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For queries about offprints, copyright and republication of your article, please contact the publisher via [email protected] ORIENTALIA LOVANIENSIA ANALECTA ————— 265 ————— A TRUE SCRIBE OF ABYDOS Essays on First Millennium Egypt in Honour of Anthony Leahy edited by claus Jurman, bettina bader and david A. ASTON PEETERS LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT 2017 CONTENTS PREFACE . VII A. Leahy’s Bibliography . XI DAVId A. ASTON, “The Third Cache” – Myth or Reality? . 1 MARTIN BOmmAS, The Unpublished Stela of Hunefer. Remarks on Glo- rification Texts on New Kingdom Funerary Stelae . 27 GERARd P.F. BROEKmAN, Suggesting a New Chronology for the Kushite Twenty-fifth Dynasty and Considering the Consequences for the Preceding Libyan Period . 39 JULIA BUdKA, Kushites at Abydos: A View from Umm el-Qaab . 53 MARIA CANNATA, From the Embalmers’ Cabinets of Curiosities . 65 MÉLANIE CRESSENT, Nouveau raccord memphite: la statue d’Horsema- taouyemhat Vienne Kunsthistorisches Museum ÄS 5775 + Caire Musée Égyptien CG 888 . 77 DIdIER DEVAUCHELLE, Les enterrements d’Apis au temps des Nectané- bos . 95 RObERTO B. GOZZOLI, Chronology and Royal Succession in the Kushite Kingdom (664–593 BC) . 119 STEVEN R.W. GREgORY, On the Horus Throne in ḏt and nḥḥ: Changeless Time and Changing Times . 143 BENjAmIN HINSON, Dead Ringers: The Mortuary Use of Bells in Late Pharaonic Egypt . 179 KARL JANSEN-WINKELN, „Libyerzeit“ oder „postimperiale Periode“? Zur historischen Einordnung der Dritten Zwischenzeit . 203 CLAUS JURmAN, Impressions of What is Lost – A Study on Four Late Period Seal Impressions in Birmingham and London . 239 ALAN B. LLOYd, Saite Warfare: The Resurgence of Military Ambition 273 ANTONIO J. MORALES, Aggregation with the Gods . 287 MICHINORI OHSHIRO, Searching for the Tomb of the Theban King Osorkon III . 299 FRÉdÉRIC PAYRAUdEAU, Nesptah, père de Montouemhat, à Karnak-nord 319 OLIVIER PERdU, Les origines du précepteur royal Ânkhefensekhmet, le nom ancien de Kôm Firîn et le fief Libou dans l’Ouest du Delta . 327 VI cONTENTS CAmpbELL PRICE, The ‘Admiral’ Hor and his Naophorous Statue (Man- chester Museum acc. no 3570) . 369 TROY L. SAgRILLO, King Djeḥuty-em-ḥat in Swansea: Three Model Scribal Palettes in the Collection of the Egypt Centre of Swansea University . 385 CYNTHIA M. SHEIKHOLESLAmI, Some Theban Choachytes of the Third Intermediate Period . 415 JOHN H. TAYLOR, Two Lost Cartonnage Cases of the Early Twenty- second Dynasty . 445 GÜNTER VITTmANN, An Abnormal Hieratic Letter from Dakhleh Oasis (Ostracon Amheida 16003) . 491 SEARCHING FOR THE TOMB OF THE THEBAN KING OSORKON III Michinori OHSHIRO I had the good fortune to have Dr. Anthony Leahy as my teacher at the University of Birmingham in 1996–1997. He encouraged me to write my MA dissertation on Osorkon III and his stela from Akoris. He taught me everything about Egyptology step by step in Birmingham. It was very difficult for a Japa- nese student but it was also an extremely good time for me. I remember his words, ‘you are a student in a British university, so I’ll deal with you as a British student here,’ when I met him for the first time in his office. Now I’m teaching Egyptology at Komazawa University in Tokyo Tony’s academic influ- ence is reaching as far as Japan. During the New Kingdom, Egypt was a united country ruled by a single king. However, during the following Libyan Period there were often several kings ruling simultaneously. During one such period, in the middle of the 8th century BC, Osorkon III of the ‘Theban/Herakleopolitan Twenty-third Dynasty’ ruled Middle and Upper Egypt from Herakleopolis Magna south to Elephantine. However, Kitchen suggested that Osorkon III ruled from the Delta, especially Leontopolis.1 Most archaeological evidence indicates that Osorkon III was a Theban king, although conclusive evidence is lacking.2 If the tomb of Osorkon III were to be discovered in Thebes, this would bring an end to the argument of whether the ‘Theban/Herakleopolitan Twenty-third Dynasty’ existed. A possible solution to this question is to be found in texts mentioning the tomb of king Osorkon in Thebes (philology) and the tomb of Harsiese in Medinet Habu (archaeology). Who is Osorkon III? Since the second half of the 1980s, Leahy, Aston and Taylor (the “Birming- ham School”) have suggested that Osorkon III was a Theban king and also a member of the Theban/Herakleopolitan Twenty-third Dynasty.3 Most 1 KITCHEN 1986: 130. 