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SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY and MATLAB PROGRAM a Project Presented to the Faculty of the Department O SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY AND MATLAB PROGRAM A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Electrical and Electronic Engineering by Steve Ghadiri Majid Hosseini FALL 2013 © 2013 Steve Ghadiri Majid Hosseini ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY AND MATLAB PROGRAM A Project by Steve Ghadiri Majid Hosseini Approved by: _________________________________, Committee Chair Turan Gönen, Ph.D. _________________________________, Second Reader Salah Yousif, Ph.D. _________________________ Date iii Student: Steve Ghadiri Majid Hosseini I certify that these students have met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the Project. _________________________________, Graduate Coordinator Preetham B. Kumar, Ph.D. _________________________ Date Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Turan Gonen, Professor of Electrical Engineering at California State University, Sacramento, for his guidance, supervision, patience, and care in recommending and evaluating this project in the area of Power Engineering at California State University, Sacramento. The authors are also appreciative of Dr. Salah Yousif, Professor of Electrical Engineering at California State University, Sacramento, for his excellent instruction in the area of Power Engineering at California State University, Sacramento, as well as being a reader of this project. The author would also like to acknowledge Dr. Preetham Kumar, Graduate Coordinator, and Professor of Electrical Engineering at California State University, Sacramento, for his guidance and direction in completion of this project. v Abstract of SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY AND MATLAB PROGRAM by Steve Ghadiri Majid Hosseini The goal of many utilities is to provide an economically balanced energy delivery system that will provide customers with safe, reliable, and efficient means of power while not subjecting them to over-designs with unjustifiable cost. In achieving that goal, the utility company must rely on system designers to optimize several key parts of their delivery system. The distribution system secondary, e.g., is one of these subsystems, and therefore, it can pose optimization type challenge for the distribution system designers. Arriving at optimal solutions, serves the best interests of the utility and the long-term objectives of the customers and ratepayers. In this paper, the authors analyze many alternative intelligent choices when considering a simplified distribution system selection and show, thru the formulation and Matlab computer programming, how a simple optimization technique can arrive at a standard selection of the system components. Total Annual Cost (TAC) is the reviewed concept, vi and essentially, it reduces to a sum of initial capital investment, maintenance, and operating costs including the costs of system losses. The optimization process is pivotal in minimization of the TAC. Customer loadings are a key part of this selection and have been considered in the program formulation, as well. Matlab program provides the ease in selection of the components and speed in calculation performance to arrive at a most feasible answer among optimized choices. Voltage drop is the constraint in this optimization process, which is usually limited by the utility company’s requirement. _________________________________, Committee Chair Turan Gönen, Ph.D. _________________________ Date vii DEDICATION We dedicate this paper to our family for supporting and inspiring us in this journey. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................................v Dedication ....................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1 2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION .................................................................5 2.1 Distribution System Design Requirement ..............................................................5 2.2 Distribution System Planning Methodology ........................................................7 3. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................10 3.1 Design Criteria .....................................................................................................10 3.2 Components of Secondary Distribution System .................................................15 3.3 Voltage and Load Criteria ...................................................................................16 3.4 Main Factors ........................................................................................................17 3.5 Changing Paradigm of the Power Distribution System .......................................19 4. OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................24 5. ECONOMIC ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS .........................................................43 6. NUMERICAL RESULTS ...........................................................................................49 7. CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................64 Appendix A: Matlab Optimization Program for Secondary Distribution System ............68 Appendix B: Instruction for Matlab TAC Program in Distribution System ....................79 Appendix C: Secondary Distribution System Voltage Drop Program ............................83 Appendix D: Distribution System Component Information Background ........................91 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................96 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Load Data for Book Example 6.1 ...............................................................................39 6.1 Summary of the Runs .................................................................................................53 x LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1.1 One Line Diagram of Typical Primary Distribution Feeders .......................................2 3.1 Radial-type Primary Feeders .......................................................................................11 3.2 One Line Diagram of a Typical Distribution System .................................................14 4.1 Flow Chart of Safigianni’s Optimization Process ......................................................25 4.2 Matlab Program Flow Chart .......................................................................................30 4.3 One Line Diagram of Multiple Primary System for JHC ...........................................32 4.4 Typical Residential Area Lot Layout and Service Arrangement ................................33 4.5 Illustration of a Typical Residential Secondary Pattern ..............................................33 5.1 Current Transformer Cost ............................................................................................45 5.2 Historic Cost of Transformers ....................................................................................45 5.3 Current Cable Cost .......................................................................................................47 5.4 Historic Cable Cost ......................................................................................................48 6.1 Transformer Cost Fit into Third Order Model ............................................................51 6.2 Cable Cost Fit into Second Order Model ....................................................................52 6.3 Cable Cost For Different Sizes ...................................................................................52 xi 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction The power distribution systems, which carry electric energy to even far-flung customers utilizing the most appropriate voltage level, are divided into primary and secondary. The part of the electric utility system, which is between the distribution substation and the distribution transformers, is the primary feeders or primary distribution feeders. The secondary power distribution systems include step-down distribution transformers, secondary circuits, consumer services, and meters to measure the consumer energy consumption. They are single-phase when they serve residential customers and three-phase when they serve industrial or commercial customers. The most commonly used secondary power systems are the radial systems. The general requirements from a secondary power distribution system are that it gives customers as stable a voltage as possible, operate safely and effectively at the minimum possible cost and is well balanced. One line diagram of a typical primary
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