DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuclear Migration and Mitochondrial Inheritance in the Mushroom Agaricus Bitorquis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nuclear Migration and Mitochondrial Inheritance in the Mushroom Agaricus Bitorquis Copyright 0 1988 by the Genetics Society of America Nuclear Migration and Mitochondrial Inheritance in the Mushroom Agaricus bitorquis William E. A. Hintz, James B. Anderson and Paul A. Horgen Mushroom Research Group, Center for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L I C6 Manuscript received October 21, 1987 Revised copy accepted January 28, 1988 ABSTRACT Mitochondrial (mt) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used as genetic markers for following mitochondrialinheritance in themushroom Agaricus bitorquis. In many basidiomycetes, bilateral nuclear migration between paired homokaryotic mycelia gives rise to two discrete dikaryons which have identical nuclei but different cytoplasms. Although nuclear migration is rare in A. bitorquis, unidirectional nuclear migration occurred when a nuclear donating strain (8- l), was paired with anuclear recipient strain (34-2). The dikaryonrecovered over the nuclear recipient mate (Dik D) contained nuclei from both parents but only mitochondria from the recipient mate; thus nuclei of 8-1, but not mitochondria, migrated through the resident hyphae of 34-2 following hyphal anastomosis. The two mitochondrial types present in a dikaryon recovered at the junction of the two cultures (Dik A) segregated during vegetative growth. Dikaryotic cells having the 34-2 mitochondrial type grew faster than cellswith the 8-1 mitochondrial type. Fruitbodies, derived from a mixed population of cells having the same nuclearcomponents but different cytoplasms, were chimeric for mitochondrial type. The transmission of mitochondria was biased in favor of the 8-1 type in the spore progeny of the chimeric fruitbody. Protoplasts of dikaryon (Dik D), which contained both nuclear types but only the 34-2 mitochondrial type, were regenerated and homokaryons containing the 8-1 nuclear type and the 34-2 mitochondrial type were recovered. HE field mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, is heter- tion of nuclei occurs independently of any movement T othallic with mating types controlled by a single of organelles (CASSELTONand CONDIT 1972). Al- multiallelic incompatibility locus (RAPER1976). The though nuclear migration is rare in A. bitorpis, one fruitbodies produce four-spored basidia and single- stock (8-1) has been identified, which when paired spore isolates are homokaryotic with haploid nuclei. with a compatible mate (34-2), donates nuclei which A compatible mating of two homokaryotic isolates migrate unilaterally through the resident mycelium results in the presence of a raised line of dikaryotic of the recipient mate (ANDERSONet al. 1984). mycelium at the confluence of the paired cultures Extensive mt DNA restriction pattern heteroge- (RAPER and KAYE1978; ANDERSONet al. 1984). Clamp neity exists between isolates of A. bitorquis (HINTZet connections, often a feature of dikaryons within the al. 1985). The main purpose of this study was to Hymenomycetes, are absent in A. bitorpis. Dikaryosis develop RFLP markers to follow the transmission of can be confirmed visually with a microscope or by specific mitochondrial and nuclear types after hyphal fruitbody formation. Central to any study of breedinganastomosis, nuclear migration, fruitbody formation biology is the transmission of organellar genomes as and sporulation. We have shown thatthere is no well as the transmission of nuclear traits. We were movement of mitochondria associated with the mi- interested in determining the mitochondrial inherit- gration of nuclei following hyphal anastomosis. A ance pattern in crosses of A. bitorquis and assessing second purpose of this study was to resolve a dikar- the mitochondrial contribution