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Renata De Figueiredo Summa Enacting Everyday Boundaries in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Renata De Figueiredo Summa Enacting Everyday Boundaries in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina Renata de Figueiredo Summa Enacting everyday boundaries in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina: disconnection, re- appropriation and displacement(s) Tese de Doutorado Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais of PUC- Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Advisor: Prof. João Franklin Abelardo Pontes Nogueira Rio de Janeiro December 2016 Renata de Figueiredo Summa Enacting everyday boundaries in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina: disconnection, re- appropriation and displacement(s) Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais of PUC- Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Approved by the undersigned Examination Committee. Prof. João Franklin Abelardo Pontes Nogueira Advisor PUC-Rio Prof. Jef Huysmans Queen Mary University of London Prof. James Matthews Davies University of Newcastle and PUC-Rio Prof. Roberto Vilchez Yamato PUC-Rio Profª Marta Regina Fernandez Y Garcia Moreno PUC-Rio Profª Mônica Herz Vice-Decana de Pós-Graduação do Centro de Ciências Sociais Rio de Janeiro, December 20th, 2016 All rights reserved. Renata de Figueiredo Summa Renata de Figueiredo Summa has a b.a. from University of São Paulo, a M.A. in International Relations from Sciences-Po Paris and a PHD in International Relations from PUC-Rio. Bibliographic data Summa, Renata de Figueiredo Enacting everyday boundaries in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina : disconnection, reappropriation and displacement(s) / Renata de Figueiredo Summa ; advisor: João Franklin Abelardo Pontes Nogueira. – 2016. 267 f. : il. color. ; 30 cm Tese (doutorado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2016. Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações Internacionais – Teses. 2. Bósnia-Herzegovina. 3. Cotidiano. 4. Demarcação. 5. Pós-guerra. 6. Lugar. I. Nogueira, João Franklin Abelardo Pontes. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. III. Título. CDD: 327 To my grandfather, Luiz (in memoriam) Acknowledgments It is fair to say that this is a work about encounters: between people, ideas and places, and also my encounters with people, ideas and places. I would thus like to thank those who were part of this journey: My supervisor, Prof. João Pontes Nogueira, who supported this project from the beginning and helped me to develop this subject along these years through innumerous discussions, suggestions and careful reading of this work. Prof. Jef Huysmans, for insightful thoughts and the productive discussions we had at Open University and elsewhere after that. All my professors at the PHD, most particularly to Carolina Moulin, Marta Fernandéz, Monica Herz, Nick Onuf, Philippe Bonditti and Rob Walker, for very inspiring and provoking classes. To professors Roberto Yamato, Mike Shapiro and Stefano Guzzini, who provided thoughtful feedbacks on my research during activities at the department. All IRI staff, especially to Lia González, who helped me (and all the PHDs) from day one. Open University, for receiving me as PHD visiting student PUC, Capes and Santander, for fundamental scholarship and funding during this period. Everyone who helped me while I was in Bosnia. Thank you for your time, your trust and your interest. I could have not achieved as much without Aida Golić, Amir T., Andrea Peres, Armina Pilav, François Lunel, Giulia Carabelli, Nicholas Moll, Selma Dzemidzic. Thanks to Ratko Orozovic, who introduced me to many of his friends and acquaintances in Dobrinja/Istočno Sarajevo and also in Mostar. All my interviewees, thank you for sharing knowledge, time and perspectives with me Aida Hadzimusic, who helped me to translate many of the interviews conducted on Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian. To Svetlana, Sandra, Azra and Tea, my language teachers. My friends in Sarajevo: Armin, Bojan, Caterina, Daniela, Duško, Ercan, Jasmin, Maria and Omar, for welcoming me into their everyday lives; for coffee, pita, ćevapi; for ‘Bosnian’ nights at Jagoda and Kino Bosna; for Bajram celebration and birthday cake; for cherries by the Miljacka. My friends from the PHD Aline, Carolina, Chico, Fernanda, Maíra, Manuela, Natalia, Paulinho, Sérgio and Victor: for your friendship, intellectual and emotional support inside/outside PUC. Sue, the best flatmate one could ever have. I miss our evenings drinking Oolong tea while enjoying Regent Canal’s view. Last, but certainly not least, for those who were already in my life before this journey has started, some of them, from day one: My family, especially my mother, Cristina, father, Aimone, brother, Ricardo, and sister, Patrícia, for their unconditional love and support through my life. My sister-in-law, Bianca, for worring and caring. Musta, for keeping company at the very lonely days of writing. And, of course, to Numa, who lived this thesis on the everyday: for always being by my side, no matter what and no matter how far. Abstract Summa, Renata de Figueiredo; Nogueira, João Franklin Abelardo Pontes (Advisor). Enacting everyday boundaries in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina: disconnection, re-appropriation and displacement(s). Rio de Janeiro, 2016. 