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© Copyright 2013 Allan E. Lumba © Copyright 2013 Allan E. Lumba Monetary Authorities: Market Knowledge and Imperial Government in the Colonial Philippines, 1892 – 1942 Allan E. Lumba A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee Vicente L. Rafael, Chair Laurie J. Sears Moon-Ho Jung Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History University of Washington Abstract Monetary Authorities: Market Knowledge and Imperial Government in the Colonial Philippines, 1892 – 1942 By Allan E. Lumba Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Vicente L. Rafael Department of History This dissertation argues that, from the twilight of the Spanish colonial era through the entire official American colonial insular period, the history of authority over money in the colonial Philippines reveals the emerging dominance of an authority based on knowledge of the market rather than an authority grounded strictly in sovereign power. The dominance of knowledge-based authority, especially through the first half of the twentieth century, was brought about by two specific historical changes: the positioning of the modern state as steward of the development of social life through capital and the increased intervention of the economic expert. Through close readings of multilingual archives relating to monetary, banking, and financial policies, my dissertation tracks how the legitimacy of imperial government became heavily dependent upon the colonial state’s capacity to manage and stabilize the monetary and financial system for the economic and social benefit of its subjects. Thus, despite the United States’ growing global economic hegemony, the American colonial state in the Philippines increasingly found itself beholden to the authority of the economic expert, an authority based on ! ""! its access to the seemingly natural laws of the market that both the state and the common public found illegible. Moreover, the authority of experts and their comprehension of the natural laws of the market were inextricably bound to conceptions of naturalized racial orders and hierarchies. Experts, specifically, were constantly attempting to domesticate and stabilize, through policies and institutions, antagonistic conditions of disorder and resistance expressed by the racialized living labor of colonial subjects. Consequently, racial capacities to manage money informed the supposedly universal criteria through which American colonial officials measured the potential of Filipino political authority and self-government. This universal criteria, however, was eventually appropriated by Philippine economic experts in order to challenge the utility of imperial administration and augment demands for both an autonomous monetary system and a politically independent Philippine nation-state. ! """! For Boy and Ester ! "#! Acknowledgments Throughout my writing I received an excess of unanticipated gifts, without which, this dissertation would be unrecognizable. Although I know it will be completely unjust and inadequate, I will nevertheless attempt to name and thank those that have grounded, shaped, and enabled this dissertation. First, I would like to thank the Department of History and the Graduate School at the University of Washington-Seattle for taking a chance (repeatedly through numerous years of funding) on a doctoral student from a modest background and even more modest test scores. Thank you to the Southeast Asia Center for the numerous research, language, and travel support; but especially for providing a welcoming home on campus. I really do not know how I would have navigated half of my life at UW if it were not for Sara Van Fleet and the rest of the SEAC staff. None of my archival work in the Philippines would have been possible if it were not for the material support of the Fulbright Hays Dissertation Grant. I thank Helene Obradovich in the UW Fulbright office for making sure that all the paperwork went smoothly. I am additionally indebted to the University of Michigan’s Bentley Library and the Newberry Library in Chicago, whose research fellowships not only supported a bulk of my U.S. archival work, but also changed my dissertation in significant ways. I am grateful to all the numerous library staff across the Philippines and the United States for kindly answering my queries and pulling up one last box or folder before closing. Just know that someone out there recognizes the hard work and vigilance necessary in ensuring that these archives remain alive for future generations. I also want to give a special thanks to the Third World Studies Center, who provided with me with support beyond mere affiliation during my research in Quezon City. ! #! While in the Philippines I was able to make so many new friends