U.S. Electric Company Investment and Innovation in Energy Storage Leading the Way U.S

Home , AES Indiana, Base load, Black start, Load factor (electrical), Power outage, Tesla Powerwall

June 2021

Leading the Way U.S. Electric Company Investment and Innovation in Energy Storage Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Table of Contents

CASE STUDIES CenterPoint Energy (In alphabetical order by holding company) 14 Solar Plus Storage Project

AES Corporation Consolidated Edison Company of New York AES Indiana 15 Commercial Battery Storage 1 Harding Street Station Battery (Beyond Behind-the-Meter) Energy Storage System 16 Gateway Center Mall Battery 17 Ozone Park Battery Alliant Energy Dominion Energy 2 Decorah Energy Storage Project 3 Marshalltown Solar Garden and Storage 18 Bath County Pumped Storage Station 4 Sauk City Microgrid 5 Storage System Solar Demonstration Project DTE Energy 6 Wellman Battery Storage 19 EV Fast Charging-Plus-Storage Pilot

Ameren Corporation Duke Energy Ameren Illinois 20 Rock Hill Community 9 MW Battery System 7 Thebes Battery Project 21 Camp Atterbury Microgrid 22 Nabb Battery Site Avangrid New York State Electric & Gas Edison International 8 Aggregated Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage Southern California Edison 9 Distribution Circuit Deployed Battery 23 Alamitos Energy Storage Storage System Pilot Project 24 Ice Bear 25 John S. Eastwood Pumped Storage Plant Rochester Gas & Electric Corporation 26 Mira Loma Substation Battery Storage Project 10 Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging & Battery Storage System Green Mountain Power 11 Peak Shaving Pilot Project 27 Essex Solar and Storage Microgrid 28 Ferrisburgh Solar and Storage Microgrid Berkshire Hathaway Energy 29 Milton Solar and Storage Microgrid MidAmerican Energy Company Hawaiian Electric Companies 12 Knoxville Battery Energy Storage System 30 Schofield Hawaii Public Purpose Microgrid PacifiCorp – Rocky Mountain Power 13 Soleil Lofts Virtual Power Plant

i Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Liberty Utilities Georgia Power Company California 42 Georgia Power Smart Neighborhood 31 Sagehen Microgrid 43 Tech Square Microgrid

New Hampshire Unitil Corporation 32 Tesla Powerwall 2 Pilot Program 44 Virtual Power Plant Pilot Project

National Grid 33 Pulaski, New York Battery Storage System

NextEra Energy Florida Power & Light Company 34 Wynwood Energy Storage

PPL Corporation LG&E and KU Energy 35 E.W. Brown Generating Station Energy Storage Research and Demonstration Site

Public Service Enterprise Group Public Service Electric & Gas Company 36 Highland Park Landfill Solar Storage System

Sempra Energy San Diego Gas & Electric 37 El Cajon Battery Storage Project 38 GRC Energy Storage Program 39 Ramona Air Attack Base 40 Vanadium Redox Battery Storage Pilot Project

Southern Company Alabama Power Company 41 Energy Storage Research Center

ii Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Introduction

The Edison Electric Institute’s member companies - America’s investor- owned electric companies - are leading a clean energy transformation across the country, and they are committed to getting the energy they provide as clean as they can as fast as they can, without compromising on the reliability and affordability that customers value. Energy storage has a critical role to play in this transformation, and the 44 case studies in this compilation offer a glimpse into how EEI’s member companies are utilizing a variety of energy storage technologies and ownership structures to deploy energy storage systems in innovative ways that benefit customers and the energy grid. These projects are integrating renewable energy resources, improving system reliability by providing grid stability services, reducing transmission constraints, helping to manage peak demand, and meeting the unique needs of individual customers. Electric companies own and operate many different types of energy storage technologies, including pumped-hydropower, batteries, thermal, compressed air, and flywheels. While pumped hydropower represents approximately 86 percent of installed storage capacity in the United States, battery storage is a key driver of this market today. Investment in advanced energy storage is growing rapidly, with battery storage capacity quintupling between 2015 and 2020, expanding from 517 megawatts (MW) to 2,578 MW. The scalability of storage technologies enables developers to meet the unique requirements of each project, from a massive battery system designed to help manage peak demand to a behind-the-meter solution designed to meet the needs of a single customer. Electric companies are critical partners for advancing a robust, sustainable energy storage industry given their unique ability to maximize the value of energy storage for the benefit of all customers. At the same time, the role of customers and other third parties also continues to grow, prompting the diversification of ownership and business models. While laws and regu- lations vary by state, electric companies are responsible for distribution system reliability and therefore they should be able to own, procure, and operate energy storage as a tool to help deliver clean, reliable, resilient, safe, and affordable electricity to customers.

iii Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Electric Company Storage Projects by Use Case and Business Model

T or D Energy Energy Upgrade Customer Storage Storage Business Model Wholesale Market Services (Bulk and Ancillary) or Services Technology Location Deferral Harmonics, Inertia ResponseHarmonics, Inertia Black Start, Power Quality/ Power Start, Black Grid Asset Optimization Grid Asset Frequency Regulation Emergency Backup Variable Resources Microgrid Support Reserve Capacity Spinning Reserve Energy Arbitrage Voltage Support Load Shifting

Table shows Integration Operator primary and Owner secondary use cases associated with documented storage projects

AES Corporation AES Indiana: Harding Street Battery: Electric Electric Station Battery Transmission Lithium-ion Company Company O Energy Storage System Alliant Energy Decorah Energy Battery: Third Electric Distribution Storage Project Lithium-ion party Company O O O O Marshalltown Battery: Electric Electric Solar Garden Distribution Lithium-ion Company Company O O and Storage Battery: Sauk City Lithium Electric Electric Remote Microgrid Project Ferro Company Company O O Phosphate Storage System Solar Battery: Customer- Electric Electric Demonstration Lithium-ion sited Company Company O O O Project Wellman Battery Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Storage Lithium-ion Company Company O O O Ameren Corporation Ameren Illinois: Battery: Electric Electric Thebes Battery Distribution Lithium-ion Company Company O O Project

iv Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Table shows Integration Operator primary and Owner secondary use cases associated with documented storage projects

Avangrid Customer- New York State sited, Electric & Gas: Battery: aggregated Electric Electric Aggregated Lithium-ion to operate at Company Company O O O Behind-the- distribution Meter Storage level New York State Electric & Gas: Distribution Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Circuit Deployed Lithium-ion Company Company O O O O Battery Storage System Pilot Rochester Gas & Electric: Integrated EV Battery: Customer- Electric Electric Charging & Lithium-ion sited Company Company O Battery Storage System Rochester Gas & Electric: Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Peak Shaving Lithium-ion Company Company O O O Pilot Project Berkshire Hathaway Energy MidAmerican Battery: Energy Company: Lithium Electric Electric Knoxville Distribution Ferro Company Company O O O Battery Energy Phosphate Storage System Pacificorp – Battery: Rocky Mountain Lithium Customer- Electric Third Power: Soleil Ferro sited Company party O O O O O Lofts Virtual Phosphate Power Plant CenterPoint Energy Solar Plus Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Storage Project Lithium-ion Company Company O O O O

v Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Table shows Integration Operator primary and Owner secondary use cases associated with documented storage projects

Consolidated Edison Company of New York Commercial Customer- Battery Storage Battery: Third Third sited, front- (Beyond Behind- Lithium-ion party party O O O of-the-meter the-Meter) Customer- Gateway Center Battery: Third Third sited, front- Mall Battery Lithium-ion party party O O of-the-meter Ozone Park Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Battery Lithium-ion Company Company O O O Dominion Energy Bath County Pumped- Electric Electric Pumped Storage Transmission hydro Company Company O O O Station DTE Energy EV Fast Battery: Behind- Charging-Plus- Customer Customer Lithium-ion the-meter O O O Storage Pilot Duke Energy Rock Hill Community 9 Battery: Electric Electric Distribution MW Battery Lithium-ion Company Company O O System Camp Atterbury Customer- Electric Electric Battery Microgrid sited Company Company O O O O O Electric Electric Nabb Battery Site Battery Distribution Company Company O O O Edison International Southern California Battery: Third Third Generation Edison: Alamitos Lithium-ion party party O O O Energy Storage

vi Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Table shows Integration Operator primary and Owner secondary use cases associated with documented storage projects

