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Ancient Egypt and Kush

Ancient Egypt and Kush

CHAPTER 4 4500 BC–AD 400 Ancient and Kush

Essential Question How was the success of tied to the River?

What You Will Learn... In this chapter you will learn about two great civiliza- tions that developed along the Nile River—Egypt and Kush.

SECTION 1: Geography and ...... 86 The Big Idea The water, fertile soils, and protected setting of the Nile Valley allowed a great civilization to arise in Egypt around 3200 BC.

SECTION 2: The Old Kingdom ...... 90 The Big Idea Egyptian and religion were closely connected during the Old Kingdom.

SECTION 3: The Middle and New Kingdoms ...... 96 The Big Idea During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.

SECTION 4: Egyptian Achievements ...... 102 The Big Idea The made lasting achievements in , archi- tecture, and .

SECTION 5: Ancient Kush ...... 107 The Big Idea The , which arose south of Egypt in a land called , developed an advanced civilization with a large trading network. c. 4500 BC Agricultural FOCUS ON WRITING CHAPTER communities EVENTS develop in Egypt. Riddles In ancient times, according to legend, a sphinx—an imaginary creature like the one whose is found in Egypt—demanded the 4000 BC answer to a riddle. People died if they couldn’t answer the riddle WORLD correctly. After you read this chapter, you will write two riddles. The EVENTS answer to one of your riddles will be “Egypt.” The answer to your other riddle will be “Kush.”

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04O.indd 82 6/28/10 3:14:34 PM This photo shows The Egyptian an ancient of Is Born Ramses II, one of Egypt’s most powerful rulers.

c. 3100 BC c. 2300 BC c. 730–700 BC c. AD 350 unites Upper The kingdom of c. 1237 BC Kush conquers Egypt Aksum and , estab- Kush sets up its Ramses the and establishes the destroys lishing the First . at . Great dies. 25th Dynasty. Meroë. 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 400 AD c. 3500 BC c. 1200 BC c. 1027 BC c. 500 BC AD 330 The Sumerians create The Olmec form the The Chou Buddhism Constantinople the world’s first first urban civilization Dynasty begins begins to becomes the . in the . in China. develop in . capital of the .

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04O.indd 83 6/11/10 10:26:54 AM Reading Social Studies Society and Economics Geography Religion and Culture Technology

Focus on Themes As you read this chapter, and then how Kush conquered and ruled Egypt. You you will learn about the ancient kingdoms of Egypt will learn how the economies of these kingdoms, and Kush. You will see that the geography of the based on trade, grew strong. Finally you will learn areas helped these kingdoms to develop. You will about the importance of religion to the people of also learn how Egypt conquered and ruled Kush both of these ancient societies.

Causes and Effects in History

Focus on Reading Have you heard the saying, “We have to un- derstand the past to avoid repeating it”? That is one reason we look for causes and effects in history.

Identifying Causes and Effects A cause is something that makes another thing happen. An effect is the result of something else that has happened. Most historical events have a of causes as well as a number of effects. You can understand history better if you look for causes and effects of events.

1. Because the Egyptians had captured and destroyed the city of Kerma, the kings of Kush ruled from the city of . (p. 109)

Sometimes writers use Cause words that signal a cause Effect or an effect. Here are some: Capture of Kings ruled Kerma Cause—reason, basis, from Napata because, motivated, as Effect—therefore, as a result, for that reason, so 2. Piankhi fought the Egyptians because he believed that the wanted him to rule all of Egypt. (p. 110)