to the phenotype of yon, of known nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes, vegetative cultures. into homokaryons, of predicted genotypes, by regen- In another basidiomycete, Coprinus cinereus, bipar- erating protoplasts. This allowed the reassociation of ental inheritance of mitochondria results from events the 34-2 mitochondrial genotype with the 8-1 nuclear directly following hyphal anastomosis in a pairing of genotype which resulted in a new homokaryon, with- homokaryons.Donor nuclei migrate bilaterally out sexual fusion of the nuclei in the dikaryon. through the established cells of each recipient mate, resulting in two discrete dikaryons, having identical MATERIALS AND METHODS pairs of nuclei but different cytoplasms (BAPTISTA- Growth and maintenance of strains: Working cultures FERREIRA,ECONOMOU and CASSELTON1983). Migra- of A. bitorquis (8-1, 34-2) were maintained on CYM agar Genetics 119: 35-41 (May, 1988). 36 W. E. A. Hintz, J. B. Anderson and P. A. Horgen (STEVENS1981) at 23". Mating was done by pairing two 1 mm' plugs of homokaryotic cultures at a distance of 1.0 cm on CYM agar plates (ANDERSONet al. 1984). Plugs of dikaryotic mycelium were removed from the interface and also distal to the interface of the two homokaryons and transferred to CYM agar plates. For fruiting trials sterile grain (1.0 g CaC0'; 100 g rye seed; 120 ml H20) (CHANG and HAYES1978) was inoculated with dikaryotic mycelium and incubated for 21 days at 23". The "spawn" was cased with water-saturated calcined earth (Turface, International Minerals and Chemical Corp. Mundelein, Illinois) mixed with, 5.0% (w/w) CaCOJ and 1.0% (w/w) Hydrogel (Viterra Planta-gel, Nepera Chemical Co., Harriman, Sew York) (SANA~TONIO 1971) and transferred to an incubator with 85% relative humidity at 21". Spore prints were prepared frommature fruiting bodies and single germlings were isolated following dilution plating of spores on CYM agar. Protoplasts were isolated from dikarvotic mycelium and homokaryons were recovered as described by CASTLE,HOR- GEN and ANDERSON(1987). Mycelium for DNA isolations was grown in CYM liquid medium in petri dishes with no agitation. FIGLKE1 .-Suclear migration in Agaricus. An A. bitorpi.\ nu- Source of genetic markers: For the generation of nuclear clear donating strain (X- l, Ipf)was paired with a sexually compatible DNA markers, A. bitorpis (8- 1) nuclear DNA was separated nuclear accepting strain (34-2, right) on CYM agar. Following from mt DKA by centrifugation in bis-benzimide (Hoescht hyphal anastomosis and nuclear migration, plugs of dikaryotic 33258, Sigma Chemical Co.) cesium chloridegradients mycelium were recovered from the junction of the two parental (HUDSPETHet al. 1980). Purified nuclear DNA was digested cultures (Dik A, open circle) and from the recipient mate (Dik D, with the restriction enzyme EcoRI (Pharmacia, Uppsala, closed circle). Sweden) and ligated to similarly digested bacterial plasmid vector pBR 325 (MANIATIS,FRITSCH and SAMBROOK1982). Several clones, containing 2.0-7.0 kilo-basepair (kbp) in- serts, were chosen at random for use as nuclear markers. r! Mitochondrial DNA markers were generated by cloning BamHI digested A. brunnescens mt DNA into the polylinker region of the bacterial plasmid vector pUC 18. The cloned mt DNAs used in this study were between 6.0 and 10.0 kbp in length. Restriction analysis: Whole-cell DNA was isolated from freeze-dried mycelium according tothe procedureof ZOLAN and PUKKILA(1986). DNA samples (ca. 5 pg) were digested with BamHI and subjected to electrophoresis on 15 X 18 cm, 0.7% agarose gels in TBE (89 mM Tris-HCI; 89 mM boric acid; 2.