Southern Customer- Electric Third California Edison: Thermal sited Company party O O Ice Bear Southern California Edison: Pumped- Electric Electric John S. Eastwood Distribution hydro Company Company O O Pumped Storage Station Southern California Edison: Mira Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Loma Substation Lithium-ion Company Company O O Battery Storage Project Green Mountain Power Essex Solar Battery: Third Third and Storage Distribution Lithium-ion party party O O O O Microgrid

Ferrisburgh Solar Battery: Third Third and Storage Distribution Lithium-ion party party O O O O Microgrid

Milton Solar Battery: Third Third and Storage Distribution Lithium-ion party party O O O O Microgrid Hawaiian Electric Companies Schofield Hawaii Electric Electric Public Purpose - Distribution Company Company O O O Microgrid Liberty Utilities Battery: California: Lithium Electric Electric Sagehen Distribution Ferro Company Company O O O O O Microgrid Phosphate

vii Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Table shows Integration Operator primary and Owner secondary use cases associated with documented storage projects

New Hampshire: Battery: Customer- Electric Electric Tesla Powerwall Lithium-ion sited Company Company O O O 2 Pilot Program National Grid Pulaski, New Battery: Electric Electric York Battery Distribution Lithium-ion Company Company O O Storage System NextEra Energy Florida Power & Light Company: Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Wynwood Lithium-ion Company Company O O O O Energy Storage PPL Corporation LG&E and KU Energy: E.W. Brown Generating Battery: Electric Electric Station Energy Distribution Lithium-ion Company Company O O O O Storage Research and Demonstration Site Public Service Electric & Gas Company Highland Park Battery: Electric Electric Landfill Solar Distribution Lithium-ion Company Company O O Storage System Sempra Energy San Diego Gas & Electric: El Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Cajon Battery Lithium-ion Company Company O Storage Project San Diego Gas & Electric: GRC Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Energy Storage Lithium-ion Company Company O O O O O Program

viii Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

Table shows Integration Operator primary and Owner secondary use cases associated with documented storage projects

San Diego Gas & Electric: Ramona Battery: Electric Electric Distribution Air Attack Base Lithium-ion Company Company O O Microgrid San Diego Gas & Electric: Battery: Electric Third Vanadium Redox Vanadium Distribution Company party O Battery Storage Redox Pilot Project Southern Company Battery: Alabama Power Lithium- Company: Electric Electric ion and Distribution Energy Storage Company Company O Vanadium Research Center Redox Georgia Power Company: Battery: Customer- Electric Electric Georgia Lithium-ion sited Company Company O O Power Smart Neighborhood Georgia Power Battery: Customer- Electric Third Company: Tech Lithium-ion sited Company party O O O Square Microgrid Unitil Corporation Virtual Power Battery: Customer- Electric Electric Plant Pilot Lithium-ion sited Company Company O O O Project

ix Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ AES Corporation – AES Indiana

LOCATION Harding Street Station ¡ Indianapolis, Indiana

Battery Energy PROJECT Storage Array OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company owned and operated The Harding Street Station Battery Energy Storage Array has a modular ¡ Energy Storage design comprised of eight 2.5 Location: megawatt cores totaling 97,600 Transmission— lithium-ion batteries. More than 138 KV line 20,000 data points in each core are monitored and controlled through ¡ Technology: software. The system helps balance Lithium-ion grid frequency by instantaneously adding or removing energy from the ¡ Size: energy grid as needed, automati- 20 MW/20 MWh cally delivering frequency control ¡ Duration: services without the need for 01:00 (HH:MM) dispatch or human intervention. AES Indiana’s Harding Street Station Battery Energy Storage Array is ¡ Services: the first energy storage system in the United States to provide primary Primary frequency frequency response. This service mitigates deviations from the nominal response, frequency frequency of 60 hertz. Deviations from 60 hertz can cause problems with regulation process equipment, computers, lighting, and electric motors. If deviations ¡ are prolonged and/or of sufficient magnitude, power plants can stop oper- Operation Start: ating, which can lead to brownouts or blackouts. Advanced technologies May 2016 like the Harding Street Station Battery Energy Storage Array benefit AES Indiana’s customers with safe and reliable service, ensuring the resilience of the energy grid. AES Indiana received the 2017 Project of the Year award from POWERGRID International for this facility.

1 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Alliant Energy

LOCATION Decorah Energy ¡ Decorah, Iowa Storage Project PROJECT OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: Alliant Energy built the 2.5 mega- Alliant Energy-owned, watt/2.922 megawatt hour system 10-year operations and on a circuit in Decorah, Iowa, that maintenance contract soon will reach capacity as increas- with EnelX, which ingly more customers install private developed the project solar. The system helps increase the reliability, resilience, and ¡ Energy Storage hosting capacity of the local Location: energy grid by storing excess solar Distribution power generated during the day and releasing it during the evening ¡ Technology: peak demand period. The system Lithium-ion, NMC also regulates voltage through its Chemistry (Samsung) voltage variation function, and its ¡ oversized inverter provides increased variation capability. Size: 2.5 MW/2.922 MWh Alliant Energy partnered with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Iowa Economic Development Authority (IDEA) to build this battery ¡ Duration: storage solution and secured a $250,000 cost-share from DOE and a 01:00 (HH:MM) $200,000 cost-share from IDEA. DOE also provided technical support through Sandia National Laboratories, which continuously collects data ¡ Services: from the project to inform its national energy storage research. Distribution system upgrade, increase hosting capacity, voltage regulation, real power flow regulation—peak load and renewables shifting

¡ Operation Start: 2020

2 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Alliant Energy

LOCATION Marshalltown ¡ Marshalltown, Iowa

Solar Garden PROJECT OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: Alliant Energy installed a 250 Electric company kilowatt/548 kilowatt hour battery owned and operated energy storage system at its solar garden in Marshalltown, Iowa. The ¡ Energy Storage solar system began generating Location: power in February 2020 and the Distribution storage system came online in October 2020. The battery is Alliant ¡ Technology: Energy’s first storage system directly Solar array, connected to universal solar. The lithium-ion battery solar panels charge the battery during the day, and the battery ¡ Size: discharges after the sun goes down. Solar – 2.55 MW; The 548 kilowatt hour battery can Battery – 250 power 200 homes for two hours. kW/548 kWh ¡ Duration: 02:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Renewable integration, energy time shift

¡ Operation Start: October 2020

3 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Alliant Energy

LOCATION Sauk City Microgrid ¡ Sauk City, Wisconsin

Project PROJECT OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: Alliant Energy built the Sauk City Electric company microgrid at a Wisconsin state park owned and operated to provide electricity to two remote Wisconsin Department of Natural ¡ Energy Storage Resources (DNR) park buildings. Location: The microgrid replaced an over- Remote – not head line that connected the connected to buildings to the distribution grid. distribution system As the line neared replacement, Alliant Energy collaborated with ¡ Technology: DNR staff and found that installing Solar array, lithium ferro a solar and battery microgrid would phosphate battery cut costs in half. Alliant Energy energized the microgrid in early ¡ Size: 2020. The microgrid consists of a 6 kilowatt solar array and a 16 kilowatt/42 Solar – 6 kW; kilowatt hour battery that are not connected to the distribution system, Battery – 16 kW/42 kWh operating separately from the grid. The system powers lighting and a water ¡ Duration: pump. The microgrid also serves as a pilot project that Alliant Energy can 02:00 (HH:MM) study and use as a model to develop similar solutions going forward. ¡ Services: Electric service reliability in remote location, distribution system upgrade replacement

¡ Operation Start: 2020

4 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Alliant Energy

LOCATION Storage System Solar ¡ Madison, Wisconsin

Demonstration Project PROJECT (Part of Integrated Grid Pilot Projects) OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company owned and operated Alliant Energy’s lithium-ion battery, connected to ground-level and building-mounted solar panels, supports the company’s broader collaborative ¡ Energy Storage demonstration effort, in partnership with the Electric Power Research Location: Institute (EPRI), to install more than three dozen unique renewable energy Customer-sited features such as electric vehicle charging stations. The project lowers at Alliant Energy electric bills in its Madison headquarters by storing energy during low-cost headquarters times and discharging it during peak periods. ¡ Phase I of the project included several ground-level and building-mounted Technology: solar panels, solar parking canopies covering nearly 50 parking spaces, 13 Solar array, electric vehicle charging stations, solar café tables, and a battery energy lithium-ion battery storage system to support the various solar activities. ¡ Size: The purpose of the project is to research solar technology. While the data Solar – 0.3 MW; is being collected, solar generation and energy storage are used for elec- Storage – 250 tric bill management and energy time shift. kW/500kWh

