DOCSLIB.ORG

Canvasª 7 : Newdynchron.Nocat.C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canvasª 7 : Newdynchron.Nocat.C GERMANY (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) DYNASTIC CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN EUROPE, X - XIII CENTURIES FRANCE CHARLEMAGNE (768-814) CHARLEMAGNE (768-814) ENGLAND NORMANDY ANJOU FLANDERS LOUIS the PIOUS (814-840) LOUIS the PIOUS (814-840) LOUIS the GERMAN (843-876) CHARLES II the BALD ALFRED the GREAT Ingelgarius (843-77) CARLOMAN LOUIS CHARLES the FAT (871-99) (†888) Baldwin I (†880) (†882) (†888) Rollo (the VIKING) Iron-Arm Judith LOUIS II (877-79) EDWARD the ELDER (900-25) (†931) Fulk I the Red (†879) ARNULF (887-99) (†942) LOUIS III CARLOMAN CHARLES III LOUIS the CHILD (900-11) ÆTHELSTAN EDMUND I EADRED William I Longsword Baldwin II (879-82) (882-88) the SIMPLE (925-39) (939-46) (946-55) (931-42) Fulk II the Good (879-918) (898-922; †929) CONRAD I (911-19) (942-58) EADWY EDGAR Arnulf I the Great ODO ROBERT Richard I the Fearless (918-64) LOUIS IV (936-54) HENRY I (919-36) (955-9) (959-75) (942-96) Geoffrey I Greymantle (888-98) (922-3) (958-87) Baldwin (III) 1 2/1 2 ? Emma Hugh the Great LOTHAR (954-86) OTTO I the GREAT Henry (†962) RAOUL D. of Francia (936-73) D. of EDWARD II Ælfgifu ETHELRED II EMMA CNUT Ælfgifu Richard II (975-79) the "UNRED" (†1052) (1016-35) (996-1027) Fulk III Nerra (923-36) (†956) LOUIS V (986-7) Bavaria (987-1040) Arnulf II Liutgard (†955) (979-1016) (964-87) Conrad D. EDMUND II IRONSIDE HUGH CAPET of OTTO II (1016) Richard Robert I Freesindis Baldwin IV the Bearded (987-96) Lotharingia (973-83) EDWARD III HARDA- HAROLD I Geoffrey II Ermengarde Henry II the CONFESSOR CNUT (1035-40) III the Devil Tancred of (987-1035) (†955) Edward (1027) (1027-1035) Hauteville (†1041) Martel Geoffrey of ROBERT II the PIOUS D. of (1042-66) (1040-2) (1040-60) Château-Landon Bavaria (†1057) (996-1031) Otto OTTO III (†1043/6) D. of (†995) HAROLD II (1066) Adela (983-1002) Margaret Baldwin V Carinthia (1035-67) (†1004) MALCOLM III HENRY I K. of SCOTLAND WILLIAM I (II) Matilda Baldwin VI Robert I (1031-60) Henry Edgar the (†1093) the CONQUEROR HENRY II Ætheling (†1083) (1067-70) (1071-93) C. of Speyer (1002-24) (D. 1035-87) Geoffrey III Fulk IV (†989) (†>1126) (K. 1066-87) (Norman dukes in (1060-67) le Réchin Italy and kings of (1067-1109) Matilda Sicily) (SCOTLAND) Robert II Adela Gertrud PHILIP I CONRAD II (1093-1111) CNUT IV Thierry (1060-1108) (1024-39) Stephen Adela Robert II WILLIAM II HENRY I C. of Blois (†1138) Curthose RUFUS (1100-35) K. of C. of (†1102) D. of (1087-1100) FULK (V) DENMARK Lorraine HENRY III (C. until 1129) (1039-56) Normandy (†1086) (†1115) (†1134) K. of JERUSALEM LOUIS VI STEPHEN (1131-42) HENRY IV Thibaut IV Henry Baldwin VII Charles Thierry of the FAT C. of Blois K. of Bp. of (1108-37) (1056-1106) ENGLAND William Clito William (1111-19) the Good Alsace (1125-1152) Winchester (1119-27) (1128-68) (1135-54) (†1171) (†1128) (†1120) 12 Agnes HENRY V MATILDA Geoffrey IV Frederick (1106-25) (†1167) the Good (Flanders) D. of Swabia (†1151) (†1105) LOTHAR II the FAT 2 1 (1125-37) HENRY II ELEANOR of LOUIS VII (1154-89) AQUITAINE (1137-80) Frederick II (Blois-Champagne) Adela (†1204) 3 D. of Swabia CONRAD III (†1206) (†1147) (1138-52) PHILIP II AUGUSTUS FREDERICK I Henry the Lion Matilda HENRY RICHARD I Eleanor ALFONSO VIII Geoffrey Constance JOHN (1180-1223) BARBAROSSA D. of Bavaria & (†1189) “the Young LION-HEART (†1215) K. of CASTILE (†1186) of Brittany (1199-1216) (1152-90) Saxony King” (1189-99) (1158-1214) (†1201) (†1195) (†1183) Arthur (†1203) HENRY VI PHILIP OTTO IV BLANCHE of LOUIS VIII (1190-97) (1198-1208) (1198-1212; †1218) CASTILE (1223-6) (†1252) FREDERICK II LOUIS IX (1212-50) HENRY III (SAINT LOUIS) (1226-70) CONRAD IV Names of emperors and kings are in capitals. Double dates refer to reign (1216-72) (1250-54) (in county or kingdom), not life span. Death date is indicated with a †. indicates break in dynasty in kingdom or county. (ENGLAND) (FRANCE) Only some of the vast number of intermarriages are shown here. N.L. Taylor 16.iv.91, rev. 26.i.2001.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LECTURE 5 the Origins of Feudalism