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) at 30 V for 16 hr. Bacteriophage lambda DNA, digested with both EcoRI and HindIII, was used as a size standard. The digested DNA I was transferred from the gel onto Genescreen Plus mem- brane(Dupont NEN Research Products, Boston, Massa- chusetts) by capillary blotting according to manufacturer's directions. Plasmid DNAs (ca. 1 kg) were labeled with [a- "PIdCTP (3000 Ci/mrnol; Dupont NEN) using the Be- thesda Research Laboratories (Gaithersburg, Maryland) nick-translation kit. On average, specific activity of 10' cpm/kg DNA was obtained. Hybridization and wash con- ditions were as described by HINTZet al. (1985). Autora- diography was performed using a Dupont NEN intensify- ing screen and Kodak XAR-5 film. ~I~LKCr.--~eg~egauor~ UI IIULIC~Idllu lllllucllulluIldl IIMI~.FIJ during fruiting. EamHI digested DSAs from A. biforguk parental homokaryotic strains 8-1, 34-2 (lanes 1 and2 respectively), the RESULTS dikaryon recovered at the junction of the homokaryons (Dik A, Two bitorpis lane 3), the dikaryon recovered over the nuclear recipient mate homokaryotic isolates of A. (8-1, 34- (Dik D, lane 4). homokaryotic spore progeny of Dik A (AISI, 2), having unique mt DNA restriction patterns, were AlS6, A2S5, A2S6; lanes 54,and homokaryotic spore progeny paired on CY M agar at a distance of 1 cm. After 2 1 of Dik D (D2S6, D2S7, D3S6,D3S7; lanes 9-12) were electropho- days of growth, fluffy mycelium, distinctive of dikar- resed on a 0.74 agarose gel, transferred to a Genescreen Plus yon formation, appeared at the junction of the two filter, and hybridized with radiolabeled nuclear DNA marker p8- In3 (A) or mt DNA marker p5Om9 (B). The sizes of strongly homokaryotic strains. During the next 14 days, the hybridizing fragments are indicated at the right of the figure zone ofdikaryotization migrated unilaterally over the (kbp). Weakly hybridizing fragments or partial digestion products resident mycelium of strain 34-2 (Figure 1). Plugs of ,L'PVP nnt ;ncl>nA~Ain the ~n~lwcic Mitochondrial Inheritance in Agaricus 37 TABLE 1 Genotypes of A. bitorquis strains Nuclear probes Mitochondrial probes Mating Strain p8- I n3 p8- 1n7 p8- 1 n33 p50m9 p5OrnlO p50m4b 8-1 a( A1 a(13.5)a(15.6)a(l1.813.7) a(5.0/4.4/4.1)a(17.1) 1 0.4)a 34-2 A2 b(17.6/13.2) b(5.5/4.7/3.8) b(8.4l1.7) b(4.6) b(19.2) b(18.2) b(19.2) b(4.6) b(8.4l1.7) b(5.5/4.7/3.8)b(17.6/13.2) A2 34-2 Dik A A1/A2 ab ab ab ab ab ab b a AlSl A2 b a a a a b b AIS6 AI b b a a a a a A2S5 A2 a a a a a A2S6 AI a a b b a a Dik D A l/A2 ab ab ab b b b b b D2S6 A2 b b b b b D2S7 AI b b a b b b D3S6 A2 b b b b b b D3S7 A1 a a b b b b Sizes of restriction fragment(s) (kbp) hybridizing to the probe in parentheses.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemical Elements in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
    Chemical elements in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes The reference mushrooms as instruments for investigating bioindication and biodiversity Roberto Cenci, Luigi Cocchi, Orlando Petrini, Fabrizio Sena, Carmine Siniscalco, Luciano Vescovi Editors: R. M. Cenci and F. Sena EUR 24415 EN 2011 1 The mission of the JRC-IES is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union’s policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Via E.Fermi, 2749 I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC Catalogue number: LB-NA-24415-EN-C Editors: R. M. Cenci and F. Sena JRC65050 EUR 24415 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20395-4 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2788/22228 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Translation: Dr. Luca Umidi © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy 2 Attached to this document is a CD containing: • A PDF copy of this document • Information regarding the soil and mushroom sampling site locations • Analytical data (ca, 300,000) on total samples of soils and mushrooms analysed (ca, 10,000) • The descriptive statistics for all genera and species analysed • Maps showing the distribution of concentrations of inorganic elements in mushrooms • Maps showing the distribution of concentrations of inorganic elements in soils 3 Contact information: Address: Roberto M.