¡ Duration: 02:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Research of renewable energy implementation, electric bill management, energy time shift

¡ Operation Start: 2016

5 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Alliant Energy

LOCATION Wellman Battery Storage ¡ Wellman, Iowa

PROJECT Alliant Energy built this battery OVERVIEW storage project in Wellman, Iowa, near residential customers with ¡ Business Model: private solar panels. The battery Electric company works as a buffer to balance power owned and operated fluctuations caused by changes from the intensity of the sun and to ¡ Energy Storage provide stable electricity. By Location: installing this battery, Alliant Distribution Energy enabled private solar ¡ generation and substituted the Technology: battery for traditional lines, poles, Lithium-ion, NCM and other equipment, which would Chemistry (Tesla) have doubled costs. When fully ¡ Size: charged, the battery can store enough energy to power nearly 650 homes 684 kW/2.65 MWh for four hours. In the future, Alliant Energy could use the battery to form a microgrid using local behind-the-meter generation. ¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Voltage regulation, renewable integration, increase hosting capacity, distribution system upgrade deferral

¡ Operation Start: 2019

6 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Ameren Corporation – Ameren Illinois

Thebes Battery Project LOCATION ¡ Thebes, Illinois

Ameren Illinois installed the battery energy storage system in Thebes, PROJECT Illinois, to provide additional OVERVIEW resilience and reliability to the ¡ Business Model: community. The town is surrounded Electric company by rough terrain and is served by a owned and operated single distribution line located in a national forest. Because of its ¡ Energy Storage location, power outage restorations Location: are more difficult and time-con- Distribution suming than in most communities. In the event of an outage, the ¡ Technology: system automatically supplies Lithium-ion power to customers in the area until crews can inspect upstream equipment. Construction of the project took ¡ Size: about six weeks, and customers on the circuit now experience fewer and 1 MW/1 MWh shorter outages. ¡ Duration: 01:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Reliability, resiliency, black start

¡ Operation Start: 2017

7 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Avangrid – New York State Electric & Gas

Aggregated Behind-the- LOCATION Meter Energy Storage ¡ Ithaca, New York PROJECT OVERVIEW New York State Electric & Gas’s (NYSEG) Aggregated Behind-the-Meter (BTM) Energy Storage project is a New York Reforming the Energy Vision ¡ Business Model: (REV) demonstration project and supports the company’s broader collabo- Electric company rative REV efforts. Its goal is to examine how energy storage reduces indi- owned and operated vidual commercial customer demand and to aggregate individual energy storage systems to provide circuit and substation level peak reduction. ¡ Energy Storage The project is located near Ithaca within NYSEG’s Energy Smart Commu- Location: nity where the company is testing future grid technologies to establish Customer-sited best practices. ¡ Technology: NYSEG expects the BTM project to result in an increased understanding of Lithium-ion how energy storage can support individual customers as well as the needs of the electric distribution grid. NYSEG partnered with Tesla to install ¡ Size: six commercial storage facilities of varying sizes BTM. Between 2018 6 systems totaling and 2020, Tesla installed five battery sites. The sixth and final site was 765 kW/3,080 kWh completed in November 2020, allowing the company to test the aggrega- ¡ tion capabilities and benefits. Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM) NYSEG will continue to collect operational data, evaluate lessons learned, and review best practices for the benefit of its customers and the energy grid. ¡ Services: Customer energy demand management, aggregated demand response for market participation, circuit, and system peak reduction

¡ Operation Start: 2 systems at the end of 2018, 4 systems in 2020

8 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Avangrid – New York State Electric & Gas

Distribution Circuit LOCATION Deployed Battery ¡ Ithaca, New York PROJECT Storage System OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Pilot Project Electric company owned and operated

The Distribution Circuit Deployed Battery Storage System supports New ¡ Energy Storage York State Electric & Gas’s (NYSEG’s) overall vision for developing and Location: integrating beneficial energy storage. The pilot project seeks to demon- Distribution strate how to effectively integrate, operate, and optimize the value of a ¡ Technology: distribution circuit deployed energy storage system. Lithium-ion NYSEG strategically installed the 477 kilowatt/1,890 kilowatt hour energy storage system on a distribution circuit in Ithaca, N.Y., located within ¡ Size: the Energy Smart Community where the company is testing future grid 477 kW/1,890 kWh technologies to establish best practices. The pilot project allows for the ¡ battery to charge during off-peak periods and discharge during high Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM) loading periods to improve circuit efficiency. The pilot project will evaluate daily load leveling, the impact on daily circuit peak load reduction, ¡ Services: circuit voltage regulation, and demand response effectiveness. NYSEG Daily circuit peak is piloting this energy storage system on an unconstrained circuit which demand reduction provides the operational flexibility to test the use cases independent of and load shaping, operational restrictions. maintain circuit loading with its rating, voltage regulation

¡ Operation Start: 2018

9 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Avangrid – Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)

LOCATION

Integrated Electric ¡ Rochester, New York Vehicle Charging & PROJECT Battery Storage System OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company Rochester Gas & Electric’s (RG&E) Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging & owned and operated Battery Storage System project is a New York Reforming the Energy Vision ¡ (REV) demonstration project and supports the company’s broader collabo- Energy Storage rative REV efforts. In 2018, RG&E installed a 150 kilowatt/600 kilowatt hour Location: energy storage system, two DC fast chargers and five level-two chargers Customer-sited at its Scottsville Road Operations Center in Rochester, N.Y. RG&E will be ¡ Technology: able to simulate electric vehicle (EV) fleet usage at this operations center to Lithium-ion improve the understanding of fleet demand charge management. RG&E seeks to demonstrate how battery storage can improve EV ¡ Size: economics, minimize the impact of EVs to the grid, and integrate energy 150 kW/600 kWh storage with EV chargers to manage cost impacts and optimize value ¡ Duration: for customers. RG&E is using this project for building and circuit demand 04:00 (HH:MM) reduction, building load factor improvement, and demand response. As of the end of 2020, RG&E was validating hypothesis and collecting data. ¡ Services: Building/circuit demand reduction, building load factor improvement, demand response

¡ Operation Start: 2018

10 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Avangrid – Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)

Peak Shaving LOCATION Pilot Project ¡ Farmington, New York PROJECT OVERVIEW At this 2.2 megawatt/8.8 megawatt hour battery storage system at a substation located in Farmington, N.Y., Rochester Gas & Electric set out to ¡ Business Model: study the potential of energy storage as an alternative solution to mitigate Electric company an expected capacity deficiency, improve power quality, and demonstrate owned and operated the value of additional battery technology capabilities. ¡ Energy Storage The first use case for this pilot project is substation peak demand reduc- Location: tion, which is needed to reduce transformer peak loading several times Distribution per year in the summer months. The second goal of the pilot is to reduce power quality issues for the customer. Since the battery storage system ¡ Technology: was installed, the RG&E customer data center has not had any reported Lithium-ion power quality issues. The final goal is to test the ability of the battery to reduce operation and maintenance cycles and costs. The system ¡ Size: decreases the frequency with which the load-tap-changer, a mechanism 2.2 MW/8.8 MWh to adjust circuit voltage based on load, operates. To date, the battery has ¡ reduced the load-tap-changer frequency by nearly 10 percent, resulting in Duration: less frequent maintenance on the load-tap-changer. 04:00 (HH:MM) Through energy storage demonstrations and pilots such as the Peak ¡ Services: Shaving Pilot Project, RG&E is testing emerging technology to deliver elec- Substation peak tric distribution system benefits translating to savings for its customers. demand reduction, reduction of customer experienced power quality issues, reduced operations and maintenance cycles and costs

¡ Operation Start: 2018

11 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Berkshire Hathaway Energy – MidAmerican Knoxville Battery Energy Company Energy Storage System LOCATION ¡ Knoxville, Iowa