    OUTLINE — LECTURE 5 The Origins of Feudalism A Brief Sketch of Political History from Clovis (d. 511) to Henry IV (d. 1106) 632 death of Mohammed The map above shows to the growth of the califate to roughly 750. The map above shows Europe and the East Roman Empire from 533 to roughly 600. – 2 – The map above shows the growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814. 486 – 511 Clovis, son of Merovich, king of the Franks 629 – 639 Dagobert, last effective Merovingian king of the Franks 680 – 714 Pepin of Heristal, mayor of the palace 714 – 741 Charles Martel, mayor (732(3), battle of Tours/Poitiers) 714 – 751 - 768 Pepin the Short, mayor then king 768 – 814 Charlemagne, king (emperor, 800 – 814) 814 – 840 Louis the Pious (emperor) – 3 – The map shows the Carolingian empire, the Byzantine empire, and the Califate in 814. – 4 – The map shows the breakup of the Carolingian empire from 843–888. West Middle East 840–77 Charles the Bald 840–55 Lothair, emp. 840–76 Louis the German 855–69 Lothair II – 5 – The map shows the routes of various Germanic invaders from 150 to 1066. Our focus here is on those in dark orange, whom Shepherd calls ‘Northmen: Danes and Normans’, popularly ‘Vikings’. – 6 – The map shows Europe and the Byzantine empire about the year 1000. France Germany 898–922 Charles the Simple 919–36 Henry the Fowler 936–62–73 Otto the Great, kg. emp. 973–83 Otto II 987–96 Hugh Capet 983–1002 Otto III 1002–1024 Henry II 996–1031 Robert II the Pious 1024–39 Conrad II 1031–1060 Henry I 1039–56 Henry III 1060–1108 Philip I 1056–1106 Henry IV – 7 – The map shows Europe and the Mediterranean lands in roughly the year 1097.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossar the Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
    Tabelle1 Bavaria today Germany’s largest state, located in the Bayern Southeast besiege, v surround with armed forces belagern Bretons an ethnic group located in the Northwest of Bretonen France Carpathian Mountains a range of mountains forming an arc of roughly Karpaten 1,500 km across Central and Eastern Europe, Charles the Fat (Charles III) 839 – 888, King of Alemannia from 876, King Karl III. of Italy from 879, Roman Emperor (as Charles III) from 881 Danelaw an area in England in which the laws of the Danelag Danes were enforced instead of the laws of the Anglo-Saxons Franconia today mainly a part of Bavaria, the medieval Franken duchy Franconia included towns such as Mainz and Frankfurt Henry I 876 – 936, the duke of Saxony from 912 and Heinrich I. king of East Francia from 919 until his death Huns a confederation of nomadic tribes that invaded Hunnen Europe around 370 AD Lombardy a region in Northern Italy Lombardei Lorraine a historical area in present-day Northeast Lothringen France, a part of the kingdom Lotharingia Lothar I (Lothair I) 795 – 855, the eldest son of the Carolingian Lothar I. emperor Louis I and his first wife Ermengarde, king of Italy (818 – 855), Emperor of the Franks (840 – 855) Lotharingia a kingdom in Western Europe, it existed from Lothringen 843 – 870; not to be confused with Lorraine Louis I (Louis the Pious 778 – 840, also called the Fair, and the Ludwig I. Debonaire; only surviving son of Charlemagne; King of the Franks Louis the German (Louis II) ca. 806 – 876, third son of Louis I, King of Ludwig der Bavaria (817 – 876) and King of East Francia Deutsche (843 – 876) Louis the Younger (Louis III) 835 – 882, son of Louis the German, King of Ludwig III., der Saxony (876-882) and King of Bavaria (880- Jüngere 882), succeeded by his younger brother, Charles the Fat, Magyars an ethnic group primarily associated with Ungarn Hungary.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany (1914)