Cause Effect Believed gods Piankhi fought wanted him to the Egyptians rule Egypt

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04RS.indd 84 5/8/10 2:04:28 PM Key Terms and People Chapter 4 You Try It! Section 1 The following selections are from the chapter you are about to read. cataracts (p. 87) As you read each, identify which phrase or sentence describes a cause delta (p. 87) and which describes an effect. Menes (p. 89) (p. 89) dynasty (p. 89) Finding Causes and Effects Section 2 1. “During the mid-1000s BC the New King- Old Kingdom (p. 90) dom in Egypt was ending. As the power of (p. 91) Egypt’s declined, Kushite - nobles (p. 91) ers regained control of Kush. Kush once (p. 92) again became independent.” (p. 109) (p. 93) 2. “A series of inept pharaohs left Egypt open elite (p. 93) to attack.” (p. 109) (p. 94) (p. 94) 3. “The Assyrians’ iron weapons were bet- ter than the Kushites’ weap- Section 3 ons. Although the Kushites were skilled Middle Kingdom (p. 96) archers, they could not stop the invaders New Kingdom (p. 97) (p. 111) trade routes (p. 97) Queen Hathepsut (p. 98) 4. “Iron ore and for furnaces were eas- Ramses the Great (p. 98) ily available, so the iron industry grew quickly.” (p. 111) Section 4 hieroglyphics (p. 102) (p. 102) Stone (p.103) After you read the sentences, answer the following questions. sphinxes (p. 104) 1. In selection 1, is “Kush once again became independent” the (p. 104) cause of the Egyptians growing weaker or the effect? King Tutankhamen (p. 106) Section 5 2. In selection 2, what left Egypt open to attack? Is that the cause of Piankhi (p. 110) why Egypt was easily attacked or the effect? trade network (p. 111) 3. In selection 3, who is using the iron weapons, the Assyrians or the (p. 111) Kushites? What was the effect of exports (p. 111) using the weapons? imports (p. 111) As you read Chapter 4, look for words Queen Shanakhdakheto (p. 113) that signal causes or effects. Make a 4. In selection 4, does the word so chart to keep track of these causes and King Ezana (p. 113) signal a cause or an effect? effects. Academic Vocabulary acquire (p. 91) method (p. 93) contracts (p. 100) authority (p. 113)

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04RS.indd 85 6/11/10 12:00:01 PM SECTION 1 Geography and Ancient Egypt

What You Will Learn… If YOU were there...

Main Ideas Your family are in the Nile Valley. Each year when the 1. Egypt was called the gift of river’s fl oodwaters spread rich soil on the land, you help your the Nile because the Nile father . When you are not in the fi elds, you spin fi ne River gave life to the desert. 2. Civilization developed along thread from fl ax you have grown. Sometimes you and your the Nile after people began friends hunt in the tall grasses along the riverbanks. farming in this . 3. Strong kings unified all of Why do you like living in the Nile Valley? Egypt.

The Big Idea The water, fertile soils, and BUILDING BACKGROUND was not the only place protected setting of the Nile Valley allowed a great civiliza- where an advanced civilization grew up along a great river. The tion to arise in Egypt around narrow valley of the Nile River in Egypt also provided fertile land that 3200 BC. drew people to live there. The culture that developed in Egypt was more stable and long-lasting than those in Mesopotamia. Key Terms and People cataracts, p. 87 delta, p. 87 The Gift of the Nile Menes, p. 89 pharaoh, p. 89 Geography played a key role in the development of Egyptian dynasty, p. 89 civilization. The Nile River brought life to Egypt. The river was so important to people in this region that the Greek (hi-RAHD -du-tus) called Egypt the gift of the Nile.

Use the graphic organizer online to Location and Physical Features take notes on characteristics of the The Nile is the longest river in the world. It begins in central Nile River and the way it affected and runs 4,000 miles north to the Mediterranean . Egypt. Egyptian civilization developed along a 750-mile stretch of the Nile in northern Africa. Ancient Egypt included two , a southern region and a northern region. The southern region was called . It was so named because it was located upriver in relation to the Nile’s fl ow. Lower Egypt, the northern region, was located downriver. The Nile sliced through the desert of Upper Egypt. There, it created a fertile river valley about 13 miles wide. On either side of the Nile lay hundreds of miles of bleak desert.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S1.indd 86 5/11/10 12:56:03 PM As you can see on the map to the Ancient Egypt right, the Nile rushed through rocky, hilly land south of Egypt. At several points, N Mediterraneanean SeaSea this terrain caused cataracts , or strong W E Dead rapids, to form. The fi rst cataract, 720 S SeaSea Pe miles south of the Mediterranean, marked LOWER the southern border of Upper Egypt. Five EGYPT more cataracts lay farther south. These rap- Memphis HRW World History Sinai wh06as_c04loc003ca ids made sailing that portion of the Nile Peninsula Ancient Egypt very diffi cult. VIDEO Locator In Lower Egypt, the Nile divided into How Does the N Nile MeasureAPPROVED Up? 11/15/04 i several branches that fanned out and l e

