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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor (1) Demand Factor

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor (1) Demand Factor Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor (1) Demand factor • Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system • Demand factor is always less than one. • Example: if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of 300W,Than demand factor = 6000W / 3300W = 55%. • The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load. • Feeder-circuit conductors should have an ampere sufficient to carry the load; the ampere of the feeder-circuit need not always be equal to the total of all loads on all branch- circuits connected to it. Remember that the demand factor permits a feeder-circuit ampere to be less than 100% of the sum of all branch-circuit loads connected to the feeder. • Example: One Machine Shop has Fluorescent fixtures=1 No, 5kw each, Receptacle outlets =1 No, 1500w each. Lathe=1No, 10 Hp, Air Compressor=1 No, 20 Hp, Fire Pump=1 No, 15 Hp. • After questioning the customer about the various loads, the information is further deciphered as follows: 1. The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2. The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers and other small loads plugged into them. 3. The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods. The rest of the time is setup time. This procedure repeats every 15 minutes. 4. The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on about half the time. 5. The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a month after hours. Calculation: • Lighting Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor. • = (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 1.0 • Lighting Demand Load = 5 kW x 1.0 = 5 kW • Receptacle Outlet Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor • = (15 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 0.1 = 0.1 • Receptacle Outlet Demand Load = 15 x 1500 watts x 0.1 = 2.25 kW • Lathe Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor. • = (5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 =0 .33 • Lathe Demand Load = 10 hp x .746 x .33 = 2.46 kW • Air Compressor Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor. • = (7.5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 0.5 • Air Compressor Demand Load = 20 hp x .746 x .5 = 7.46 kW • Fire Pump Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor. • = (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 0.0 = 0.0 • Fire Pump Demand Load = 15 hp x .746 x 0.0 = 0.0 kW • Summary of Demand Loads : Equipment kW D.F. Demand KW Lighting 5 1 5 Receptacle Outlets 22.5 .1 2.25 Lathe 7.5 .33 2.46 Air Compressor 15 0.5 7.46 Fire Pump 11.25 0.0 0.0 TOTAL 61.25 Kw 17.17 Kw (2) Diversity factor / simultaneity factor (Ks) • Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Max. Demand. / Max. Demand on Power Station. • Diversity Factor = Installed load. / Running load. • Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max. Demand) • The load is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness). • When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add together the ratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. If this is done, a figure somewhat higher than the true maximum demand will be produced. This is because it is unlikely that all the electrical equipment on a supply will be used simultaneously. • The concept of being able to De-rate a potential maximum load to an actual maximum demand is known as the application of a diversity factor. • 70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned on. • If total installed full load ampere is twice your running load ampere then the diversity factor is two. • If total installed full load ampere is four times your load a ampere then the diversity factor is four. • If everything (all electrical equipment) was running at full load at the same time the diversity factor is equal to One • Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power. • Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the individual customers to the peak demand of the network. • This will be determined by the type of service, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial and combinations of such. • Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. The feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8. This results from the timing differences between the individual heating/cooling, appliance usages in the individual customers. • As supply availability decreases, the diversity factor will tend to increase toward 1.00. This can be demonstrated when restoring service after outages (called “cold starts”) as the system initial surge can be much greater than the historical peak loads. • Example-II: A sub-station has three outgoing feeders: 1. feeder 1 has maximum demand 10 MW at 10:00 am, 2. feeder 2 has maximum demand 12 MW at 7:00 pm and 3. feeder 3 has maximum demand 15 MW at 9:00 pm, 4. While the maximum demand of all three feeders is 33 MW at 8:00 pm. • Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15 = 37 MW, while the system maximum demand is 33 MW. The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12. The diversity factor is usually greater than 1; its value also can be 1 which indicates the maximum demand of the individual sub-system occurs simultaneously. • Diversity is the relationship between the rated full loads of the equipment downstream of a connection point, and the rated load of the connection point. To illustrate: 1. The building at these co-ordinates is fitted with a 100A main supply fuse. 2. The distribution board has 2no. 6A breakers, 1no. 20A breaker and 5no. 32A breakers, a total, potentially, of 192A. • Not all these rated loads are turned on at once. If they were, then the 100A supply fuse would rupture, as it cannot pass 192A. So the diversity factor of the distribution board can be said to be 192A/100A, or 1.92, or 52%. • Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning conservatism because of plant load growth uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a diversity factor larger than unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and transformer requirements chosen accordingly. • The diversity factor for all other installations will be different, and would be based upon a local evaluation of the loads to be applied at different moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may, on some occasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment rating that is rather larger than the local installation warrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated load current. It is better to evaluate the pattern of usage of the loads and calculate an acceptable diversity factor for each particular case. • In the case of the example given above, achieving a diversity of 1.0 or 100% would require well over twice the cross-sectional area of copper cable to be installed in a deep trench underneath a field, the rebuild of a feeder cabinet to larger dimensions, more substantial overhead supply cables for a distance exceeding 2km northwards and a different tariff, where one pays rather more for a kWh than at present. The investment required to achieve 1.0 simply isn’t justifiable in this particular case. • Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to determine the maximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process. You have to understand what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will size the feeder. Note for typical buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or have a data records to create 24 hours load graph and you can determine the maximum demand load for node then you can easily determine the feeder and transformer size. • The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individual consumers divided by the maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible to compute the diversity factor on a substation, a transmission line or a whole utility system. • The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors usually of 1.4, street light practically unity and other loads vary between these limits. Diversity Factor in distribution Network Diversity Factors Elements of System General Large Residential Commercial Power Industrial Between individual users 2.00 1.46 1.45 Between transformers 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05 Between feeders 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05 Between substations 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 From users to transformers 2.00 1.46 1.44 From users to feeder 2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15 From users to substation 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32 From users to generating station 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45 Diversity Factor for distribution switchboards Number of circuits Diversity Factor (ks) Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 0.9 4 and 5 0.8 6 to 9 0.7 10 and more 0.6 Assemblies partially tested in every case choose 1 Diversity Factor for according to circuit function (IEC 60439) Circuits Function Diversity Factor (ks) Lighting 0.9 Heating and air conditioning 0.8 Socket-outlets 0.7 Lifts and catering hoist For the most powerful motor 1 For the second most powerful motor 0.75 For all motors 0.8 Diversity Factor for an apartment block Apartment Diversity Factor (ks) 2 To 4 1 5To 19 0.78 10To 14 0.63 15To 19 0.53 20To 24 0.49 25To 29 0.46 30 To 34 0.44 35 To 39 0.42 40To 40 0.41 50 To Above 0.40 • Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
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