2 OHSHIRO 1999: 37–42. 3 ASTON 1989: 139–153; ASTON and TAYLOR 1990: 131–154; LEAHY 1990: 155–200; ASTON 2009a: 1–28. 300 M. OHSHIRO Egyptologists also agree with this theory.4 Although Kitchen has long argued to identify Osorkon III with the king Osorkon of Manetho’s Twenty-third Dynasty and that this dynasty was situated in the Delta,5 archaeological evi- dence, including construction activities by Osorkon III in Thebes, indicate that he was a Theban king.6 Also it is clear that his son, Takeloth III, was a Theban king and his daughter, Shepenwepet I, was a God’s Wife of Amun in Thebes. Moreover, according to the ChronicleofPrinceOsorkon7 carved on the Bubas- tite portal at Karnak,8 Prince Osorkon B — who later became King Osorkon III because Prince Osorkon B was the High Priest of Amun who disappeared from the record just before King Osorkon III was enthroned9 — was a son of a The- ban king, Takeloth II.10 Rudamun, a son of Osorkon III, is attested from a block in Medinet Habu.11 The names of three kings (Osorkon III, Takeloth III, Rudamun) are attested on the walls of the chapel of Osiris heka-djet (‘Ruler of Eternity’) in Karnak.12 So the family genealogy of Osorkon III indicates that he was rather more closely connected to Thebes than to the Delta. Kitchen rejects the theory concerning a Theban origin for king Osorkon III and advocates an origin in the Delta (Leontopolis). Porter recently suggested that a block with a representation of a king ‘Osorkonu’ (i.e., an Osorkon with a nw pot as a graphamatic variant of a simple n) from Tanis is associated with Osorkon III.13 Both Dodson and Aston dismissed this theory because Osorkon III never used the nw variant in a cartouche, and the appearance of ‘Osorkonu’ differs from other representations of Osorkon III, such as those in the chapel of Osiris heka-djet at Karnak.14 However, as the paper by Porter indicates, the theory of a Delta origin for both the king and dynasty is still alive. If the tomb of Osorkon III were to be discovered in Thebes, it would give credence to the view that he was a Theban king, and would be an important point in resolving the problem. 4 JANSEN-WINKELN 1995: 138, n. 58; JANSEN-WINKELN 2006: 234–264; DODSON 1993: 53–68; DODSON 2000: 7–18; VON BECKERATH 1995a: 7–13; VON BECKERATH 1995b: 9–13; VON BECKERATH 1997: 94–99; VON BECKERATH 2003: 31–36; BROEKMAN 2005: 21–33; BROEKMAN 2006: 245–255; BROEKMAN 2009: 91–101; KRAUSS 2006: 178; WILKINSON 2010: 572–573. 5 KITCHEN 1986: 451–452; KITCHEN 2009: 183–184. 6 OHSHIRO 1999: 33–50. 7 CAMINOS 1958: 10–180. 8 HUGHES and NIMS: 1954, pls. 16–22. 9 BICKEL 2009: 51. 10 ASTON 1989: 150. 11 JURMAN 2006: 69–91; BROEKMAN 2009: 96. 12 JANSEN-WINKELN 2007: 313–319. 13 PORTER 2011: 111–112. 14 DODSON 2014: 6–10; ASTON 2014: 21. SEARCHING FOR THE TOMB OF THE THEBAN KING OSORKON III 301 Where is the Tomb of Osorkon III? Many burials of priests and priestesses have been found in the Bab el-Gasus, Deir el-Bahari, behind the Ramesseum, and elsewhere in Thebes. They were dated to the whole Third Intermediate Period.15 It is obvious that Thebes was still used as an important necropolis in the Third Intermediate Period. Harsiese A — a contemporary rival king against Osorkon II and, possibly also his father, Shoshenq II,16 who ruled from the Delta in the Twenty-second Dynasty — is regarded as an independent Theban king17 and may be the earliest ancestor of the Twenty-third Dynasty. The reference to a ḥm-nṯrntꜢ ḥwtnnsw Ḥr-sꜢ-Ỉst on the Karnak statue of Padiamun-Nebnestawy, Cairo JE 37398,18 means that Harsiese A was a king who had his tomb in Thebes. His tomb has been discov- ered at Medinet Habu and was excavated between 1927 and 1933.19 The super- structure of the tomb is lost, but the entrance passage, an antechamber, and a burial chamber remain insitu. His sarcophagus was also found there.20 Although the tomb of the Theban/Herakleopolitan king Takeloth II, the father of Osorkon III, in the Twenty-third Dynasty has not yet been found, there is a possibility of it being in Thebes and that he was buried there by his son because some of his direct descendants were buried there.