fl owed into the . These

branches formed a delta , a triangle-shaped R iv area of land made of soil deposited by e r a river. In ancient times, swamps and Thebes R Sed a marshes covered much of the Nile Delta. Some two thirds of Egypt’s fertile farmland WESTERNW was located in the Nile Delta. DESERT UPPER EGYPT The Floods of the Nile Because it received so little rain, most of Egypt was desert. Each year, however, rain- EASTERN fall far to the south of Egypt in the high- DESERT lands of caused the Nile to fl ood. The Nile fl oods were easier to predict than those of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in NUBIA Mesopotamia. Almost every year, the Nile fl ooded Upper Egypt in midsummer and Lower Egypt in the fall, coating the land around the river with a rich . The silt from the Nile made the soil KUSH ideal for farming. The silt also made the

land a dark color. That is why the Egyp- Fertile area tians called their country the black land. Cataract Direction of They called the dry, lifeless desert beyond Nile River current Blu 0 75 150 Miles e the river valley the red land. N e l i i le 0 75 150 Kilometers r Each year, Egyptians eagerly awaited N R e e v i t i v i e R the fl ooding of the Nile. For them the riv- h r er’s fl oods were a life-giving miracle. With- W out the fl oods, people never could have settled in Egypt. GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS 1. Place What bodies of water can you see on the map? READING CHECK Summarizing Why was 2. Location Where are Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt located? Egypt called the gift of the Nile?

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HRW World History HRWwh06as_c04map003aa World History wh06as_c04map003aaAncient Egypt Ancient EgyptLegend APPROVEDAPPROVED 11/15/04 11/15/04 Civilization Develops banks. Like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians Along the Nile enjoyed a varied diet. In addition to a stable supply, Hunter-gatherer groups moved into the the Nile Valley offered another valuable Nile Valley more than 12,000 years ago. advantage. It had natural barriers that They found , wild , and fi sh made Egypt hard to invade. The desert to there to eat. In time these people learned the west was too big and harsh to cross. how to farm, and they settled along the To the north, the Mediterranean Sea kept Nile in small villages. many enemies away. The provided As in Mesopotamia, farmers in Egypt protection against invasion as well. Cata- developed an system. They built racts in the Nile made it diffi cult for outsid- basins to collect water during the yearly ers to in from the south. fl oods and to store this precious resource Protected from invaders, the villages of long afterward. They also built a series of Egypt grew. Wealthy farmers emerged as canals that could be used in the dry months village leaders, and strong leaders gained to direct water from the basins to the fi elds control over several villages. By 3200 BC, where it was needed. the villages had banded together and The Nile provided early Egyptian farm- developed into two kingdoms. One was ers with an abundance of food. The farmers called Lower Egypt and the other was grew wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables, called Upper Egypt. and raised cattle and sheep. The river also provided many types of fi sh, and hunt- READING CHECK Summarizing What ers trapped wild geese and ducks along its attracted early settlers to the Nile Valley?

Farming in Egypt

Farmers in ancient Egypt learned how to grow wheat and barley. This tomb painting shows a couple harvesting their crop (left). Farmers in Egypt still use the fertile lands along the Nile River to grow food (above).

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S1.indd 88 6/11/10 10:38:04 AM Kings Unify Egypt READING CHECK Drawing Inferences The king of Lower Egypt ruled from a town Why do you think Menes wanted to rule over called Pe. He wore a red to symbolize both kingdoms of Egypt? his authority. Nekhen was the of Upper Egypt. In this kingdom, the king S UMMARY AND PREVIEW Civilization wore a cone-shaped crown. in ancient Egypt began in the fertile, Around 3100 BC a leader named Menes protected Nile River Valley. People there (MEE -neez) rose to power in Upper Egypt. He formed two kingdoms that were later sought to fi nish what an earlier king, called united under one ruler. In the next sec- , had started. He wanted to unify tion, you will learn how Egypt grew and . changed under later rulers in a period The armies of Menes invaded and took known as the Old Kingdom. control of Lower Egypt. Menes then united the two kingdoms. He married a princess from Lower Egypt to strengthen his con- Section 1 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ trol over the unifi ed country. As Egypt’s ruler, Menes wore both the white crown of Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower 1. a. Recall What were the two regions that made up Egypt. This symbolized his leadership over ancient Egypt? the two kingdoms. Later, he combined the . Make Inferences Why was the Nile Delta well suited for settlement? two into a double crown. c. Predict How might the Nile’s cataracts have both consider Menes to be Egypt’s helped and hurt Egypt? fi rst pharaoh ( FEHR -oh), the title used by 2. a. Describe What did the Egyptians eat? the rulers of Egypt. The title pharaoh means b. Analyze What role did the Nile play in supplying Egyp- “great .” Menes also founded Egypt’s tians with these foods? fi rst dynasty. A dynasty is a series of rulers c. Elaborate How did the desert on both sides of the Nile from the same family. help ancient Egypt? 3. a. Identify Who was the fi rst pharaoh of Egypt? Menes built a new capital city at the b. Draw Conclusions Why did the pharaohs of the First southern tip of the Nile Delta. The city Dynasty wear a double crown? was later named Memphis. For centuries, Memphis was the political and cultural Critical Thinking center of Egypt. Many government offi ces 4. Comparing and Contrasting Use your notes on the Nile River to complete a Venn diagram like the one shown. List were located there, and the city bustled the differences and similarities between the Nile River in with artistic activity. Egypt and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia. The First Dynasty lasted for about 200

