Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort What... Ancient Egypt

Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort Ancient Egypt

Amernirdas I, the Divine Consort is a black granite frontal fragment of a full-length female portrait statue. The high standard of commemorative portrait sculpture maintained during the Late Period (700 BCE to 100 AD) is reflected in this work. It also demonstrates the independence, position of responsibility, and respect commanded by certain women in ancient Egyptian society. The Napatan style recognized as an early stage of Nubian art is characterized by rectilinear abstraction and stressed angularity of the figure’s face, arms, and fingers. Nubian ethnicity is apparent from the broadened facial features. Her eyebrows and other cosmetic lines surrounding the eyes are drawn in heavy relief. Also evident is the “Kushite fold,” or the curving line that extends from the nostrils to the corners of the mouth, accentuating the fleshing cheeks. Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort wears a simple sheath dress with halter straps that cover her breasts. A heavy tripartite (three-part) wig topped with a crown formed by a ring of uraeus (sacred serpents) or cobras reflects the calm majesty for which the best of pharaonic sculpture is renowned. A uraeus once adorned her brow, but is now broken, as is the tip of her nose. Her right arm is missing below the elbow while only the upper left arm remains. She holds a lily scepter in her left hand, symbolizing Upper Egypt, and it also often described as a lotus (symbol of femininity). Hieroglyphic signs carved into the back of the sculpture form part of a title proclaiming her as the Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Provenance • The sculpture was brought from Egypt to Paris by General Le Marois (Comte le Marois) during the Napoleonic campaigns c. 1801. • The sculpture stayed in the general’s family in Normandy until it was acquired from his great-grandson by Paul Mallon, the collector. • Mallon sold the piece to Joslyn Art Museum in 1953.

When Amenirdas first arrived at Joslyn Art Museum in 1953, she had been misidentified as the goddess Isis, the queen of the gods in Egyptian mythology. Dr. Bernard Bothmer, assistant curator in the department of ancient art at the Brooklyn Museum, and former director of the American Research Center in Egypt, traveled to Joslyn in 1958. His intention was to view the bust as he planned to borrow it for a special exhibition, Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, at his museum in 1960. He discovered the gaffe and revealed her true identity as Princess Amenirdas I. Three clues led Dr. Bothmer to the conclusion: 1. The crown of cobras—“most often a regal attribute in Egyptian art and is not usually a godly attribute;” 2. She holds a lotus scepter; 3. The inscription on the back is “practically identical to the inscriptions” on the other known Amenirdas depictions. When the show opened in 1960, Joslyn’s Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort greeted museum visitors at the first international show of Egyptian art held in the United States.

Discussion Questions What themes can be identified in ancient Egyptian art? m How were women perceived in ancient Egypt? Artist Unknown m Egyptian; Kushite (Nubian) Why do you think this sculpture of Amenirdas I was created? Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort m Discuss the connection between the material chosen for this Third Intermediate Period, 25th Dynasty, 700 BCE sculpture with the idea of permanence in ancient Egyptian beliefs. granite, height: 25 1/4 inches. Museum Purchase Why was it important for Egyptians to be sustainable? m Why is provenance important when studying ancient objects?

Description: A map of ancient Egypt, showing the Sinai, and the Nile up to the 5th cataract. The map is annotated with most of the important ancient Egyptian cities. Both Memphis and Thebes are marked as capitals. Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Ancient_Egypt_main_map.png

