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Defining'differences:'' Defining'Differences:'' ! The!Religious!Dimension!of!Early! Modern!English!Travel!Narratives,!! c.!1550!?!c.!1800! ! ! PhD!History,!2015! ! Hector'Benjamin'Roddan' ! 71,981!words! ! ! Contents' ! Declarations! iv! ! ! Notice!of!Submission! v! ! ! Summary! vi! ! ! Acknowledgements! vii! ! ! Note!on!Sources! Ix! ! ! ! ! Chapter'1' 1' Introduction:!!Transnational!Perspectives!and!Early!Modern! ! English!Travel!Writing,!c.1550!–!c.1800! ! ! Perspectives:'Travel'and'Religion' ! ! ! Chapter'2' 40' Hakluyt!Remembered!and!Hakluyt!Reinterpreted:!Two!Key! ! Moments!in!Early!Modern!Protestant!Uses!and!Reuses!of!Travel! Writing! ! ! Chapter'3' 78' ‘Coining!a!New!Kind!of!Doctrine!and!Religion’:!!! ! Mahomet!and!Providence!in!William!Biddulph’s!Travels!(1609)! and!Henry!Blount’s!Journey-(1636)! ! ! Deviants:'Unbelievers'and'Witches' ! ! ! Chapter'4' 116' Slavery,!Apostasy!and!Conversion:!Negotiating!Religious! ! Identity!in!Joseph!Pitts’!True-and-Faithful-Account-of-the-Religion- and-Manners-of-the-Mahometans!(1704)! ! ! Chapter'5' 152' ‘Some!Things!may!seeme!Fabulous,!and!in!maner!Incredible’:! ! Witchcraft!and!the!Supernatural!in!European!Travellers’! Accounts!of!Lapp!Rituals,!(c.!1550!–!c.!1700)!! ! ! ! ! ! ii" ! Dissidents:'Freethinkers'and'Evangelicals' ! ! Chapter'6' 181' ‘To!trace!all!forms!of!Divine!Worship!to!one!Sacred!and! ! Primeval!Source’:!Deism!and!Heterodoxy!in!Eighteenth?Century! Orientalist!Travel!Writing!! ! ! Chapter'7' 224' ‘Tahiti!Has!Its!Own!Customs,!and!Other!Countries!Have!Theirs’:!! ! Congregationalism!and!Indigenous!Beliefs!in!the!London! Missionary!Society!Transactions!(1796?1815)! ! ! Chapter'8' 262' Conclusion! ! ! ! ! ! Bibliography' 289' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iii" Declarations' DECLARATION+ " This"work"has"not"been"submitted"in"substance"for"any"other"degree"or"award"at"this" or"any"other"university"or"place"of"learning,"nor"is"being"submitted"concurrently"in" candidature"for"any"degree"or"other"award." " " Signed""" " "" " "(candidate)" """" Date:"17"/"12"/"2015" " " STATEMENT+1+ " This"thesis"is"being"submitted"in"partial"fulfillment"of"the"requirements"for"the"degree" of"PhD" " Signed""" " " " "(candidate)""" " Date:"17"/"12"/"2015" " " STATEMENT+2+ " This" thesis" is" the" result" of" my" own" independent" work/investigation," except" where" otherwise"stated." Other"sources"are"acknowledged"by"explicit"references.""The"views"expressed"are"my" own." " Signed""" " " " (candidate)""""""""" Date:"17"/"12"/"2015"" + + STATEMENT+3+ " I"hereby"give"consent"for"my"thesis,"if"accepted,"to"be"available"for"photocopying"and" for"interKlibrary"loan,"and"for"the"title"and"summary"to"be"made"available"to"outside" organisations." " Signed""" " " " (candidate)""""""""" Date:"17"/"12"/"2015"" " " STATEMENT+4:+PREVIOUSLY+APPROVED+BAR+ON+ACCESS+ " I"hereby"give"consent"for"my"thesis,"if"accepted,"to"be"available"for"photocopying"and" for" interKlibrary" loans" after+ expiry+ of+ a+ Bar+ on+ access" previously+ approved+ by+ the+ Academic+Standards+&+Quality+Committee.