    [Show full text]
  • Trail Key to Common Agaricus Species of the Central California Coast
    Trial Key to Common Agaricus Species of the Central California Coast* By Fred Stevens A. Cap and stipe lacking color changes when cut or bruised, odors not distinctive; not yellowing with KOH (3% potassium hydroxide). Also keyed out here are three species with faint or atypical color reactions: Agaricus hondensis and A. californicus which yellow faintly when bruised or with KOH, and Agaricus subrutilescens, which has a cap context that turns greenish with KOH. ......................Key A AA. Cap and stipe flesh reddening or yellowing when bruised or injured, the yellowing reaction enhanced with KOH; odors variable from that of anise, phenol, brine, to that of “mushrooms.” ........ B B. Cap and stipe context reddish-brown, orange-brown to pinkish- brown when cut or injured; not yellowing in KOH with one exception: the cap and context of Agaricus arorae, turns pinkish-brown when cut, but also yellows faintly with KOH, this species is also keyed out here. ...Key B BB. Cap and stipe yellowing when bruised, either rapidly or slowly; yellowing also with KOH; odor either pleasant of anise or almonds, or unpleasant, like that of phenol ............................... C C. Cap margin and/or stipe base yellowing rapidly when bruised, but soon fading; odor unpleasant, phenolic or like that of library paste; yellowing reaction enhanced with KOH, but not strong in Agaricus hondensis and A. californicus; .........................Key C CC. Cap and stipe yellowing slowly when bruised, the color change persistent; odor pleasant: of anise, almonds, or “old baked goods;” also yellowing with KOH; .............................. Key D 1 Key A – Species lacking obvious color changes and distinctive odors A.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Fungus Fair
    Oakland Museum, 6-7 December 2003 Mycological Society of San Francisco Catalogue of Fungus Fair Introduction ......................................................................................................................2 History ..............................................................................................................................3 Statistics ...........................................................................................................................4 Total collections (excluding "sp.") Numbers of species by multiplicity of collections (excluding "sp.") Numbers of taxa by genus (excluding "sp.") Common names ................................................................................................................6 New names or names not recently recorded .................................................................7 Numbers of field labels from tables Species found - listed by name .......................................................................................8 Species found - listed by multiplicity on forays ..........................................................13 Forays ranked by numbers of species .........................................................................16 Larger forays ranked by proportion of unique species ...............................................17 Species found - by county and by foray ......................................................................18 Field and Display Label examples ................................................................................27
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Characterisation and Cultivation of Wild Agaricus Species from Mexico
    Micología Aplicada International ISSN: 1534-2581 [email protected] Colegio de Postgraduados México Martínez Carrera, D.; Bonilla, M.; Martínez, W.; Sobal, M.; Aguilar, A.; Pellicer González, E. Characterisation and cultivation of wild Agaricus species from Mexico Micología Aplicada International, vol. 13, núm. 1, january, 2001, pp. 9-24 Colegio de Postgraduados Puebla, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=68513102 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MICOLOGIAW AILDPLICADA AGARICUS INTERNATIONAL SPECIES FROM, 13(1), MEXICO 2001, pp. 9-249 © 2001, PRINTED IN BERKELEY, CA, U.S.A. www.micaplint.com CHARACTERISATION AND CULTIVATION OF WILD AGARICUS SPECIES FROM MEXICO* D. MARTÍNEZ-CARRERA, M. BONILLA, W. MARTÍNEZ, M. SOBAL, A. AGUILAR AND E. PELLICER-GONZÁLEZ College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences (CP), Campus Puebla, Mushroom Biotechnology, Apartado Postal 701, Puebla 72001, Puebla, Mexico. Fax: 22-852162. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication October 12, 2000 ABSTRACT Germplasm preservation and genetic improvement of authentic wild species is fundamental for developing the mushroom industry of any country. In Mexico, strains of wild Agaricus species were isolated from diverse regions. Ten species were tentatively identified on the basis of fruit-body morphology: A. abruptibulbus Peck, A. albolutescens Zeller, A. augustus Fries, A. bisporus var. bisporus (Lange)Imbach, A. bitorquis (Quél.)Sacc., A. campestris Link : Fries, A. hortensis (Cooke)Pilàt, A. osecanus Pilát, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mushrooms of Southwestern BC Latin Name Comment Habitat Edibility