Princess Amenirdas I: Deciphering the Back Panel What... is the office of the Divine Consort? MEHT In ancient Egyptian periods, women had opportunities to serve and, at different times installed as God’s Wife. Amenirdas I, as she was known since becoming the Divine Consort, MEANS “NORTH” throughout the history of ancient Egypt, received income for their pastoral support in various was the first Kushite female to hold this title. cults. The Divine Consort was the supreme religious office of the land of Thebes, and the As God’s Wife, the Divine Consort was responsible for officiating at daily temple female who held this position was also considered the earthly bride of the state god, Amen. ritual. Male equivalents, “God’s Fathers,” were priests of Amen. Together, they would stand History shows that in the Middle Kingdom, Queen Ahmose-Nevertari, from the behind the king on the approach to the Great God Amen-Ra’s sanctuary. God’s Wife was 18th Dynasty, was known to be the first “God’s Wife.” During the New Kingdom, the Divine allowed to cleanse in the sacred lake and join the high priest to burn effigies of the king’s Consort was married to the king and bore his children, however, the God’s Wife in the Third enemies. Other duties included calling the gods to meals and representing the royal family. IS A HIEROGLYPH FOR Intermediate Period remained celibate and passed the title on to her adopted heir. This Considering their importance to the government, the God’s Wife served as regent in “CITY” OR “PLACE” prevented dynastic control over the priestly office. the royal rulers’ absence. She was also charged with supervising various tradespeople such as When Amenirdas arrived in the spiritual capital of Thebes, Shepenupet I, who was bakers, brewers, gold workers, storehouse keepers, and treasurers. During the 450 year long THIS MEANS A PLACE IN THE NORTH. DOUBLING THE PLANT-CLUSTER HIEROGLYPH MEANS “UNION the daughter of the last native king, held the Divine Consort position. Due to the Kushite Third Intermediate Period, Egypt was politically disjointed, and it was at this time the office of OF NORTH AND SOUTH” (LOWER AND UPPER EGYPT). SO THE PANEL MEANS, SIMPLY, “EGYPT.” conquest, Shepenupet I was obliged to adopt princess Amenirdas. Then by nature of this God’s Wife gained great political power as well as religious importance. relationship, Amenirdas inherited this most powerful female priesthood position and was

The only two other known sculptures of The Story of a Princess and Her People Amenirdas are located in Cairo, Egypt, and Sydney, Australia. Amenirdis (Amonirdis) from Kamak (pictured) is thought to be Ethiopian As early as 7000 BCE, farming communities had settled along land. Ramses II’s colossal rock-cut tomb at Abu Simbel, for example, in origin, as the heavy lines suggest, and the the banks of the Nile River sustained by predictable, annual adorned with four huge seated statues of the god-king, proclaimed to figure harkens back to the 18th Dynasty’s floodwaters that soaked the earth and left behind a fresh deposit the Nubians his authority as well as his identification with the gods appeal of female sculptures. of rich dark silt. The “Gift of the Nile” – its life sustaining and Amon and Ra. predictable rebirth year after year – defined ancient Egypt. The Kushite King Kashta (KAHSH-tuh), a devoted follower Amenirdis (Amonirdis) from Kamak is as a life-size As early as 3100 BCE, with the unification of Upper of the god Amen (sometimes written as Amun or Amon), started the statue in which she is cloaked in a tightly fitting Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north, Egypt was Egyptian invasion along with his sons Piankhi (pee-AHNG-kee) and robe. Upon her head is a long wig of curls with ruled by pharaohs (kings) whose divine power was periodically Shabako (SHAH-ba-kuh). three uraei and a crown of the sacred snakes. threatened. Perhaps it was ancient Egypt’s enviable stability In 730 BCE troops commanded by Piankhi stormed the Most likely, the