MidAmerican Energy partnered with Invenergy to deploy a 1 PROJECT megawatt/4 megawatt hour OVERVIEW lithium-iron phosphate battery ¡ system at a distribution substation Business Model: Electric company in Knoxville, Iowa. MidAmerican owned and operated Energy is using this project as a pilot to test the effectiveness of ¡ Energy Storage pairing storage with wind genera- Location: tion and to learn how energy Distribution storage best serves its customers. The battery charges when demand ¡ Technology: is low and the supply of wind Lithium-iron phosphate power is high, and discharges during periods of peak demand. This creates cost savings and enhances ¡ Size: MidAmerican Energy’s ability to provide low-cost, renewable energy to its 1 MW/4 MWh customers. The system can power nearly 900 homes for up to four hours. ¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Energy arbitrage and time-shift, voltage support

¡ Operation Start: December 2018

12 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Berkshire Hathaway Energy – PacifiCorp – Soleil Lofts Virtual Rocky Mountain Power Power Plant LOCATION ¡ Herriman, Utah

Rocky Mountain Power (RMP) partnered with real estate company PROJECT Wasatch Group and energy storage OVERVIEW manufacturer Sonnen to develop a ¡ first-of-its-kind electric compa- Business Model: Third-party owned, ny-managed residential solar-plus- electric company storage development, and the operated largest to-date residential battery demand response project in the ¡ Energy Storage United States. The Soleil Lofts Location: apartment community is all-elec- Customer-sited tric. Each of the 600 units has an 8 kilowatt/20 kilowatt hour battery, ¡ Technology: which can provide backup power Private and universal for multiple days depending on the solar with Sonnen time of year and customer electricity usage. Residents’ batteries are ecoLinx lithium iron charged by 5.2 megawatts of private solar. Wasatch owns the solar and phosphate batteries storage, while RMP aggregates the batteries and solar to form a virtual power plant (VPP) that it can use to manage peak usage and renewable ¡ Size: energy on the energy grid. RMP also will utilize the VPP for smart grid Solar – 5.2 MW; applications, such as peak load management, frequency response, Storage – 5 contingency reserves, and daily load cycling. MW/12.6 MWh ¡ Duration: 02:30 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Backup power, smart grid demand response, frequency response, contingency reserves, daily peak load reduction

¡ Operation Start: 2020

13 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ CenterPoint Energy

LOCATION Solar Plus Storage ¡ Evansville, Indiana

System PROJECT OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: When CenterPoint Energy’s Indiana Electric company electric territory completed its 2018 owned and operated Integrated Resource Plan, the preferred portfolio showed a future ¡ Energy Storage less reliant on coal. As part of the Location: plan to add more renewables to its Distribution electric generation portfolio, CenterPoint Energy selected two ¡ Technology: sites in its southwestern Indiana Lithium-ion electric distribution footprint, which serves approximately 145,000 ¡ Size: customers, for a pilot project of 4 1 MW/4 MWh megawatts of solar electric genera- ¡ Duration: tion. One of the sites chosen also 04:00 (HH:MM) includes a lithium-ion 1 megawatt/4 megawatt hour battery – discharging 1 megawatt maximum output for four hours. The battery currently is ¡ Services: programmed to charge when the sun comes up and to discharge in the Renewable integration, afternoon to help alleviate peak load periods. It currently only is charged peak shifting, frequency from the solar panels. It can perform several different control functions, control, voltage control including voltage control, frequency control, and peak load shifting. When factors such as cloud cover prohibit solar output, the battery can be used ¡ Operation Start: to avoid load swings. 2019

14 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY ¡ Consolidated Edison – Consolidated Edison Company of New York Commercial Battery LOCATION Storage ¡ Various sites within New York City, (Beyond Behind-the-Meter) including Staten Island, Bronx, and Queens

Con Edison is implementing demonstration projects to test new business PROJECT models and technologies that can benefit customers and contribute to OVERVIEW a clean energy future. The Commercial Battery Storage project placed 1 megawatt hour batteries at four customer properties selected by Con ¡ Business Model: Edison’s partner, GI Energy, where Con Edison’s distribution system Third-party owned needs support. and operated (GI The host customers receive quarterly lease payments. Con Edison has a Energy), with Con five-year contract with GI Energy that gives the electric company the right Edison contract for grid of first dispatch. This “storage-as-a-service” model provides Con Edison support and wholesale with peak shaving and voltage support in areas of need. When Con Edison market revenues is not calling the battery, the developer bids the asset into the wholesale ¡ Energy Storage markets, and splits the net revenue with Con Edison. The customer, devel- Location: oper, electric company, and the grid all benefit from this unique sharing of Customer-sited, front- costs and revenues. of-the-meter system The project explores an alternative to more traditional “behind-the-meter” batteries that customers would own to reduce their need for grid power at ¡ Technology: peak times and to save money on the associated demand charges. This Lithium-ion traditional behind-the-meter storage model has limited market potential ¡ Size: because the economics work for only a small number of customers – 4 MW/4 MWh across those with high, but short, demand peaks. The model also provides only 4 properties (1 nominal benefit to the electric company unless a participating customer is MW/1 MWh each) in a distribution deferral area. The Commercial Battery Storage project seeks to open the market for ¡ Duration at customer-sited storage systems by placing them in front of the meter via a rated power: simple lease-for-space transaction. 01:00 (HH:MM) ¡ Services: Peak load shaving, voltage support, frequency regulation

¡ Operation Start: February 2020

15 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY ¡ Consolidated Edison – Consolidated Edison Company of New York Gateway Center LOCATION Mall Battery ¡ Brooklyn, New York

In 2014, Con Edison set out to defer the need to build a $1.2 billion substa- PROJECT tion through implementation of non-traditional solutions under the Brooklyn- OVERVIEW Queens Demand Management Program (BQDM). The program provides ¡ Business Model: flexible alternatives to infrastructure upgrades in grid-constrained areas Third-party owned through a portfolio of customer- and electric company-side measures, and operated including energy storage, energy efficiency, and voltage optimization. As part of BQDM, Enel X installed the largest customer-sited, front-of-the- ¡ Energy Storage meter battery system in New York City. This 4.8 megawatt/16.4 megawatt Location: hour lithium-ion system at the Gateway Center Mall in East New York, Customer-sited, front- Brooklyn, has provided peak load reduction to the local distribution of-the-meter system system since the summer of 2019. It also provides demand response ¡ services, which helps increase grid reliability and reduces the need for Technology: power from less-efficient peaking plants during periods of high demand. Lithium-ion ¡ Size: 4.8 MW/16.4 MWh

¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Network peak load relief and demand response

¡ Operation Start: 2019

16 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY ¡ Consolidated Edison – Consolidated Edison Company of New York Ozone Park Battery LOCATION

¡ Brooklyn, New York In 2014, Con Edison set out to defer the need to build a $1.2 billion substation through implementation of non-traditional solutions under the Brook- lyn-Queens Demand Management Program (BQDM). BQDM includes third- PROJECT party systems like the Gateway Center Mall battery and the Ozone Park OVERVIEW battery, which is electric company-owned, to reliably serve customers. ¡ The Ozone Park, Queens, battery system started operation in early 2019. Business Model: Con Edison has relied on the unit for peak load shaving in the summer Electric company months since operation commenced. By taking stress off the local distri- owned and operated bution system at peak times, the system enhances reliability. The system, ¡ Energy Storage which is on substation property, also played an integral role in helping Location: the company maintain service through a transmission contingency in the Distribution summer of 2020. Con Edison is upgrading the system to meet New York Independent System Operator requirements for additional grid services ¡ Technology: such as frequency regulation. Lithium-ion Completed in partnership with Renewable Energy Solutions and BYD, the ¡ Size: $15.5 million project includes a total of 2,240 batteries - eight containers 2 MW/11.1 MWh with 280 lithium-iron phosphate batteries each and a switch gear container. The system is the first electric company-owned, lithium-ion ¡ Duration: storage project of its size in New York City. 05:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Distribution deferral, peak load shaving, frequency regulation

¡ Operation Start: 2019

17 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Dominion Energy

LOCATION Bath County Pumped ¡ Bath County, Virginia

Storage Station PROJECT OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: The Bath County Pumped Storage Electric company Station is the largest pumped- owned and operated hydro storage facility in the world and the 10th largest power plant in ¡ Energy Storage the United States. When operating Location: at full capacity, the facility Transmission produces 3,000 megawatts, enough electricity to power nearly ¡ Technology: 750,000 homes for up to 10 hours. Pumped-hydro The station is comprised of upper and lower reservoirs connected by ¡ Size: tunnels under a mountain. During 3,003 MW/24,000 MWh periods of high demand, water is ¡ Duration: released into the lower reservoir, 08:00 (HH:MM) generating electricity. When demand is low, the generators are reversed, becoming electric motors and pumping water back into the upper reser- ¡ Services: voir. The station can go from idle to generating at full capacity in as few as Energy arbitrage, 15 minutes. Dominion Energy upgraded the station’s six turbines between capacity 2004 and 2009, increasing each turbine’s capacity to 500.5 megawatts. Dominion Energy also uses the station in conjunction with the Virginia ¡ Operation Start: Department of Game and Inland Fisheries to help maintain the environ- 1985 mental quality of the local watershed, releasing water into nearby streams during droughts.

