industry in 139 anti-Marwari riots in 201, 206 as important industrial centre 140 Congress and elections in 30 mill-owners in 28, 49 Marwari merchants’ dominance in agreement with Vallabhbhai 180, 202, 206 Patel 59 Associates Cement Company (ACC) in Congress politics 48 89–90, 146, 158 272 INDEX Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam 90, political reforms in 81 102n prospect of partition of 90–1 reserved constituency in 32 Bagchi, Amiya 140, 144, 153 Bengal Congress 92 Bagla, Rameshwar Prasad 32 Bengal National Chambers of Bajaj, Jamnalal 6 Commerce 32 Balabhai, Sakarlal 73n Bengalis Banarasidas, Ardhakathanak (autobio- agitation against, in Assam 180 graphy) of 177 middle-class, educated 175 Bangalore, rise of business activity in ‘indigenous’ 207 141 Muslim capitalists 113, 122 as technology-driven city 216 traders, displacement of 172 Bangladesh, independence of 97 Berar, Congress defeat in 31 banias (caste) 194, 202, 260 Berbera, Indian merchants’ settlement in mercantile and industrial sector in 229 180 Bettelheim, Charles ix, x political skill of 195 bhadralok, of Calcutta 84 role in Cattle Revolution of 1759 Bhaiband, merchant network from in Surat 261 Hyderabad 239 Banjaras, role in trade 211, 212 Bharatiya Janata Party 180 Bank of Madras 138 Bhatias 189 banking families/bankers 199 merchant network from Thatta, of Marwaris and Gujaratis 198–9 Gujarat 238 and merchants’ role in Rajasthan of Sind and Kutch 194 265 see also Kutchi Bhatias traditional, in India 173 bhomias 189 banking houses, granting of state Bihar monopolies to 21 agricultural income tax in 57 banks, reorganization of 172 conflict in factories in 53 Bayly, C.A. 21, 114, 153, 178, 193, Congress victory in 30, 33 195, 257, 259, 265, 267 Cow Protection agitation in 77 ‘bazaar’, notion of 196, 197, 257 funds for elections in 30 Benaras, merchant houses of 192 Marwari dominance in 202 Bengal, British conquest of 193 sugar industries’ overproduction commercial class in 175 crisis in 42 famine in 141 trouble in Tata factories in 60 jute mills strike in 39 Bikaner, migrants from 199 labour disputes in 39 Birla, G.D. 6, 17, 28, 38, 44, 65n, Marwari traders/merchants in 207 67n, 81, 92, 94, 96, 101n migration of merchants from 229 and Congress 93, 162 Muslim majority in 84 as follower of Gandhi 84 Muslim politics in 85 on Pakistan movement 88 Pakistan and 93 view on Bengal affairs 84–5 INDEX 273 Birla brothers x, 81 provincial elections in 86 house of 161 relation between Ahmedabad textile Bogdan revolt, Ukraine 202 manufacturers and 49 Bohra community 117, 189, 192, relations between Congress and big 194, 202, 204 business 48, 64 Bombay government trade with China and 129, 130 Congress Party and 17 Bombay Millowners’ Association 88 relationship with business 48, 64 constituency of 32 trade unions and 51 Bombay Plan 14, 15, 90, 116, 161 Bombay province/Presidency ix, 28, Bombay Provincial Congress 62 Committee 51 anti-labour and pro-capitalist stand Bombay Stock Exchange 143 in 64 Bombay Trade Disputes Act 18, 51, big businessmen of, and Calcutta 62 businessmen 143, 144–9 Bose, Sarat 92 as business centre in colonial Bourdieu, P. 176 period 128–49 bourgeoisie class 169 business opposition in 58 Indian concept of 19 and Calcutta as business centres xi Brahmins Communist influence on labour in Tamil Nadu 175, 176 movement 9 in trade in the Deccan area 196 Congress ministry in 17, 32 Britain, trade with India 44, 45 cotton market in 148 British Board of Trade 44, 56 cotton textile industry in 46, 138, British business 139, 142 boycott of 28 entrepreneurs and 142, 144 in Calcutta 93 Hindu-Muslim divide in commer- conflict between Indian and 148 cial sector 86 on Congress policy 64 imported items, consumption of in dominant position of 4 hinterlands of 136–7 British capital, trade in India and industrial advisory board in 68n 124, 130, 139, 203 intra-business tensions in 8 British capitalists, Bombay business and Lancashire mill-owners’ alliance with 28 pact 161 domination of 258 liberal ideas of business circles in textile mills of, in Kanpur 45 13 in United Provinces 46 merchandise export trade from British company law, introduction 129–31 of 172 Muslim business elites in 113 British colonial (Indian) administra- opium trade in 