top of the crown was finished and fertile land that made her susceptible to attacks from other great walled city of Memphis with flaming arrows. Claiming the same with the sun-disk, the horns of the Hathor cow nations such as the Assyrians, Romans, Libyans, and Kushites, divine right as the Egyptian pharaohs, Piankhi triumphed over the and the double feathers of Amun. In her left all of whom wanted to conquer and gain control of this rich and northern chiefs, united all Egypt under Nubian rule, and ushered in hand, the Divine Consort holds a bent flail, and productive land. an era of artistic development and political influence. in her right hand, which hangs by her side, she The land south of the Nile’s first cataract near Aswan, Piankhi was the first of the so-called black pharaohs—a series holds a bead collar. Her ankles and wrists are now southern-most Egypt and Sudan, was called Nubia. To of Nubian kings who ruled over all of Egypt for almost a century. He decorated with ornamental bracelets. Egyptian. Amenirdis (Amonirdis) from Karnak. the Egyptians, this area was known as Kush. For years Egypt became first foreigner in a thousand years to rule such a large part of New Kingdom, 25th Dynasty, alabaster, height: exploited Nubia’s natural resources of gold, copper, and semi- Egypt. His reign marked the beginning of the Late Period (730 BCE 66 inches. Egyptian Museum of Cairo. precious gems. They profited from Nubian mines and imported to 100 AD) as well as recognized the family as 25th dynasty. captives for labor and slave markets. Countless artworks from Amenirdas (ah-MEN-ir-das, sometimes written as Amenirdis), daughter of King Kashta, arrived in ancient Egypt illustrate the natural resources of Nubia – especially the Egyptians’ desire for gold – and the degree Egypt with the invasion of her brother King Piankhi who positioned her as his regent in Thebes, the spiritual placed in temples to inspire awe. Another important stylistic difference with Nubian portraiture is an interest in to which Nubians adopted Egyptian culture. capital of Egypt. At the time of the conquest, Shepenupet I (sometimes written as Shepenwepet), the daughter individual character rather than the idealization of a figure. To achieve an image in stone, the skilled craftsman The invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos (HIK-sohs) c. 1600 BCE severely weakened Egyptian authority of the last native king, Osorkon III, adopted Amenirdas, lending legitimacy to her brother’s claim of the house of would pound, hammer, and bruise the granite using stone tools. The final step in production involved polishing and opened the door for the Kushites who seized the opportunity to expand their own power. They took control Kush to the kingship of Egypt. Once installed as the Divine Consort, the supreme religious office in the land, she the stone with quartz sand to produce a desired luster. of the trade routes and enjoyed considerable cultural expansion. Once the Hyksos were expelled, however, the was known as Amenirdas I, the earthly bride of the state god, Amen. She held this position from about 730 to Royal women such as Amenirdas I, who held the Divine Consort position, commissioned a number of Egyptian kings regained their footing and re-colonized Nubia. During the 18th and 19th dynasties of the New 701 BCE ruling jointly with Shepenupet I the first thirteen years. monumental inscriptions as well as funerary monuments and tombs. One of the best examples is the chapel of Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE), Egyptians asserted their dominance by building imposing temples throughout the After 80 years, the dynasty was eventually conquered. One of the legacies of the Kushites is a rebirth Amenirdis I at Medinet Habu containing exceptional raised relief decoration. The inscriptions identify her as the of Egyptian portrait sculpture. Prior to their rule, sculpture embellished tombs, but under the Kushites it was Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt.