18 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ DTE Energy

EV Fast Charging- LOCATION Plus-Storage Pilot ¡ Auburn Hills, Michigan PROJECT OVERVIEW In February 2020, DTE Energy deployed two electric vehicle fast ¡ Business Model: charging stations paired with 120 Customer owned kilowatt hour batteries at a Meijer and operated grocery store in Auburn Hills, Mich. DTE Energy is using this ¡ Energy Storage battery/charger pairing to study Location: customer behavior and to deter- Customer-sited, behind- mine if storage can reduce infra- the-meter system structure investment or improve ¡ Size: the economics of fast charging 150 kW/120 kWh stations. The batteries primarily will be used for demand charge ¡ Duration: management, but also will provide 00:48 (HH:MM) learnings for demand response capabilities and transmission and distribution deferral potential. ¡ Services: Demand charge management, testing applicability as T&D upgrade deferral project

¡ Operation Start: 2020

19 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Duke Energy

LOCATION

¡ Asheville, North Rock Hill Community Carolina

9 MW Battery System PROJECT OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: Duke Energy’s 9 megawatt battery energy storage system in the Rock Hill Electric company Community of Asheville, N. C., came online in August 2020. It provides owned and operated support services to the energy grid, including frequency regulation and peaking support. The project is part of Duke Energy’s ongoing Western ¡ Energy Storage Carolinas Modernization Plan, which will upgrade the grid in the region to Location: meet the region’s future power demands. The plan was developed using Distribution input from stakeholders. ¡ Technology: Lithium-ion

¡ Size: 9 MW/9 MWh

¡ Duration: 01:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Power quality, peaking support, frequency regulation

¡ Operation Start: 2020

20 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Duke Energy

LOCATION Camp Atterbury ¡ Edinburgh, Indiana PROJECT Microgrid OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company Duke Energy partnered with the Indiana National Guard and Doosan owned and operated GridTech to build this solar-plus-storage microgrid at Camp Atterbury. The system came online in 2020 and is interconnected at Duke Energy’s ¡ Energy Storage distribution substation located on the base. During normal operations, Location: the microgrid provides benefits such as frequency regulation, demand Customer-sited response, and solar firming to customers in the area and to the Midcon- tinent Independent System Operator. In the event of a grid outage, the ¡ Technology: microgrid will island itself from the main grid and continue to provide Solar array, power to critical facilities on the base. Duke Energy expects the energy lithium-ion battery storage asset to come online in Spring 2021. ¡ Size: Solar – 2 MW; Storage – 5 MW/5 MWh

¡ Duration: 01:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Frequency regulation, grid reliability and stability, backup power

¡ Operation Start: Solar: 2019; Storage: 2021

21 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Duke Energy

LOCATION Nabb Battery Site ¡ Nabb, Indiana PROJECT OVERVIEW The Nabb energy storage project is part of Duke Energy’s strategy to own, operate, and integrate distributed energy technologies like energy storage ¡ Business Model: for customer benefit. The Nabb substation, which serves a community in Electric company Southern Indiana, was identified as a strategic location to deploy a battery owned and operated to realize the benefits of energy storage. The investment will enable Duke Energy Indiana to enhance the reliability of the community in a cost- ¡ Energy Storage effective way and defer the immediate need of additional wires to support Location: enhanced reliability (a 69kW feeder). Additionally, the grid-tied battery will Distribution serve the Midcontinent Independent System Operator market, providing ¡ benefits to the bulk power system and benefits to the local distribution Technology: system, which positively impacts all Duke Energy Indiana customers. Lithium-ion ¡ Size: 5 MW/5 MWh

¡ Duration: 01:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Upgrade deferral, frequency regulation, backup power

¡ Operation Start: 2020

22 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Edison International – Southern California Edison

Alamitos Energy LOCATION Storage ¡ Long Beach, California

PROJECT Southern California Edison (SCE) procures energy and capacity from the OVERVIEW Alamitos battery installation through a 20-year power purchase agreement with AES Corporation, which owns and operates it at the Alamitos ¡ Business Model: Energy Center. The system provides power flexibility and reliability to SCE Power purchase customers. With 100 megawatts of capacity, the system can supply power agreement with AES to tens of thousands of homes within milliseconds. While the system was procured and built specifically to provide power during periods of peak ¡ Energy Storage demand, it also supports grid modernization, helps integrate renewable Location: generation into the grid, and lowers costs for customers. The project also Generation; directly helps reduce carbon emissions and it is part of a broader effort to replace injects energy aging peaking plants with cleaner sources of electricity. to the grid ¡ Technology: Lithium-ion

¡ Size: 100 MW/400 MWh

¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Capacity, energy, renewable integration

¡ Operation Start: 2020

23 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Edison International – Southern California Edison

Ice Bear LOCATION

¡ Southern California In 2014, Southern California Edison (SCE) contracted with thermal storage solution provider Ice Energy for 21.6 megawatts of thermal storage capacity. SCE awarded the 20-year power purchase agreement contract PROJECT through a competitive process, and SCE procured a total of 250 mega- OVERVIEW watts of storage capacity, five times more than the minimum required by ¡ Business Model: the California Public Utility Commission. Power purchase Ice Energy deployed more than 1,200 of its Ice Bear thermal battery agreement with systems from 2018 to 2020. Ice Bears use low-cost electricity to freeze Ice Bear water when demand for air conditioning is low and use the stored ice to provide cooling for up to six hours during peak hours. Under the program, ¡ Energy Storage participating commercial customers in SCE’s service territory were eligible Location: to have free Ice Bears installed on their properties. The Ice Bears help Customer-sited these customers manage high demand, while providing SCE with real-time ¡ visibility and control of the storage resource for load-shifting and dispatch Technology: optimization. Ice Energy announced the completion of the first phase—an Thermal installation of approximately 100 units of 1.9 megawatts—in February of ¡ Size: 2019. Each Ice Bear is expected to reduce up to 10 tons of carbon dioxide ~1,200 units, emissions per year. totaling 21.6 MW of energy storage

¡ Duration: Up to 6 hours

¡ Primary service: Peak load management, grid stability and flexibility

¡ Available Since: 2019

24 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Edison International – Southern California Edison

John S. Eastwood LOCATION Pumped Storage Plant ¡ Shaver Lake, California

PROJECT Southern California Edison’s (SCE’s) OVERVIEW John S. Eastwood Pumped Storage Plant began operation in 1911 and ¡ Business Model: is located 1,000 feet under the Electric company Sierra Nevada mountains. During owned and operated periods of high demand, water is released from the upper reservoir ¡ Energy Storage to the lower reservoir, generating Location: electricity. When demand is low, Transmission the station uses electricity to pump ¡ Technology: water back into its upper reservoir. Pumped-hydro While many pumped-hydro stations supply electricity during the day ¡ Size: and recharge at night, the East- 200 MW/2,700 MWh wood station may charge during the day as well to avoid curtailing excess wind and solar generation. The facility is part of the Big Creek Hydroelec- ¡ Duration: tric Project that provides up to 5 percent of SCE customers’ power. Per 13:30 (HH:MM) the California Energy Commission, the facility stored and released 255 gigawatt hours of energy in 2019. ¡ Services: Energy arbitrage, renewable curtailment avoidance

¡ Operation Start: 1987

25 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Edison International – Southern California Edison