    THE MAKING OF THE NATIONS GERMANY VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED IN THIS SERIES FRANCE By Cecil Headlam, m.a. COXTAIXING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS AND 16 MAPS AND SMALLER FIGURES IN THE TEXT " It is a sound and readable sketch, which has the signal merit of keeping^ what is salient to the front." British Weekly. SCOTLAND By Prof. Robert S. Rait CONTAINING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS AND 11 MAPS AND SMALLER FIGURES IN THE TEXT of "His 'Scotland' is an equally careful piece work, sound in historical fact, critical and dispassionate, and dealing, for the most part, with just those periods in which it is possible to trace a real advance in the national develop- ment."—Athenceum. SOUTH AMERICA By W. H. KoEBEL CONTAINING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS AND 10 MAPS AND SMALLER FIGURES IN THE TEXT " Mr. Koebel has done his work well, and by laying stress on the trend of Governments and peoples rather than on lists of Governors or Presidents, and by knowing generally what to omit, he has contrived to produce a book which meets an obvious need. ' —Morning Post. A. AND C. BLACK, 4 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. AGENTS AMERICA .... THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE. NEW YORK AUSTEALA8IA . OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 20- FLINDERS Lane. MELBOURNE CANADA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA. LTD. St. Marti.n's House, 70 Bond street, TORONTO RiDLA MACMILLAN 4 COMPANY, LTD. MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY 309 Bow Bazaar STREBT, CALCUTTA ^. Rischgits QUEEN LOUISE (lT7G-lS10), WinOW OF FREDERICK -WILLIAM III. OF PRUSSIA. Her patriotism anil self-sacrifice after the disaster of Jena have given her a liigli place in the affections of the German nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin Du Centre D'études Médiévales
    Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre | BUCEMA 22.1 | 2018 Varia Spatializing Meersen : Monasteries in Jurassian Burgundy (6th-9th c.) Jens Schneider Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/cem/15084 DOI: 10.4000/cem.15084 ISSN: 1954-3093 Publisher Centre d'études médiévales Saint-Germain d'Auxerre Electronic reference Jens Schneider, « Spatializing Meersen : Monasteries in Jurassian Burgundy (6th-9th c.) », Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre | BUCEMA [Online], 22.1 | 2018, Online since 03 September 2018, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/cem/15084 ; DOI : 10.4000/ cem.15084 This text was automatically generated on 19 April 2019. Les contenus du Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre (BUCEMA) sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International. Spatializing Meersen : Monasteries in Jurassian Burgundy (6th-9th c.) 1 Spatializing Meersen : Monasteries in Jurassian Burgundy (6th-9th c.)1 Jens Schneider EDITOR'S NOTE Cet article fait référence aux cartes 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 et 12 du dossier cartographique. Ces cartes sont réinsérées dans le corps du texte et les liens vers le dossier cartographique sont donnés en documents annexes. Introduction Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre | BUCEMA, 22.1 | 2018 Spatializing Meersen : Monasteries in Jurassian Burgundy (6th-9th c.) 2 1 Jurassian Burgundy was part of the Middle kingdom of Lothar II (855-869), even if he only set foot in it on two occasions (cf. maps 5 and 12)2.
