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Ontology-Based Lexicographical Tools and Resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web

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Ontology-Based Lexicographical Tools and Resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019 University of Copenhagen, 5/3/2019 Twinning Classics and A.I.: Building the new generation of ontology-based lexicographical tools and resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web Maria Papadopoulou & Christophe Roche Equipe Condillac Université Savoie Mont-Blanc (France) www.condillac.org KETRC University of Liaocheng (China) www.ketrc.com 1 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Twinning Classics and A.I.: Building the new generation of ontology-based lexicographical tools and resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web 1. Teaming up 2. Problem chlamys 3. Solution - Results theoretical assumptions resources methodology: ontology-based terminology building for Humanists tool and use case 4. The collaboration experience 5. Recommendations for good practice 2 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche 1. Teaming up: the Classicist and the A.I. expert MSCA Chlamys (Copenhagen) Condillac Research Group (Savoie) KETRC (China) 3 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche MSCA Chlamys (Copenhagen) May 2016-April 2017 4 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Equipe Condillac, Laboratoire Listic, Université Savoie-Mont Blanc) Etienne Bonnot de Condillac (1714 – 1780) French Philosopher Because words are the signs of our ideas, the system inherent in natural language must be based on the www.condillac.org system inherent in our knowledge. Grammaire 1775: 27 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche TOTh Conferences (2007 - …) © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche KETRC Liaocheng University China www.ketrc.com © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche 2. Problem statement: How to name things in the domain of Greek Dress? How to define objects consistently? 8 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019 University of Copenhagen, 5/3/2019 i) The need for consistent terminology (names for objects in the domain): “Research into dress history, whether the approach is founded in history, art or archaeology, incorporates terminology, one way or another.” Dahl in Andersson-Strand et al. 2010 “Studies of garment-terms in historical societies tend to be hampered by a lack of understanding of the specific vocabulary of dress.” Llewellyn-Jones 2003. ii) The need to clearly define the objects of the domain: “…it would help if we could work out a list of standard vessel shapes, clearly defined and illustrated, and a set of terms for them.” Kim 1970. “terminological vagueness….in the studies dedicated to dress….hampers communication among experts” Delaporte 1981 « le flou terminologique ... dans les études consacrées au costume ... une cause de difficultés de communication entre chercheurs » Delaporte 1981 9 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche « Naming Things » 1 1’ Identify the Terms Identify the Objects Textual Sources & Resources : Object Conceptualisation - primary texts, dictionaries - description of objects - thesauri, ontologies - organisation WORDS and TEXTS OBJECTS and IMAGES Textual expert: Material & visual culture expert: Papyrologist, Epigraphist, Archaeologist, Art Historian Philologist, Lexicographer 2 3 2’ Put into relation Terms and Concepts Get the Terms Abstract the Concepts from Texts from Objects © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche 3. Solution - Results: theoretical assumptions resources a tool assisted method & workflow for ontology-based terminology building for Humanists tool & use case 11 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Theoretical Assumptions Object: anything perceivable or conceivable - variable, token, instance of a class - real world entity, i.e. chair, computer mouse Concept : set of « knowledge primitives » stable enough to carry a name in language - knowledge based on a plurality of things - is extralinguistic chiton - belongs to the ontology of the domain Term : “verbal designation of a concept” (ISO 1087-1) • belongs to the terminology of a domain himation • exists within language There exist knowledge primes (primitives) In epistemology, primitive knowledge or belief knowledge is immediate, self-evident experience, which does not need the support of any outside evidence. The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, 2004, s.v. primitive knowledge © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Example : Chlamys chlamys (definition in LSJ) A.short mantle, worn by horsemen; borrowed with the πέτασος from Thessaly; but said to be Macedonian; worn by Hermes, Luc.Tim.30 Terracotta lekythos (oil flask) Attributed to the Tithonos painter c. 480–470 B.C. New York: The Met, 25.78.2. Fletcher Fund, 1925. 13 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Example : Chlamys What is a chlamys? What is it worn with? chlamys (definition in LSJ) A.short mantle, worn by horsemen; borrowed with the πέτασος from Thessaly; but said to be Macedonian; worn by Hermes, Luc.Tim.30 1 point of attachment Who wears it? attached One-piece garment Terracotta lekythos (oil flask) Attributed to the Tithonos painter c. 480–470 B.C. New York: The Met, 25.78.2. 