Mira Loma Substation LOCATION Battery Storage Project ¡ Ontario, California

PROJECT Southern California Edison (SCE) OVERVIEW partnered with Tesla to install a 20-megawatt battery energy ¡ Business Model: storage system at its Mira Loma Electric company substation in 2016. The battery owned and operated charges when there is excess renewable energy, and discharges ¡ Energy Storage during periods of peak demand. Location: The system instantaneously Distribution responds to increased demand, ¡ Technology: providing a buffer while other Lithium-ion peaking resources are brought online. SCE accepted Tesla’s bid in ¡ Size: September 2016 and the project 20 MW/80 MWh came online before the end of the year. The largest battery energy storage system in the world at the time of its installation, it can store up to 80 mega- ¡ Duration: watt hours of energy, enough to power 15,000 homes for four hours. 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Energy arbitrage, renewables integration, ramping

¡ Operation Start: 2016

26 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Green Mountain Power

LOCATION ¡ Essex, Vermont Essex Solar and PROJECT Storage Microgrid OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company One of five Green Mountain Power (GMP) solar-plus-storage projects, the owned and operated Essex microgrid combines a 4.5 megawatt solar array that includes 18,326 ¡ Energy Storage solar panels with 2 megawatts of battery storage capacity on 25 acres of Location: land previously used as a sand pit. The project was approved by Vermont Distribution regulators in January 2019 and came online in September 2019. GMP has partnered with solar company Green Lantern Development on the project ¡ Technology: construction. Solar array, The integrated solar and battery system reduces overall system costs Tesla Powerpack for GMP customers by providing solar-generated electricity at a lower battery system price than most other solar sources installed in the state. The system ¡ also provides additional energy grid services such as peak load manage- Battery Size: ment and frequency regulation. The solar and storage facility is designed Solar – 4.5 MW; with the potential to island from the distribution system in the event of a Storage – 2 MW/8 MWh power outage or disruption using only inverter-based sources. This future ¡ Duration: enhancement will provide resiliency to the subset of Essex customers 04:00 (HH:MM) directly served by this circuit. The solar array provides approximately 8,000 megawatt hours of electricity annually. ¡ Services: . Peak load management, frequency regulation services, renewable energy integration, energy arbitrage, resilience

¡ Operation Start: September 2019

27 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Green Mountain Power

LOCATION

¡ Ferrisburgh, Vermont

Ferrisburgh Solar and PROJECT Storage Microgrid OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company One of five Green Mountain Power solar-plus-storage projects, the Ferris- owned and operated burgh site combines a 5 megawatt solar array that includes 16,848 solar ¡ Energy Storage panels with 2 megawatts of battery storage on 40 acres of land. Vermont Location: regulators approved the project in February 2019 and it commenced oper- Distribution ation in September 2019. The solar and storage facility is designed with the potential to disconnect from the main grid, islanding the customers ¡ Technology: on the circuit and providing them with power using only inverter-based Solar array, sources. During normal operation, the project provides energy and Tesla Powerpack capacity at lower-than-average prices, as well as renewable integration battery system services, and reduces costs for GMP customers. ¡ Size: Solar – 5 MW; Storage – 2 MW/8 MWh

¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Peak load management, frequency regulation services, renewable energy integration, energy arbitrage, resilience

¡ Operation Start: September 2019

28 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Green Mountain Power

LOCATION

¡ Milton, Vermont

Milton Solar and PROJECT Storage Microgrid OVERVIEW ¡ Business Model: Electric company One of five Green Mountain Power (GMP) solar-plus-storage projects, owned and operated the Milton microgrid combines a 5 megawatt solar array that includes ¡ Energy Storage 18,720 solar panels with 2 megawatts of battery storage on 40 acres of Location: land. Vermont regulators approved the project in February 2019 and it Distribution commenced operation in September 2019. GMP designed the site with the potential to disconnect the system from the main grid, islanding the ¡ Technology: customers on the distribution circuit and providing them with power using Solar array, only inverter-based sources. During normal operation, the project provides Tesla Powerpack energy, capacity, and renewable integration services, and reduces over battery system system cost for GMP customers. ¡ Size: Solar – 5 MW; Storage – 2 MW/8 MWh

¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Peak load management, frequency regulation services, renewable energy integration, energy arbitrage, resilience

¡ Operation Start: September 2019

29 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Hawaiian Electric Companies

Schofield Hawaii Public LOCATION ¡ Schofield Barracks, Purpose Microgrid Oahu, Hawaii

Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) PROJECT owns and operates the Schofield OVERVIEW Generating Station, a fuel-flexible power generation facility built ¡ Business Model: to support the U.S. Army Garri- Electric company son-Hawaii and the Oahu energy owned and operated grid at large. Located at Schofield ¡ Energy Storage Barracks on Oahu, the facility oper- Location: ates on a combination of biofuels Distribution and conventional fuels and can island to serve the base directly or ¡ Technology: the Oahu grid at large. The project Biofuel/conventional represents a unique partnership fuel power between HECO and the U.S. Army. generation plant HECO is leasing the eight acres of land required to house the facility from the Army, saving the company’s customers approximately $4.3 million ¡ Services: compared to building the facility off base. The facility’s location, above the Enhances grid tsunami strike zone, confers additional resiliency advantages for the entire resiliency, provides grid. In exchange, the microgrid provides the Army with additional resil- power to part of iency, first call capacity, and black start capability to three of its installa- the surrounding tions. Five days of fuel storage are available onsite, with up to 30 days of community in the fuel storage across the island. event of a grid outage, In addition to saving money, the facility is expected to assist with the inte- black start, first call gration and smoothing of renewable resource output on the island. The ¡ Operation Start: station’s generators are fast ramping, able to start up, shut down, or alter 2018 output rapidly in response to changes in solar and wind output throughout the island. The facility is expected to save approximately 26,000 barrels of oil annually.

30 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY ¡ Liberty Utilities (California)

Sagehen Microgrid LOCATION ¡ Truckee, California Liberty Utilities commissioned the Sagehen Microgrid in November PROJECT 2020. The microgrid allows Liberty OVERVIEW Utilities to de-energize four miles of power line in the summer ¡ Business Model: months, when wildfire risk is high. Electric company The microgrid consists of 48 solar owned and operated panels and 53 kilowatt hours of battery storage, with a backup ¡ Energy Storage propane generator. The complete Location: system is expected to operate on Distribution greater than 95 percent renewable ¡ Technology: energy. The generator provides Solar array, SimpliPhi power only when there is insuffi- lithium ferro phosphate cient charge in the batteries or during no or low solar energy production. The microgrid is a decentralized electricity source and distribution asset ¡ Size: that can provide electric power to an isolated area of the distribution 13.6 kW/53 kWh system and be synchronized with the energy grid, providing additional power and load balancing. ¡ Duration: 05:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Resiliency, distribution upgrade deferral, renewable integration, load balancing

¡ Operation Start: 2020

31 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY ¡ Liberty Utilities

LOCATION

Tesla Powerwall 2 ¡ Southeastern and Upper Valley, New Pilot Program Hampshire

Liberty Utilities partnered with Tesla to provide and install Tesla Powerwall PROJECT 2 units at customers’ homes. In January of 2019, the New Hampshire Public OVERVIEW Utilities Commission (PUC) approved the pilot program, which allows Liberty ¡ Business Model: Utilities to own the batteries and control their dispatch during times of peak Electric company demand. Customers will take service under a state-of-the-art time-of-use owned and operated, rate schedule allowing them to utilize the batteries on weekdays to offset with option for third- their homes’ load with battery power during critical peak hours, reducing party participation the load on the energy grid daily and potentially saving money on their through the Bring monthly bills. When not being used to mitigate demand peak, customers will Your Own Device have full access to their battery capacities for backup power. The ability to (BYOD) program aggregate and control the dispatch of the batteries to reduce peak demand is expected to lead to system-wide reductions in peak demand charges, ¡ Energy Storage benefiting all Liberty Utilities customers. Location: In its agreement with the state PUC, Liberty Utilities is authorized to own Customer-sited and install up to 500 batteries throughout the course of the pilot, which is ¡ set to be implemented in two phases. In the first phase of the pilot, Liberty Technology: Utilities will install between 200 Powerwall 2 units. The second phase, Tesla Powerwall 2 which is contingent upon the success of the first, would allow Liberty Util- (lithium-ion battery), ities to install another 300, bringing the total to 500. Third party suppliers aggregated using Tesla and aggregators also may participate through a Bring Your Own Device GridLogic software program that would allow for the installation of an additional 500 third platform; cellular-based party-owned batteries. metering systems ¡ Size: Two Tesla Powerwall 2s per customer, total 10 kW/27 kWh per customer