    [Show full text]
  • Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, C.850-C.1050 1. Introduction Like Any Family, the Carolingian Dynasty Which
    1 Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c.850-c.1050 1. Introduction Like any family, the Carolingian dynasty which ruled continental Western Europe from the mid-eighth century until the end of the ninth had its black sheep. Lothar II (855-69) was perhaps the most tragic example. A great-grandson of the famous emperor Charlemagne, he belonged to a populous generation of the family which ruled the Frankish empire after it was divided into three kingdoms – east, west and middle – by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. In 855 Lothar inherited the northern third of the Middle Kingdom, roughly comprising territories between the Meuse and the Rhine, and seemed well placed to establish himself as a father to the next generation of Carolingians. But his line was not to prosper. Early in his reign he had married a noblewoman called Theutberga in order to make an alliance with her family, but a few childless years later attempted to divorce her in order to marry a former lover called Waldrada by whom he already had a son. This was to be Lothar’s downfall, as his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German, kings respectively of west and east Francia, enlisted the help of Pope Nicholas I in order to keep him married and childless, and thus render his kingdom vulnerable to their ambitions. In this they were ultimately successful – by the time he died in 869, aged only 34, Lothar’s divorce had become a full-blown imperial drama played out through an exhausting cycle of litigation and posturing which dominated Frankish politics throughout the 860s.1 In the absence of a legitimate heir to take it over, his kingdom was divided between those of his uncles – and with the exception of a short period in the 890s, it never truly existed again as an independent kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • European Middle Ages, 500-1200
    European Middle Ages, 500-1200 Previewing Main Ideas EMPIRE BUILDING In western Europe, the Roman Empire had broken into many small kingdoms. During the Middle Ages, Charlemagne and Otto the Great tried to revive the idea of empire. Both allied with the Church. Geography Study the maps. What were the six major kingdoms in western Europe about A.D. 500? POWER AND AUTHORITY Weak rulers and the decline of central authority led to a feudal system in which local lords with large estates assumed power. This led to struggles over power with the Church. Geography Study the time line and the map. The ruler of what kingdom was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III? RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS During the Middle Ages, the Church was a unifying force. It shaped people’s beliefs and guided their daily lives. Most Europeans at this time shared a common bond of faith. Geography Find Rome, the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, on the map. In what kingdom was it located after the fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476? INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to classzone.com for: • Interactive Visuals • Research Links • Maps • Interactive Primary Sources • Internet Activities • Test Practice • Primary Sources • Current Events • Chapter Quiz 350 351 What freedoms would you give up for protection? You are living in the countryside of western Europe during the 1100s. Like about 90 percent of the population, you are a peasant working the land. Your family’s hut is located in a small village on your lord’s estate. The lord provides all your basic needs, including housing, food, and protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The many faces of Duchess Matilda: matronage, motherhood and mediation in the twelfth century Jasperse, T.G. Publication date 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Jasperse, T. G. (2013). The many faces of Duchess Matilda: matronage, motherhood and mediation in the twelfth century. Boxpress. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:07 Oct 2021 The Gospel Book and the verbal and visual construction of Matilda’s identity 159 For many decades historians, art historians and palaeographers could not directly study the famous gospel book that Henry the Lion and Matilda com- missioned and donated to the Church of St Blaise. Somewhere in the 1930s, the manuscript disappeared, only to turn up at a Sotheby’s auction in 1983.