This project is supported by the generous contributions of The Holland Foundation, Iowa West Foundation and The Sherwood Foundation. © Joslyn Art Museum 2011 ARTIST UNKNOWN, EGYPTIAN; KUSHITE (NUBIAN) AMENIRDAS I, THE DIVINE CONSORT THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD, 25t h DYNASTY, 700 B.C.E. granite, Museum purchase JOslyn ARt Museum©, OMAHA, NEBRASKA Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort

Artist Unknown, Egyptian; Kushite (Nubian) Amenirdas I, the Divine Consort Third Intermediate Period, 25th Dynasty, 700 BCE granite, height: 25 1/4 inches. Museum Purchase

The Story of a Princess and Her People What is the office As early as 7000 BCE, farming communities Egypt. His reign marked the beginning of the Late Period (730 BCE to of the Divine Consort? had settled along the banks of the Nile 100 AD) as well as recognized the family as 25th dynasty. River sustained by predictable, annual Amenirdas (ah-MEN-ir-das, sometimes written as Amenirdis), In ancient Egyptian periods, women had opportunities to serve and, at floodwaters that soaked the earth and left daughter of King Kashta, arrived in Egypt with the invasion of her brother different times throughout the history of ancient Egypt, received income behind a fresh deposit of rich dark silt. The King Piankhi who positioned her as his regent in Thebes, the spiritual for their pastoral support in various cults. The Divine Consort was the “Gift of the Nile” – its life sustaining and capital of Egypt. At the time of the conquest, Shepenupet I (sometimes supreme religious office of the land of Thebes, and the female who held predictable rebirth year after year – defined written as Shepenwepet), the daughter of the last native king, Osorkon this position was also considered the earthly bride of the state god, Amen. ancient Egypt. III, adopted Amenirdas, lending legitimacy to her brother’s claim of the During the New Kingdom, the Divine Consort was married As early as 3100 BCE, with the house of Kush to the kingship of Egypt. Once installed as the Divine to the king and bore his children, however, the God’s Wife in the Third unification of Upper Egypt in the south and Consort, the supreme religious office in the land, she was known as Intermediate Period remained celibate and passed the title on to her Lower Egypt in the north, Egypt was ruled Amenirdas I, the earthly bride of the state god, Amen. She held this adopted heir. This prevented dynastic control over the priestly office. by pharaohs (kings) whose divine power was periodically threatened. position from about 730 to 701 BCE, ruling jointly with Shepenupet I When Amenirdas arrived in the spiritual capital of Thebes, Perhaps it was ancient Egypt’s enviable stability and fertile land that the first thirteen years. Shepenupet I, who was the daughter of the last native king, held the made her susceptible to attacks from other nations such as the Assyrians, After 80 years, the dynasty was eventually conquered. One of Divine Consort position. Due to the Kushite conquest, Shepenupet I Romans, Libyans, and Kushites, all of whom wanted to conquer and the legacies of the Kushites is a rebirth of Egyptian portrait sculpture. was obliged to adopt princess Amenirdas. Then by nature of this gain control of this rich and productive land. Prior to their rule, sculpture embellished tombs, but under the Kushites relationship, Amenirdas inherited this most powerful female priesthood The land south of the Nile’s first cataract near Aswan, now it was placed in temples to inspire awe. position and was installed as God’s Wife. Amenirdas I, as southern-most Egypt and Sudan, was called Nubia. To the Egyptians, Another important stylistic difference with she was known since becoming the Divine Consort, was this area was known as Kush. For years Egypt exploited Nubia’s natural Nubian portraiture is an interest in individual the first Kushite female to hold this title. resources of gold, copper, and semi-precious gems. They profited character rather than the idealization of a figure. As God’s Wife, the Divine Consort was responsible from Nubian mines and imported captives for labor and slave markets. To achieve an image in stone, the skilled for officiating at daily temple ritual. Male equivalents, Countless artworks from ancient Egypt illustrate the natural resources craftsman would pound, hammer, and bruise “God’s Fathers,” were priests of Amen. Together, they of Nubia – especially the Egyptians’ desire for gold – and the degree to the granite using stone tools. The final step in would stand behind the king on the approach to the Great which Nubians adopted Egyptian culture. production involved polishing the stone with God Amen-Ra’s sanctuary. God’s Wife was allowed to The invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos (HIK-sohs) c. 1600 quartz sand to produce a desired luster. cleanse in the sacred lake and join the high priest to burn BCE severely weakened Egyptian authority and opened the door for Royal women such as Amenirdas I, effigies of the king’s enemies. Other duties included calling the Kushites who seized the opportunity to expand their own power. who held the Divine Consort position, the gods to meals and representing the royal family. They took control of the trade routes and enjoyed considerable cultural commissioned a number of monumental Considering their importance to the government, expansion. Once the Hyksos were expelled, however, the Egyptian inscriptions as well as funerary monuments the God’s Wife served as regent in the royal rulers’ absence. kings regained their footing and re-colonized Nubia. During the 18th and tombs. One of the best examples is the She was also charged with supervising various tradespeople and 19th Dynasties of the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE), Egyptians chapel of Amenirdis I at Medinet Habu such as bakers, brewers, gold workers, storehouse keepers, asserted their dominance by building imposing temples throughout the containing exceptional raised relief and treasurers. During the 450 year long Third Intermediate land. Ramses II’s colossal rock-cut tomb at Abu Simbel, for example, decoration. The inscriptions identify her Period, Egypt was politically disjointed, and it was at this adorned with four huge seated statues of the god-king, proclaimed to the as the Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt. time the office of God’s Wife gained great political power as Nubians his authority as well as his identification with the gods Amon well as religious importance. and Ra. The Kushite King Kashta (KAHSH-tuh), a devoted follower Discussion Questions of the god Amen (sometimes written as Amun or Amon), started the How were women perceived in ancient Egypt? Egyptian invasion along with his sons Piankhi (pee-AHNG-kee) and m Shabako (SHAH-ba-kuh). In 730 BCE, troops commanded by Piankhi stormed the great Why do you think this sculpture of Amenirdas I was created? walled city of Memphis with flaming arrows. Claiming the same divine m right as the Egyptian pharaohs, Piankhi triumphed over the northern Discuss the connection between the material chosen for this sculpture with the idea of permanence chiefs, united all Egypt under Nubian rule, and ushered in an era of in ancient Egyptian beliefs. Why was it important for Egyptians to be sustainable? artistic development and political influence. m Piankhi was the first of the so-called black pharaohs—a series of Nubian kings who ruled over all of Egypt for almost a century. He Why is provenance important when studying ancient objects? became the first foreigner in a thousand years to rule such a large part of © Joslyn Art Museum 2011 ARTIST UNKNOWN, EGYPTIAN; KUSHITE (NUBIAN) AMENIRDAS I, THE DIVINE CONSORT THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD, 25t h DYNASTY, 700 BCE granite, Museum purchase (1953.80) JOslyn ARt Museum©, OMAHA, NEBRASKA