¡ Duration: 02:42 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Backup power for hosting customer, peak demand reduction for electric company

¡ Operation Start: 2019

32 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ National Grid

Pulaski, New York LOCATION Battery Storage System ¡ Pulaski, New York PROJECT OVERVIEW In June 2019, National Grid’s 2 megawatt/3.8 megawatt hour ¡ Business Model: battery storage system in Pulaski, Electric company N.Y., began operation. The first of owned and operated its kind in the company’s United States service area, the Pulaski ¡ Energy Storage battery storage system is capable Location: of powering 1,600 homes for Distribution up to two hours. The system ¡ Technology: increases reliability for customers Lithium-ion in the region during peak demand periods. The battery storage ¡ Size: system contributes to New York 2 MW/3.8 MWh State’s goal of installing 1,500 megawatts of storage by 2025. In addition, the battery supports New York’s ¡ Duration: Reforming the Energy Vision initiative, which aims to incorporate renewable 02:00 (HH:MM) energy resources and new business models into the electricity system. ¡ Services: Reliability during peak demand periods, resiliency

¡ Operation Start: June 2019

33 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ NextEra Energy – Florida Power & Light Company

Wynwood Energy LOCATION Storage ¡ Miami, Florida PROJECT OVERVIEW Florida Power and Light (FPL) built this battery energy storage ¡ Business Model: system in a new building in the Electric company Wynwood neighborhood of Miami. owned and operated The system helps mitigate distribution grid load by charging when ¡ Energy Storage there is excess energy supply and Location: discharging during periods of peak Distribution demand. The battery integrates with FPL’s existing smart grid by ¡ Technology: discharging energy to mitigate Lithium-ion increased load when moving ¡ Size: customers from a faulty line to 10 MW/40 MWh one still in service. The system came online in early 2020. The 40-megawatt hour system has enough ¡ Duration: capacity to power 7,000 homes for four hours. FPL deployed this battery 04:00 (HH:MM) in an urban core to learn more about the grid and customer benefits from locating storage in fast-growing urban population centers. ¡ Services: Distribution system upgrade deferral, distribution smart grid integration, renewables integration

¡ Operation Start: 2020

34 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ PPL Corporation – LG&E and KU Energy

LOCATION E.W. Brown Generating ¡ Harrodsburg, Kentucky PROJECT Station Energy OVERVIEW

¡ Business Model: Storage Research and Electric company Demonstration Site owned and operated ¡ Energy Storage Location: Distribution LG&E and KU collaborated with the Electric Power Research Institute ¡ Technology: (EPRI) to build an energy storage Lithium-ion research and demonstration site at its E.W. Brown Generating Station ¡ Size: near Lexington, Ky. The site is 1 MW/2 MWh comprised of three “testing bays” for installing and studying energy ¡ Duration: storage of different capacities 02:00 (HH:MM) and technologies. The companies ¡ installed a 1 megawatt/2 megawatt Services: Renewable integration, hour lithium-ion battery energy reliability, energy storage system in the first bay, and arbitrage, black start, the other two bays also can host ramping, reserves storage systems of up to 1 megawatt in size. The site was built next to a 10-megawatt universal solar plant, integrating ¡ Operation Start: this and other renewable generation into the system. LG&E and KU and January 2017 EPRI also are testing the system’s ability to improve power quality and provide energy arbitrage, black-start, ramp rate control, non-spinning reserves, and other grid services.

35 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY ¡ Public Service Enterprise Group – Public Service Electric Highland Park Landfill & Gas Company Solar Storage System LOCATION ¡ Highland Park, New Jersey Located on two acres of unused, former municipal land, the High- land Park Solar Storage System PROJECT combines a 605 kilowatt DC solar OVERVIEW farm with a 2 megawatt hour ¡ Business Model: battery energy storage system. Electric company The solar panels and batteries both owned and operated are directly connected to the Public Service Electric & Gas Company ¡ Energy Storage (PSE&G) distribution system. Location: The solar panels charge the Distribution batteries and provide enough elec- ¡ tricity to power about 100 homes. Technology: The facility provides wholesale Solar array, Tesla electricity, voltage management, and power quality support. The system batteries is part of PSE&G’s “Solar 4 All” program, which aims to help reduce the ¡ Size: impact of solar on the grid, increase reliability, and provide resiliency for Solar – 0.6 MW; critical facilities during extended outages. Storage – 0.5 MW/2MWh

¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Renewable integration, vol-var regulation, resiliency

¡ Operation Start: December 2019

36 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Sempra Energy – San Diego Gas & Electric

LOCATION

El Cajon Battery ¡ El Cajon, California Storage Project PROJECT OVERVIEW In August 2016, the California ¡ Business Model: Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Electric company approved San Diego Gas & Elec- owned and operated tric’s (SDG&E’s) two new energy storage projects. These projects ¡ Energy Storage were a result of the CPUC’s Location: direction to fast-track additional Distribution energy storage options to enhance regional energy reliability. SDG&E ¡ Technology: expedited ongoing negotiations Lithium-ion and partnered with AES Energy Storage, now Fluence, to install the ¡ Size: two lithium-ion battery systems in 7.5 MW/30 MWh less than 6 months, from ground- ¡ Duration: breaking to operation start. The projects were built on SDG&E-owned 04:00 (HH:MM) property and SDG&E took over ownership of the units at commercial operation. This battery energy storage system is located at a substation in El ¡ Services: Cajon, Calif. The system helps improve reliability and integrate increasing Reliability, renewables renewable generation into SDG&E’s distribution system. In addition to the integration 7.5 megawatt facility built in El Cajon, a larger 30 megawatt installation was built in Escondido, California. ¡ Operation Start: 2017

37 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Sempra Energy – San Diego Gas & Electric

LOCATION

GRC Energy ¡ Various locations in San Diego Gas Storage Program & Electric’s service territory in California

The GRC Energy Storage program includes various energy storage PROJECT systems across San Diego Gas OVERVIEW & Electric’s (SDG&E’s) service ¡ Business Model: territory. The program assists Electric company in addressing the intermittency owned and operated issues created by variable renewable generation. This can include, ¡ Energy Storage but is not limited to, peak shaving, Location: time shifting, islanding support, Distribution photovoltaic (PV) smoothing, reactive power dispatch, and ¡ Technology: increasing power quality. Commu- Lithium-ion nity energy storage devices were used in circuits where the penetration of PV is 20 percent or more of the ¡ Size: circuit load at times of high PV system output and low circuit loads. Various; 500 kW – 1 MW/1.5 MWh – 3 MWh

¡ Duration: 03:00 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Power quality, islanding, capacity, or infrastructure deferral

¡ Operation Start: Various; between 2012 to 2014

38 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Sempra Energy – San Diego Gas & Electric

LOCATION

Ramona Air Attack ¡ Ramona, California Base Microgrid PROJECT OVERVIEW San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) built the microgrid at the air attack base ¡ Business Model: in Ramona, Calif., as part of its 2019 Wildfire Mitigation Plan. California Electric company Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) Air Support and owned and operated U.S. Forest Service Air Support units are stationed at the airport. During Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) or other outage events, the microgrid ¡ Energy Storage islands from the main grid and provides power to these critical facilities, Location: allowing them to continue operation. The base provides fire protection Distribution to the local community and support and coordination for firefighting air resources such as airtankers and helicopters. The microgrid is supported ¡ Technology: by a 500 kilowatt/2,000 kilowatt hour energy storage system. The system Lithium-ion is oversized relative to the air base’s load demand of 60 kilowatts, which allows it to power the facility for up to 1.5 days while disconnected from ¡ Size: SDG&E’s distribution system. SDG&E owns and operates the microgrid 0.5 MW/2 MWh and the energy storage system. ¡ Duration: 04:00 (HH:MM) – can support 60 kW critical load for up to 1.5 days

¡ Services: Resiliency, backup power

¡ Operation Start: 2021

39 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ San Diego Gas & Electric

LOCATION Vanadium Redox ¡ Bonita, California

Battery Storage PROJECT OVERVIEW

Pilot Project ¡ Business Model: Third party owned; electric company Developed in partnership between operated San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) and Japanese firm Sumitomo, the ¡ Energy Storage Vanadium Redox Battery Storage Location: Pilot Project provides valuable Distribution lessons on the integration and ¡ Technology: management of new battery Vanadium redox flow storage technologies on the grid. battery storage The specific technology used in the vanadium redox battery system ¡ Size: lasts longer and suffers less 2 MW/8 MWh degradation than other types of battery chemistries, such as ¡ Duration: lithium-ion. Flow batteries also are 04:00 (HH:MM) being considered for their potential future cost-effectiveness and ability to scale more readily than some other battery types. The four-year pilot ¡ Services: project is designed to demonstrate the performance and economics of Testing new flow batteries in the commercial wholesale market, while also providing technology, renewables grid services and helping to integrate the abundant renewables in the integration, wholesale SDG&E service territory. The flow battery storage system provides 2 market participation megawatts/8 megawatt hours of energy, enough to power 1,000 homes ¡ Operation Start: for up to four hours. 2017 The demonstration project began in 2017. After undergoing testing and fine-tuning for reliability and performance, it started participating in the California ISO in December of 2018, becoming one of the first flow batteries to provide services to a United States wholesale electricity market. Other project participants include Japan’s New Energy and Indus- trial Technology Development Organization and the California Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development.