++ " Signed""" " " " (candidate)""""""""" Date:"17"/"12"/"2015"" " ! ! iv" Notice'of'Submission'of'Thesis' NOTICE+OF+SUBMISSION+OF+THESIS:+POSTGRADUATE+RESEARCH+DEGREES! ! SECTION+A:+TO+BE+COMPLETED+BY+THE+CANDIDATE+AND+SUBMITTED+WITH+ THE+THESIS+ + CANDIDATE’S"LAST"NAME" Roddan" CANDIDATE’S"FIRST"NAME(S)" Hector"Benjamin" CANDIDATE’S"ID"NUMBER" 0504878" SCHOOL" SHARE" TITLE"OF"DEGREE" PhD"History" " Defining"Differences:""" FULL"TITLE"OF"THESIS" The"Religious"Dimension"of"Early"Modern" English"Travel"Narratives,"c."1550"K"c."1800" IS"THIS"A"RESUBMISSION?" YES" THESIS"SUBMITTED"FOR" Permanent""Binding""""" """" EXAMINATION"IN" Temporary"binding"""""" """"" CANDIDATE"SIGNATURE+ " DATE:""17/12/15" " " ! v" Thesis'Summary' + Student+ID+Number:+ 0504878+ Surname:+ Roddan+ First+Names:+ Hector+Benjamin+ School:+ School+of+History,+Archaeology+and+Religion+ Title+of+Degree:+ PhD+Z+resuBmission+ Full+Title+of+Thesis:+ "Defining"Differences:""The"Religious"Dimension"of" Early"Modern"English"Travel"Narratives,"c."1550"K"c." 1800+ " Summary+of+Thesis:+ This!thesis!explores!the!role!of!religious!debates!and!ideas!in!published!early! modern!English!travel!writing!between!c.1550!and!c.!1800.!It!focuses!on!four! principal!regions:!the!Ottoman!Empire!and!Islamic!Mediterranean,!Muscovy! and!western!Siberia,!British?administered!India!and!adjoining!territories,!and! the!Pacific.!I!investigate!connections!between!English!accounts!of!religious! beliefs!and!ritual!practices!in!these!areas!and!domestic!theological!norms!and! debates.! ! It!investigates!how!travel!writing!practices!and!editorial!conventions! influenced!the!representation!of!other!faiths.!Specifically,!it!explores!how! domestic!religious!discourses!concerning!providence,!apostasy,!witchcraft,! deism!and!congregationalism!influenced!representations!of!the!rituals!and! practices!of!various!other!societies.!Although!the!thesis!considers!published! travel!literature!over!a!broad!geographic!area!and!long!period!of!time,!it!also! deepens!our!understanding!of!the!confessional!identities!of!particular! traveller!writers!and!editors.!! ! It!builds!upon!recent!transnational!scholarship!and!shows!how!confessional! identities!were!articulated!through!reports!of!other!societies!beliefs!and! practices.-This!thesis!aims!to!be!more!than!simply!another!evaluation!of! Orientalism!in!a!precolonial!setting.!It!argues!that!confessional!matters!are! central!to!our!understanding!of!the!wider!role!that!travel!literature!played!in! early!modern!culture.!It!examines!reports!of!deviant!practices!abroad!and!the! travel!narratives!by!dissident!individuals!and!groups!in!order!to!highlight!the! transnational!and!cosmopolitan!character!of!such!literature.!Representations! of!other!societies’!beliefs!and!practices!served!a!variety!of!functions!and! emerged!from!specific!intercultural!encounters.!Travel!texts!can!thus!be!used! to!explore!a!range!of!orthodox!and!heterodox!confessional!perspectives.