10 differences (with or without sleeves?) suffice to Fletcher Fund, 1925. end up with a Porphyry tree of 1024 (210) concepts 14 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Ancient Greek vases Volute-krater definition in the Beazley Archive Source: https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/tools/pottery/shapes/volute.htm 15 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Objet - Concept - Term Semiotic Triangle concept . unit of thought . knowledge based on a plurality of things . belongs to the ontology of a knowledge domain . is extralinguistic term (individual) object material immaterial © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Theory of concept concept? nature of things « knowledge primitives » : essential characteristics descriptive characteristics : type of fibre, colour, etc. Language of representation? formal langage* for defining the ontology? *language whose rules are explicitly established before its use Example: OWL (Web Ontology Language) – OWL 2 (2012) chlamys 17 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Ontology - Terminology - Ontoterminology Ontology (KE*) : machine-comprehensible definition of a conceptual system in a formal language *KE = Knowledge Engineering Terminology : the discipline which studies terms, i.e. verbal designations of concepts (ISO 1087-1). Ontoterminology : a terminology whose conceptual system is a formal ontology Terminology himation « There is no term without concept » Linguistic Conceptual 18 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Resources ✔ corpus of reference (ancient Greek texts) Perseus Hopper ✔ dictionaries of ancient Greek ✔ digital collections of Greek cultural heritage objects ✔ metadata (thesauri) 19 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche OWL (Web Ontology Language) - Protégé Protégé is an editor for building OWL ontologies OWL ontologies consist of o individuals or instances o concepts or classes* lump together sets of individuals o properties or roles or slots or relations, i.e. binary relations between individuals *concept and class are taken to be equivalent “Classes are a concrete representation of concepts.” (Horridge 2011) “The key idea is that a class of individuals is described or defined by the relationships that these individuals participate in. In OWL we can define such classes by using restrictions. Horridge 2011 Horridge, M. 2011 A Practical Guide To Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 4 and CO-ODE Tools Edition 1.3 20 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Why not Protégé? Using Protégé requires writing role restrictions and formulas in description logics and supports OWL (Web Ontology Language). Asking humanists to work with Protégé means asking them to think, reason and analyze with the principles (DLs) underlying these computer languages (OWL) (because we think according to the language we use). Rather than imposing the use of these languages, we propose to respect the expert's way of thinking, then translate into a W3C language. “As the group that developed Protégé, the most widely used ontology editor, we are keenly aware of how difficult the users perceive this task to be. ” Horridge et al. 2013 21 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Formal definition Hierarchy of concepts Definition in NL 22 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche www.ontoterminology.com 23 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Tedi : ontoTerminology editor Editor of multilingual ontoterminologies Concept editor - multilingualism Shared Ontology Object editor - linguistic diversity - operationalisation alignment Term editor Term Editor Multilingual Terminologies editor editor Proper names Proper 24 Proper names Proper © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Exomis: Term editor generation of a pattern of definition in NL status POS gender contexts notes terminological equivalents terminological synonyms terminological hypernyms denoted concept 25 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche generic concepts essential characteristics Exomis: Concept editor inferred (Tedi reasoner) inherited (Tedi reasoner) and declared (user) and declared (user) explicit concept name descriptive characteristics inherited (Tedi reasoner) and declared (user) relations terms 26 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Exomis : Putting into relation « term » - <Concept> Putting into relation a term denotes a set of essential characteristics « stable » term enough to carry a name in language list of concepts possessing the selected characteristics list of possible essential characteristics (compatibility, dependency) list of terms denoting the selected concept 27 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche 2 1 3 5 4 28 © M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche Definitions of exomis : Tedi (en, fr) - LSJ exomis : Short and non-pleated garment for man, usually worn around the body directly on the skin, this sleeveless garment consists of two pieces of cloth sewn
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