40 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Southern Company – Alabama Power Energy Storage Company Research Center LOCATION ¡ Birmingham, Alabama

Southern Company’s Energy PROJECT Storage Research Center is a OVERVIEW unique research and development facility focused on the development ¡ Business Model: and deployment of next-generation Electric company energy storage technologies. The owned and operated facility is a resource to test energy storage technologies that will better ¡ Energy Storage integrate renewable energy into the Location: energy grid, improve reliability and Distribution resiliency, and create value for customers. The center currently is ¡ Technology: testing a flow battery – a type of Various—currently chemical energy storage tech- testing vanadium nology that can offer a longer life cycle and quick response times – while flow battery and also allowing simultaneous testing of multiple energy storage systems used electric vehicle under actual grid conditions. Research and testing includes techno-eco- lithium-ion batteries nomic evaluation and performance characterization; performance, reliability, ¡ Size: and safety validation; development of integration and operation standards; 90 kW/270 kWh and validation of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Energy Storage Integration Council standards and protocols. ¡ Duration: The research site currently consists of three test pads, each with the 03:00 (HH:MM) ability to host a separate energy storage system ranging in size from ¡ 100 kilowatts to 1 megawatt. Systems for testing are selected based on Services: the potential of the emerging technology to impact the energy storage Industrywide “plug- landscape and the opportunity to address the shortcomings (i.e., duration, and-play” resource scale, geographic limitations, safety) of current energy storage options. for testing and In the future, Southern Company expects to install, operate, and evaluate demonstration, additional battery chemistries at the center, such as solid-state lithium, developing storage zinc-based batteries, metal-air, and other novel storage technologies. technologies for renewable integration, In September 2020, the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) awarded Southern reliability, and resiliency Company with the Edison Award, the electric power industry’s most applications; and prestigious honor, for its energy storage system initiatives, including developing and the development, commissioning, and operation of the Energy Storage validating standards Research Center. The facility is a collaboration among Southern Company, and protocols Alabama Power, Southern Research, EPRI, the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the State of Alabama. ¡ Operation Start: 2019

41 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Southern Company – Georgia Power Georgia Power Smart Company Neighborhood LOCATION ¡ Atlanta, Georgia

The Georgia Power Smart Neigh- PROJECT borhood consists of a neighbor- OVERVIEW hood of 46 “smart” townhouses that each feature behind-the-meter ¡ Business Model: energy storage, private solar, Electric company connected devices and appliances, owned and operated buildings-to-grid communication, and energy efficiency measures. ¡ Energy Storage Residents can use these resources Location: to supplement the power they buy Customer-sited from Georgia Power, lowering their electric bills. ¡ Technology: Lithium-ion Georgia Power developed the neighborhood under a research ¡ Size: and development agreement that includes Southern Company, the U.S. 230 kW/809.6 kWh Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Electric Power Research Institute, and local homebuilders and technology vendors. ¡ Duration: Research is focused on understanding the impacts of behind-the-meter 04:00 (HH:MM) distributed energy resources managed on behalf of the homeowner to ¡ reduce energy costs, improve comfort, and enable grid energy manage- Services: ment. The project also is developing new methods to integrate private Backup power, solar, battery storage, and controllable devices, and exploring future rate resiliency, renewable design models to include new technologies and customer behaviors. integration Researchers have found that the 46 homes use 39 percent less energy ¡ Operation Start: than similar homes in the area. 2019 In September 2020, Edison Electric Institute awarded Southern Company with the Edison Award, the electric power industry’s most prestigious honor, for its energy storage system initiatives, including the Georgia Power Smart Neighborhood.

42 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Southern Company – Georgia Power Tech Square Microgrid Company LOCATION

The Tech Square Microgrid is a ¡ Atlanta, Georgia collaboration among Southern Company, Georgia Power, and the Georgia Institute of Technology PROJECT (Georgia Tech) to develop and OVERVIEW demonstrate an urban microgrid test bed for evaluating how diverse ¡ Business Model: distributed energy resources Electric company (DERs) can effectively integrate into owned and operated and operate as part of the energy ¡ Energy Storage grid. Georgia Power built this 1.5 Location: megawatt microgrid on the Georgia Customer-sited Tech campus in Atlanta. The system is connected to Georgia ¡ Technology: Power’s high-density distribution underground network, overhead feeder Lithium-ion, dual- distribution system, and designated building loads at the university’s fuel gas and diesel High-Performance Computing Center building. During periods of peak generator, fuel cells demand, the microgrid can increase electricity generation and battery discharge to reduce the data center’s load on the grid, which creates cost ¡ Size: savings for Georgia Tech. Storage – 200 The microgrid also is a learning opportunity for Southern Company and kW/400 kWh Georgia Power, which view it as a research and development project and are ¡ Duration: studying the costs and benefits of microgrids to help develop future energy 02:00 (HH:MM) solutions. The multiple points of interconnection will provide a unique opportunity to test the microgrid’s ability to interact with customer electrical loads ¡ Services: while also supporting the distribution system, which is a key learning for utili- Backup power, zation of DERs. Georgia Power owns and operates the microgrid. resilience, peak shaving

¡ Operation Start: 2020

43 Leading the Way U.S. ELECTRIC COMPANY INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION IN ENERGY STORAGE

COMPANY

¡ Unitil Corporation

Virtual Power Plant LOCATION ¡ Various locations in Until Corporation’s Pilot Project service territory in Massachusetts

In 2019, Unitil conducted a pilot project, installing 5 kilowatt/13 kilowatt hour battery energy storage systems at four residential customers’ prop- PROJECT erties. Each customer has net-metered solar generation. Unitil aggre- OVERVIEW gated the four systems into a virtual power plant, using them to shift PV output during the winter and firming solar production in the summer (e.g., ¡ Business Model: flattening the duck curve). The batteries also provide backup power to Electric company customers, allowing them to continue to power critical loads through owned and operated multi-day outages. ¡ Energy Storage Location: Customer-sited

¡ Technology: Lithium-ion

¡ Battery Size: Four behind-the-meter battery energy storage systems; aggregated total 20 kW/52 kWh

¡ Duration: 02:30 (HH:MM)

¡ Services: Customer backup power, renewable integration, energy time shift

¡ Operation Start: 2019

44 The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) is the association that represents all U.S. investor-owned electric companies. Our members provide electricity for about 220 million Americans, and operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. As a whole, the electric power industry supports more than 7 million jobs in communities across the United States.

In addition to our U.S. members, EEI has more than 60 international electric companies, with operations in more than 90 countries, as International Members, and hundreds of industry suppliers and related organizations as Associate Members.

Organized in 1933, EEI provides public policy leadership, strategic business intelligence, and essential conferences and forums.

For more information, visit our Web site at www.eei.org.

CONTACT INFORMATION

Patrick Arness Brendan Timmons Sr. Director, Government Relations Analyst, Clean Energy 202-508-5604 202-508-5140 [email protected] [email protected]

Olga Chistyakova Sr. Manager, Clean Energy 202-508-5567 [email protected]

Edison Electric Institute /EdisonElectricInstitute 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW @Edison_Electric Washington, DC 20004-2696 202-508-5000 | www.eei.org Edison Electric Institute