    [Show full text]
  • Pfaffe Konrad
    Pfaffe Konrad Date of Birth Unknown; early 12th century Place of Birth Unknown Date of Death Unknown; late 12th century Place of Death Unknown Biography All that is known about this German author must be gathered from his work. In the epilogue (vv. 9017-94), which is preserved only in the Heidelberg manuscript, he says of himself Ich haize der phaffe Chun- rât (v. 9079). The term ‘pfaffe’ is equivalent to clericus, which does not necessarily indicate a parish priest or a monk: in fact it is assumed that Konrad was a member of the clergy employed in a ducal chancel- lery. His clerical education – and therefore his knowledge of Latin – is confirmed both by the numerous biblical quotations in the text and by his statement that he first translated his French written source into Latin and then from Latin into German verse (vv. 9080-83). The cleric-poet further informs us that the French original was procured for him by a Duke Henry at the request of his wife, ‘the daughter of a mighty king’ (vv. 9017ff.). The identity of the Duke in question has become the subject of much critical debate. The possible patrons were Henry the Proud (d. 1139), Henry ‘Jasomirgott’ (Heinrich Babenberg, d. 1177) and Henry the Lion (d. 1195). The composition of the Rolandslied has accordingly been dated around 1130, 1150, and 1170. In his study, Die Datierung des deutschen Rolandsliedes (1965), Kartschoke provides new, convincing arguments in favor of Wilhem Grimm’s hypothesis that Konrad’s sponsor was Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who in 1168 had married the French-speaking princess Matilda, daughter of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
    [Show full text]
  • Bavaria the Bavarians Emerged in a Region North of the Alps, Originally Inhabited by the Celts, Which Had Been Part of the Roman Provinces of Rhaetia and Noricum
    Bavaria The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Rhaetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century AD. These peoples may have included Marcomanni, Thuringians, Goths, Rugians, Heruli, and some remaining Romans. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvari") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation, and even today, most of it is strongly Roman Catholic. From about 550 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne. Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish over- lords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annals of Herman of Niederaltaich, 1236-60 Herman
    1 The Annals of Herman of Niederaltaich, 1236-60 Herman was abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Niederaltaich in the diocese of Passau from October 1242 until his resignation on grounds of old age in March 1273. He died two years later, on 31st July 1275. He wrote a number of historical works about his monastery, and continued an existing abbey chronicle, on which he began to work after 1251; although he would seem to have gone back to continue the account from 1235 onwards. (The entries for these earlier years are clearly retrospective). His chronicle is a contemporary Bavarian witness of the German crisis of the mid-thirteenth century, and especially insofar as it affected Bavaria and Austria. Niederaltaich, founded in the mid- eighth century, was one of the most ancient and prestigious monasteries in Bavaria. [Translated from Hermanni Altahensis Annales, MGH SS xvii.392-402; translation (c) G.A. Loud (2010)] (1236) Duke Frederick of Austria and Styria was outlawed by the emperor at Augsburg. 1 This Frederick was a severe man, great-hearted in battle, strict and cruel in justice, greedy in amassing treasures, who so spread terror both among his own subjects and neighbouring peoples that he was not only not loved but was feared by all. For he led a campaign with his army into Moravia against King Wenceslas of the Bohemians, and when he also entered the land of Hungary he ravaged the bounds of both lands with fire and sword. He strove to oppress the nobles and better people of his land and to exalt the ignoble.
    [Show full text]
  • The War in Germany
    The War in Germany ......................................1 Prelude .......................................................1 THE WAR IN GERMANY Origin of the Pragmatic Sanction ........1 PRELUDE Lighting the Fuse ................................2 “If peace had lasted beyond 1740, [the soldiers] would Of States and Dynasts.................................4 probably now have rouge and beauty spots.” Prussia................................................4 Frederick the Great Austria................................................5 The War of the Austrian Succession was very much to the France ................................................7 Seven Years War what the Great War was to the Second World The Maritime Powers........................ 11 War. Like the Great War, those in the know saw it coming. Like the Great War, it proved unstoppable. Like the Great War, Hanover............................................ 13 some welcomed it as a purge of the European body politic. It Saxony .............................................. 14 was the first ancien régime cabinet war to blend old style Bavaria............................................. 15 dynastic ambitions with the rising ideology of State Nationalism. Erbfolgekrieg in Deutschesland ................ 17 Officially, the War lasted from December 16th, 1740 until Gott Mit Uns..................................... 17 October 18th, 1748, ultimately involving all the important Wiener Blut....................................... 22 European powers. It was not a single conflict. Its flames
    [Show full text]
  • The Reign of Charles III the Fat (876-888)
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The reign of Charles III the Fat (876-888) Maclean, Simon The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 11. Oct. 2021 THE REIGN OF CHARLES III THE FAT (876-888) Simon MacLean King's College London Submitted for the degree of PhD, March 2000 2 ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the reign of the last Carolingian emperor, Charles the Fat.
    [Show full text]