    Mushrooms of Southwestern BC Latin name Comment Habitat Edibility L S 13 12 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 90 Abortiporus biennis Blushing rosette On ground from buried hardwood Unknown O06 O V Agaricus albolutescens Amber-staining Agaricus On ground in woods Choice, disagrees with some D06 N N Agaricus arvensis Horse mushroom In grassy places Choice, disagrees with some D06 N F FV V FV V V N Agaricus augustus The prince Under trees in disturbed soil Choice, disagrees with some D06 N V FV FV FV FV V V V FV N Agaricus bernardii Salt-loving Agaricus In sandy soil often near beaches Choice D06 N Agaricus bisporus Button mushroom, was A. brunnescens Cultivated, and as escapee Edible D06 N F N Agaricus bitorquis Sidewalk mushroom In hard packed, disturbed soil Edible D06 N F N Agaricus brunnescens (old name) now A. bisporus D06 F N Agaricus campestris Meadow mushroom In meadows, pastures Choice D06 N V FV F V F FV N Agaricus comtulus Small slender agaricus In grassy places Not recommended D06 N V FV N Agaricus diminutivus group Diminutive agariicus, many similar species On humus in woods Similar to poisonous species D06 O V V Agaricus dulcidulus Diminutive agaric, in diminitivus group On humus in woods Similar to poisonous species D06 O V V Agaricus hondensis Felt-ringed agaricus In needle duff and among twigs Poisonous to many D06 N V V F N Agaricus integer In grassy places often with moss Edible D06 N V Agaricus meleagris (old name) now A moelleri or A.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Fungal Diseases in Mushroom Crops While Dealing with Fungicide Resistance: a Review
    microorganisms Review Control of Fungal Diseases in Mushroom Crops while Dealing with Fungicide Resistance: A Review Francisco J. Gea 1,† , María J. Navarro 1, Milagrosa Santos 2 , Fernando Diánez 2 and Jaime Carrasco 3,4,*,† 1 Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón, Quintanar del Rey, 16220 Cuenca, Spain; [email protected] (F.J.G.); [email protected] (M.J.N.) 2 Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (F.D.) 3 Technological Research Center of the Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH), 26560 Autol, Spain 4 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Mycoparasites cause heavy losses in commercial mushroom farms worldwide. The negative impact of fungal diseases such as dry bubble (Lecanicillium fungicola), cobweb (Cladobotryum spp.), wet bubble (Mycogone perniciosa), and green mold (Trichoderma spp.) constrains yield and harvest quality while reducing the cropping surface or damaging basidiomes. Currently, in order to fight fungal diseases, preventive measurements consist of applying intensive cleaning during cropping and by the end of the crop cycle, together with the application of selective active substances with proved fungicidal action. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the redundant application of the same fungicides has been conducted to the occurrence of resistant strains, hence, reviewing reported evidence of resistance occurrence and introducing unconventional treatments is worthy to pave the way towards Citation: Gea, F.J.; Navarro, M.J.; Santos, M.; Diánez, F.; Carrasco, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Genus Agaricus Inferred from Restriction Analysis of Enzymatically Amplified Ribosomal DNA
    Fungal Genetics and Biology 20, 243–253 (1996) Article No. 0039 Phylogeny of the Genus Agaricus Inferred from Restriction Analysis of Enzymatically Amplified Ribosomal DNA Britt A. Bunyard,* Michael S. Nicholson,† and Daniel J. Royse‡ *USDA-ARS, Fort Detrick, Building 1301, Frederick, Maryland 21701; †Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401; and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, 316 Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Accepted for publication November 15, 1996 Bunyard, B. A., Nicholson, M. S., and Royse, D. J. 1996. accounting for 37% of the total world production of Phylogeny of the genus Agaricus inferred from restriction cultivated mushrooms. Although much is known about A. analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA. Fungal bisporus, several aspects remain unclear, especially those Genetics and Biology 20, 243–253. The 26S and 5S concerning its genetic life history (Kerrigan et al., 1993a; ribosomal RNA genes and the intergenic region between Royer and Horgen, 1991; Castle et al., 1988, 1987; Spear et the 26S and the 5S rRNA genes of the ribosomal DNA al., 1983; Royse and May, 1982a,b; Elliott, 1972; Raper et repeat of 21 species of Agaricus were amplified using PCR al., 1972; Jiri, 1967; Pelham, 1967; Evans, 1959; Kligman, and then digested with 10 restriction enzymes. Restriction 1943). Fundamental processes such as the segregation and fragment length polymorphisms were found among the 21 assortment of genes during meiosis remain poorly defined putative species of Agaricus investigated and used to (Kerrigan et al., 1993a; Summerbell et al., 1989; Royse and develop a phylogenetic tree of the evolutionary history of May, 1982a).