142 tion population in 131 banias on 254 as a port 137 consolidation in the subcontinent prosperity in 130 194 274 INDEX contracts to Hindus 120 relationship with Partition xi expansion of pan-India merchant relationship with politics ix networks 196–213 tax 16 and Indian business 61, 64, 193 business class/houses/men on political future of India 87 as agents of economic change weakening of 163 253 British colonialism 264 and British authorities 64 and Indian merchant communities and Congress Party relationship 257 3–22, 50–61 ‘resistance’ to 264 on Congress policy in the Provinces British trading firms 247 44–50 and Indian firms 153 financing political parties 21 intermediaries in 4 gains from economic policies of steel industry in India 163 government 54 British textiles and Indian nationalism 258 Indian market and 203 and the Partition of India 75–97 reduction in duties on 44, 47 political attitude/behaviour of 3, British Guiana, male and female 28, 30 migration to 225 small, sympathy towards 11 brokers, Hindu and Parsi 119, 174 and Swaraj Party 6 Brooksby, James 156–7 budget for 1939–40 56 Cabinet Mission Burma plan of 1946 91 British annexation of 230 proposals of 102n census on Indians in trade 248 Calcutta Chettiar finance in 247 award of, to India 92 development in 231 big businessmen in 27 growth of Indian population in and Bombay as business centres xi, 230 128–49 Indian merchants in 230, 233 businessmen and Bombay Indian traders and moneylenders businessmen 145–6 in 234 collapse of indigo market in 142 migration of Hindus and Muslims economy, decline in 147–8 to 222, 223, 226 entrepreneurial responses in Burmah Shell 158 142 business European firms and capital in 133, big, for a unitary India 90, 91 134, 138 circles, discontent with Congress hinterland growth in 149n 49 imported items, consumption in division on communal lines 82 hinterlands of 136–7 groups, growth of 7 jute mills and 36, 138, 139, 143 interests, importance of 20 Marwaris, dominance in markets lobbies 240 of 8 INDEX 275 polarization between Scots and Carnatic, British annexation of 146–7 128 port 137 caste Calcutta Census of 1911 200 assimilated, among merchants and Calcutta Stock Exchange 143 entrepreneurs 180 ‘Cambridge School’, rise of 170 -based organizations 77 capital distinction, importance of among family firms and 177 Marwaris 209 markets in Europe 215 and family, for merchants 178, migrant merchants, outflow of 244 179 trading network and circulation of and middle class 179 235 relationship 174 see also British capital system, and industry 117–18 capital-gains tax, shelving of 17 and trading networks 235 capitalism, Indian ix, 15, 264 Castle Revolution of 1759 in Surat and foreigners’ exploitation of India 261 11 Cawnpore Labour Enquiry Com- Islam’s relationship with 105, 106 mittee, appointment of capitalists (Indian) 8, 13, 153 45 as anti-imperialists 18 Census of India and bourgeois paradigm 22 of 1921 108 condemnation of ‘socialistic’ views of 1931 106, 108 20 of 1941 108 and Congress 20, 48, 55 Central Asia, merchants’ trade dealings with industrial workers in with 221 United Provinces 46 Central Legislative Assembly, division in the ranks of 28 businessmen’s elections to 33 economic development committee Ceylon of 14 merchants’ migration to 233 impact of Congress ministries on migration by Hindus to 225–6 61 Chand, Manik 193 indigenous class 12 Chandavarkar, V.N. 100n investments by 18 Chandra, Bipan 18, 79, 258 and nationalist leadership move- Charulata (film) 177 ments 5, 18, 19 Chatterjee, Kumkum 261, 262 opposition to imperialism and Chatterton 13 ‘feudalism’ 24n Chaudhuri, K.N. 254 ‘package deal’ with Congress 17 ‘Chayanovian’ model 153 participation in National Planning chemical and metallurgical industries Committee 14 12 on status quo in the countryside chemical and pharmaceutical indus- 63 tries 144 success of 15 Chettiar, Muttaih 31 276 INDEX Chettiars community and Brahmins in Tamil Nadu 175 consciousness 76, 77 as financiers in Burma 229, 247, relationship 174 251n, 252n Congress High Command 37, 40, firms of 248 50, 54, 93, 94 as trading merchants 240 FICCI’s influence over 27 Chhotalal, Ranchhodlal 174 on relations between Indian China business
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