outside of academia that it allowed me to feel welcome in a place that was never quite my home. Despite my genealogy, being raised and identifying as Filipino American always placed me just on the margins of both the United States and the Philippines. John, Shireen, Kathy, Selena, Mike, Mick, Shinji, Francis, Fabian, Vinny, and Erwin: you were all lifelines on numerous occasions, inspiring me to always create and to keep my ears and eyes open to the unlimited possibilities of the Philippines. While in the Philippines I also met some amazing young academics and fellow travelers. I give a special thanks to Leloy Claudio and Bobby Benedicto for the liveliest and animated of intellectual conversations concerning the Philippines and beyond. I’m sure there will be plenty more to come. In the realm of academia I have incurred innumerable debts. I would like to thank Dawn Mabalon, Trevor Getz, and Chris Chekuri at San Francisco State University, for preparing me for the rigors of grad school. I especially thank Rebecca Hodges and Ari Cushner, my dear friends who drank the “kool-aid” with me and embarked on this PhD journey at the same time. I have also received plenty of intellectual guidance from those at UW and in other places, whether they were aware of it or not. I would like to thank: Celia Lowe, Ann Anagnost, Katharyne Mitchell, Christine DiStefano, Christoph Giebel, Ray Jonas, Michael Cullinane, Daniel Doeppers, Ruth Mabanglo, Teresita Ramos, Sheila Zamar, and Yoshiko Nagano. Special thanks goes to Yoshiko, for sharing drafts of her forthcoming book with a grad student. I also want to thank my Seattle graduate student circle, especially Micaela Campbell, Cheryll Alipio, Will Arighi, McKaye Caruthers, Evi Sutrisno, Julie Myers, and Mike Viola. Your advice and suggestions, at various times, have affected me greatly. ! #"! I owe an immense debt of gratitude to the following people. “Kuya” Jed Domigpe, thank you for your poise in teaching a “heritage” student to speak, write, listen, and read in Tagalog. Thank you to Kiko Benitez, your delight in scholarship was always, and continues to be, infectious. To my dissertation committee I share my warmest of appreciations. Thank you to Rick Bonus, for always taking time out of his busy schedule to give me sage advice in navigating the doctoral process. Thank you to Moon-Ho Jung for shaping the ways I consider race and labor and its possible politics. Thank you to Laurie Sears for always pushing me to be a better writer and for encouraging me to journey into ethical concerns. Thank you to Vince Rafael, for corralling my unwieldy theories over the last seven years. Oftentimes our conversations went over my head, but something would always haunt me long afterward and make perfect sense later on at the most unexpected moments. Moreover, our discussions always seemed to unlock ideas always already in my research that had not yet announced itself. I thank you most of all for your patience in encouraging me to think. Words cannot express how much Joe Guanlao, Carmel Laurino, Roger Habon, Amalia Aquino, and Meg Viera have meant to me during my time in Seattle. I am extremely lucky to have come across such generous friends, despite being such a frumpy academic hermit. None of who I am as a scholar of history would have been possible if not for the countless hours spent in graduate seminars, happy hours, birthday and dinner parties, and coffee shops, with some of the closest friends I’ve ever had. I am lucky to have crossed paths with Jon Olivera, Joe Bernardo, Marites Mendoza, Matthew Nicdao, and Chris Grorud. The voyage toward a doctorate has been turbulent and stormy, but I am glad to have gone through it collectively with you all. Incalculable gratitude belongs to all my friends and relatives past and pending. Yet I must thank my “nuclear” family, especially my siblings and siblings-in-law, Ariel, Anais, Amado Jr., ! #""! Abigail, and J.C. You all always made me feel at home, no matter where I was. Thank you to my parents, who allowed me follow my own path, and although I might have been mean or frustrated, you were always forgiving and reassuring. If it wasn’t for my nieces Alyssa, Ashley, Anjah, Amele, and my nephew Akean, I don’t know how I could have been reminded of the joyful possibilities of this world. Writing about the past leaves one with an emotional weight that is hard to lift. With your youth and cheer, you always inspired me to keep trying. Tito is very grateful. Finally to Balbir, I thank you for animating me with strength and love at times when myriad paths appeared foreclosed and when time and distance seemed unbearable. I thank you for your measureless kindness and your brilliant mind. I am forever indebted to you and the ways you stir
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