    [Show full text]
  • Los Hongos En Extremadura
    Los hongos en Extremadura Los hongos en Extremadura EDITA Junta de Extremadura Consejería de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente COORDINADOR DE LA OBRA Eduardo Arrojo Martín Sociedad Micológica Extremeña (SME) POESÍAS Jacinto Galán Cano DIBUJOS África García García José Antonio Ferreiro Banderas Antonio Grajera Angel J. Calleja FOTOGRAFÍAS Celestino Gelpi Pena Fernando Durán Oliva Antonio Mateos Izquierdo Antonio Rodríguez Fernández Miguel Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo Justo Muñoz Mohedano Gaspar Manzano Alonso Cristóbal Burgos Morilla Carlos Tovar Breña Eduardo Arrojo Martín DISEÑO E IMPRESIÓN Indugrafic, S.L. DEP. LEGAL BA-570-06 I.S.B.N. 84-690-1014-X CUBIERTA Entoloma lividum. FOTO: C. GELPI En las páginas donde se incluye dibujo y poesía puede darse el caso de que no describan la misma seta, pues prima lo estético sobre lo científico. Contenido PÁGINA Presentación .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 José Luis Quintana Álvarez (Consejero de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente. Junta de Extremadura) Prólogo ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Gabriel Moreno Horcajada (Catedrático de Botánica de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid) Los hongos en Extremadura .................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Compost Physico-Chemical Factors That Impact on Yield in Button Mushrooms, Agaricus Bisporus (Lge) and Agaricus Bitorquis (Quel) Saccardo
    © Kamla-Raj 2012 J Agri Sci, 3(1): 49-54 (2012) Compost Physico-chemical Factors that Impact on Yield in Button Mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lge) and Agaricus bitorquis (Quel) Saccardo M. G. Kariaga1, H. W. Nyongesa1, N. C. O. Keya1 and H. M. Tsingalia2 1Department of Sugar Technology, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190- 50100, Kakamega, Kenya KEYWORDS Button Mushrooms. Synthetic Composts. Key Factors. Microorganisms Growth ABSTRACT Button mushrooms, Agaricus sp. are secondary decomposers that require nutritious and very selective composts for their growth. Selectivity of these composts is influenced by both biological and physico-chemical characteristics of composting process. The conventional method of preparing button mushroom composts is to use a combination of horse manure, hay and a high nitrogenous source such as chicken manure. These materials are composted over time until the compost is ‘mature’. In the absence of the materials above, several alternatives can be used. An experiment was designed to use locally available materials in making two synthetic composts of grass and maize stalk. The objective was to find out factors that contribute to making compost that give high yields of button mushrooms. Three strains of mushrooms A. bisporus, A. brunescence and A. bitorquis were planted in three different composts; horse manure was used as control, maize and grass as synthetic in a complete randomized design. Nitrogen content of each compost was calculated, moisture content and temperature of the compost were recorded throughout composting and during conditioning period. Yields of mushrooms were taken in three different flushes.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Value of Wild Mushrooms from Kharan District of Balochistan, Pakistan
    MANZOOR ET AL (2019), FUUAST J.BIOL., 9(2): 209-214 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF WILD MUSHROOMS FROM KHARAN DISTRICT OF BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN. MADIHA MANZOOR, MUDASSIR ASRAR, SAAD ULLAH KHAN LEGHARI AND ZAHOOR AHMED Department of botany, university of balochistan, quetta, pakistan. Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]. الخہص زری قیقحت 18-2017دورانولباتسچنےکعلضدشہرشماخرانےسعمج دشہ رشموزم اک الہپ اطمہعل ےہ۔ وعیس امیپےن رپ علض رھب ںیم رسوے دقعنم ےئک ےئگ اتہک رشموزم وک فلتخماقمامترپالتشایکاجےکس۔رشمومیکاپچن فلتخم ااسقم وممس اہبر ےس وممس رگام ےک دوران عمج یک ںیئگ نج اک قلعت دوژین Basidiomycota اور Agaricomycetes اور ڈر Agaricales اور Family Agaricaceae ےس Agaricus bisporus, Coprinus, comatus, copruis sterquilinus Sprecies ,Agaricus bitorquis اور Coprinellus micaceus اکقلعت یلمیف Psathyreaceaeےسےہ۔انیکذغایئ ازجاء اک زجتہی ایک ایگ اھت، یمن یک دقمار %88.8 ےس %91.1 کتیھت۔ بس ےس زایدہ یمن Agaricus bitorquis ںیم راکیرڈ یک یئگ۔ Ash content %9.9 ےس %11.2 کت یھت۔ بس ےس زایدہ پ C, micacues 11.2% ںیم یلم۔ بس رشموزمںیمرپونیٹ یک دقمار افدئہ دنم ےہ، رشموزم ںیم ڈیلز/ رچیب یک دقمار %18 ےس %28 اپیئ یئگ۔ بس ےس زایدہ لڈز پ پ پ پ Agaricus bitorquis میں %28 اپای ایگ اس ںیم لڈز یک دقمار افدئہ دنم ےہ۔ فی coprius sterquilinus 2.0 ںیم راکیرڈ یک یئگ۔ فی ، رپونیٹ اور لڈز یک تبسن تہب مکاپای ایگ۔امتم رشموم ںیم وارف دقمار ںیم Mineral اپایایگ، بس ےس زایدہ میشلیک Ca(%7.4) وپاٹمیش Agaricus bisporus (15%)K اور میشینگیم م سییلسی ی Agaricus bitroquis (7.2%)Mg ںیمریغ ومعمیل وطر رپ MN ییکیی یز ، زکن Zn، ین یم Se یھب اپای ایگ۔ اتمہ ہی ااسنین زدنیگ کییلن فے اجزئ دحود ںیم اپای ایگ ذری رظن قیقحت پ ٹن ےس اثتب وہا ہک ونصمیئ وطر رپ انبیئ یئگ اوشنراہیئ رپونیٹ اور رپو ییکس رپونیٹ سپلیمسٹن ےکاقمےلبںیم رشموزم یک زغاتیئ ربارب اپیئ یئگ Abstract This is the first study of wild mushrooms collected from Kharan district of Balochistan, Pakistan during 2017- 18.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecanicillium Fungicola: Causal Agent of Dry Bubble Disease in White-Button Mushroom
    MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY (2010) 11(5), 585–595 DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2010.00627.X Pathogen profile Lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white-button mushroom ROELAND L. BERENDSEN1,*, JOHAN J. P. BAARS2, STEFANIE I. C. KALKHOVE3, LUIS G. LUGONES3, HAN A. B. WÖSTEN3 AND PETER A. H. M. BAKKER1 1Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands 2Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands producer of white-button mushrooms in the world, little is SUMMARY known in the international literature about the impact of dry Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in commer- bubble disease in this region. cially cultivated mushroom. This review summarizes current Control: The control of L. fungicola relies on strict hygiene and knowledge on the biology of the pathogen and the interaction the use of fungicides. Few chemicals can be used for the control between the pathogen and its most important host, the white- of dry bubble because the host is also sensitive to fungicides. button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The ecology of the patho- Notably, the development of resistance of L. fungicola has been gen is discussed with emphasis on host range, dispersal and reported against the fungicides that are used to control dry primary source of infection. In addition, current knowledge on bubble disease. In addition, some of these fungicides may be mushroom defence mechanisms is reviewed. banned in the near future. Taxonomy: Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss) Zare and Gams: Useful websites: http://www.mycobank.org; http://www.
    [Show full text]
  • Agaricus Bisporus)
    Phenylhydrazines in the Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) - occurrence, biological properties, risk assessment and recommendations Phenylhydrazines in the Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) - occurrence, biological properties, risk assessment and recommendations By Andersson, H.C. and Gry, J. TemaNord 2004:558 Phenylhydraz ines in the Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) - occurrence, biological properties, risk assessment and recommendations TemaNord 2004:558 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2004 ISBN 92-893-1080-4 ISSN 0908-6692 Print: Ekspressen Tryk & Kopicenter Copies: 300 Printed on paper approved by the Nordic Environmental Labelling. This publication may be purchased from any of the sales agents listed on the last page. Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1255 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 Phone (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 www.norden.org The Nordic Food Policy Co-operation The Nordic Committee of Senior Officials for Food Issues is concerned with basic Food Policy issues relating to food and nutrition, food toxicology and food microbiology, risk evaluation, food control and food legislation. The co-operation aims at protection of the health of the consumer, common utilisation of professional and administrative resources and at Nordic and international developments in this field. The Nordic Council of Ministers was established in 1971. It submits proposals on co-operation between the governments of the five Nordic countries to the Nordic Council, implements the Council's recommendations and reports on results, while directing the work carried out in the targeted areas. The Prime Ministers of the five Nordic countries assume overall responsibility for the co-operation measures, which are co-ordinated by the ministers for co-operation and the Nordic Co-operation committee.
    [Show full text]