267p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. This work looks at everyday places in order to understand how boundaries are enacted and re-employed, shifted and displaced in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-Dayton boundaries correspond to practices of demarcation that may or may not entail geographic delimitations and that have been reorganized by the Dayton Peace Agreement in ways that have assured them a more prominent role in sociopolitical life in BiH. While engaging in an effort to conceptualize borders and boundaries, this thesis argues that boundaries are dependent on practices, which confers upon them a precarious status and indicates that they might be changed. Boundaries may thus be re-employed (in the sense of diverting its original meaning and employing a different one); shifted and displaced, but also much more, as it will be exposed here: crossed, minimized, subverted, dismissed, disdained, but also reinforced, reaffirmed and celebrated. It is thus looking at the everyday that this work makes sense of those boundaries, knowing, however, that they are permeated with contradictions and may be enacted in different ways by different people. The everyday, which usually receives our ‘daily inattention’, will be considered here a relevant analytical category through which undertake this research. Indeed, the everyday cannot be reduced to the unimportant or the banal, as mere residual or the remnants of the political. Rather, it is profoundly related to all activities, and encompasses them with all their differences and their conflicts; it is their meeting place, their bond, their common ground” (Lefebvre, 1991: 97), and it thus provides for connection and mediation between categories often presented as dichotomies such as public and private, the exceptional and the routine (Lefebvre, 2008: 16). It is in and through the everyday that those tensions are played, the disputes are fought and appropriations and even transformation take place. The research was undertaken in Sarajevo and Mostar, two of the main cities in BiH. More specifically, this research looks at ‘everyday places’ within these cities, such as schools, streets, squares, cafés, coach station and shopping malls, which might be enacted as the very (ethnonational, local/international) boundaries or the arena in which those boundaries are diverted and displaced. This thesis, therefore, provides for an alternative account to more official narratives about ethnonational divisions, as well as questions clear-cut distinctions between the local and the international in post-Dayton BiH. Keywords Bosnia-Herzegovina; everyday; boundary; post-war; place; Dayton. Resumo Summa, Renata de Figueiredo; Nogueira, João Franklin Abelardo Pontes. Práticas cotidianas de demarcação na Bósnia-Herzegovina do pós- Dayton: desconexões, re-apropriação e deslocamento(s). Rio de Janeiro, 2016. 267p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Este trabalho examina ‘lugares cotidianos’ para entender como demarcações são efetuadas, empregadas, alteradas e deslocadas na Bósnia- Herzegovina do pós-Dayton. Analisaremos aqui práticas de demarcação que podem ou não envolver delimitações geográficas e que foram reorganizadas pelo Acordo de Paz de Dayton de formas a lhes assegurarem um papel mais proeminente na vida sociopolítica da Bósnia e Herzegovina. Ao promover um esforço para conceituar fronteiras e demarcações, esta tese argumenta que estas são dependentes de práticas, o que lhes confere um status precário e indica que podem ser alteradas. Assim, elas podem ser reempregadas (no sentido de se desviar de um significado e receber um significado diferente); alteradas e deslocadas, mas também muito mais, como será exposto aqui: minimizadas, subvertidas, desdenhadas, mas também reforçadas, reafirmadas e celebradas. É, portanto, olhando para o cotidiano que este trabalho busca entender o(s) sentido(s) atribuído(s) a essas demarcações, sabendo, no entanto, que elas são permeadas de contradições e podem ser empregadas de maneiras diferentes por pessoas diferentes. O cotidiano, que geralmente recebe nossa “desatenção diária”, será considerado aqui uma categoria
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