- ' ! vi" Acknowledgements! ! ! This!project!could!not!have!been!completed!without!the!generous!financial! support!of!an!Arts!and!Humanities!Research!Council!Block!Grant! Partnership!Doctoral!grant.!I!would!also!like!to!thank!Cardiff!University!for! financial!support!that!facilitated!various!research!visits!and!conference! attendance.!! ! I!have!enjoyed!excellent!supervision!from!Dr.!Garthine!Walker!throughout! my!PhD.!Her!tireless!feedback!and!guidance!has!enabled!me!to!develop! immensely!as!both!a!researcher!and!a!writer.!Her!tireless!pursuit!of! excellence!in!research!has!been!an!inspiration.!Additionally,!she!has!gone! above!and!beyond!the!call!of!duty!on!numerous!occasions!in!providing! attentive!pastoral!support.!For!all!of!this,!I!am!immensely!grateful.! ! I!am!exceptionally!grateful!to!my!examiners,!Dr.!Simon!Ditchfield!and!Dr.! Lloyd!Bowen,!for!their!insightful!comments!and!guidance!on!reframing!and! improving!this!thesis.! ! !I!am!also!grateful!to!Dr.!Mark!Williams!for!taking!the!time!to!discuss! several!of!the!ideas!presented!here,!as!well!as!general!support!and! encouragement!throughout!the!writing!process.! ! I!trialled!many!of!the!ideas!in!this!thesis!at!conferences!at!University!of! Portsmouth,!Nottingham!University,!Leeds!University,!UCL,!Newcastle! University!and!Northumbria!University.!I!would!like!to!thank!all!the! organisers!and!participants!at!these!events!for!their!stimulating!discussion,! feedback!and!encouragement,!especially!the!organisers!of!the!Institute!of! Historical!Research!HistoryLab!Plus!seminars!where!I!most!recently!spoke! at!length!about!my!research.!! ! I!would!like!to!thank!staff!in!the!Special!Collections!and!Archives,!Cardiff! University!(in!particular,!Peter!Keelan,!Alison!Harvey!and!Lisa!Webley)!and! the!Asian!and!African!Studies!reading!room!at!the!British!Library!for! invaluable!help!and!assistance!in!using!their!collections.!! ! Social!networking!has!brought!multiple!benefits!to!this!researcher.!I!would! like!to!acknowledge!with!gratitude!innumerable!conversations!with!fellow! researchers!in!a!variety!of!fields!via!Twitter.!This!online!community!of! fellow!PhD!students!and!other!academics!has!provided!superlative! support,!entertainment!and!mutual!encouragement.!! ! Various!people!were!responsible!for!encouraging!me!to!undertake!a!PhD,! and!so!the!pages!in!front!of!you!would!not!exist!were!it!not!for!the! inspiration,!faith!and!encouragement!of!Dave!Thompson!and!Dr.!Pete! Dorey.!! ! ! vii" The!pages!you!are!about!to!read!have!benefitted!from!insightful!comments! and!diligent!proof!reading!by!Karen!Elwis,!Phillip!Jones,!Steven!Kenward,! Emily!Cottrell,!Rob!Callaghan,!Lincoln!Smith,!Kate!Neale!and!Kat!Deerfield.! I!am!grateful!to!them!all!for!insightful!comments!and!suggestions.!! ! The!last!two!years!have!been!greatly!enriched!by!the!presence!of!Lincoln! Smith!in!my!life.!Additionally,!a!number!of!friends!and!colleagues!have! provided!support!and!guidance!in!the!construction!of!this!thesis.!! ! Finally,!I!would!not!have!been!able!to!complete!this!thesis!without!the! unending!support,!encouragement!and!love!of!my!mother,!Debbie!Roddan.! ! viii" ' Note'on'Sources! ! All!contractions!in!quotations!from!original!sources!have!been!silently! expanded.!Repeated!words!have!been!silently!corrected.!Place!names!and! proper!nouns!have!been!standardised!and!modernised.!Otherwise,!original! spelling!has!been!retained.! ! For!clarity,!I!have!endeavoured!to!avoid!unnecessary!foreign!terms.!Where! essential,!these!are!italicised!with!translations!given!in![square!brackets]! after!the!first!mention.! ! A!project!of!this!scope!requires!clarity!on!the!ethonyms!used,!especially!for!
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