years. Pharaohs who came after Menes Nile Tigris and also wore the double crown to symbolize Euphrates

their rule over Upper and Lower Egypt. Similarities They extended Egyptian territory south- ward along the Nile and into southwest FOCUS ON WRITING . Eventually, however, rivals appeared to challenge the First Dynasty for power. 5. Thinking about Geography and Early History In this sec- These challengers took over Egypt and tion, you read about Egypt’s geography and early history. What could you into your riddle about geography and established the Second Dynasty. historical events that would be a clue to the answer?

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S1.indd 89 5/8/10 3:02:21 PM SECTION 2 The Old Kingdom If YOU were there... You are a in ancient Egypt. To you, the pharaoh What You Will Learn… is a , a descendent of the god, Re. You depend on his strength and . For part of the year, you are busy planting Main Ideas crops in your fi elds. But at other times, you work for the pharaoh. 1. In early Egyptian society, pharaohs ruled as gods and You are currently helping to build a great tomb in which the were at the top of the social pharaoh and many of his belongings will be buried when he dies. structure. 2. Religion shaped Egyptian life. How do you feel about working for the pharaoh? 3. The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs.

The Big Idea BUILDING BACKGROUND As in other ancient cultures, Egyptian Egyptian government and society was based on a strict order of social classes. A small group religion were closely connected of royalty, nobles, and priests ruled Egypt. They depended on the during the Old Kingdom. rest of the population to supply foods, crafts, and labor. Few people questioned this arrangement of society. Key Terms and People Old Kingdom, p. 90 Khufu, p. 91 nobles, p. 91 Early Egyptian Society afterlife, p. 92 The First and Second ruled Egypt for about four cen- mummies, p. 93 turies. Around 2700 BC, the Third Dynasty rose to power. Its elite, p. 93 rule began the Old Kingdom , a period in Egyptian history that pyramids, p. 94 lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC. engineering, p. 94 Rule by Pharaohs During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians continued to develop their political system. This system was based on the belief that Use the graphic organizer online the pharaoh was both a king and a god. to take notes on government and religion in the Old Kingdom. The ancient Egyptians believed that Egypt belonged to the gods. They believed that the pharaoh had come to earth to man- age Egypt for the rest of the gods. As a result, he had absolute pow- er over all the land and people in Egypt. But the pharaoh’s status as a god came with many responsibilities. People blamed him if crops did not grow well or if disease struck. They also demanded that the pharaoh make trade profi and prevent wars. During the Old Kingdom, the duties of the pharaohs grew. To help carry out these duties, the pharaohs hired government offi cials. Most offi cials came from the pharaoh’s family.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S2.indd 90 5/11/10 10:51:18 AM The most famous pharaoh of the Old fi elds, farmers worked on the pharaoh’s Kingdom was Khufu (KOO -foo), who ruled building projects. Below farmers in the in the 2500s BC. Egyptian legend says that social order were slaves and servants. he was cruel, but historical records tell us that the people who worked for him were Egypt and Its Neighbors well fed. Khufu is best known for the mon- Although well-protected by its geography, uments that were built to him. Egypt was not isolated. Other cultures had infl uenced it for centuries. For example, The Social Structure Sumerian designs are found in Egyptian By 2200 BC, Egypt had about 2 million art. Egyptian pottery also refl ects styles people. At the top of Egyptian society was from Nubia, a region south of Egypt. the pharaoh. Just below him were the During the Old Kingdom, Egypt began upper classes, which included priests and trading with its neighbors. Traders returned key government offi cials. Many of these from Nubia with , ivory, slaves, and ACADEMIC priests and offi cials were nobles , or people stone. Traders traveled to Punt, an area on VOCABULARY from rich and powerful families. the Red Sea, to acquire and acquire (uh-KWYR ) to get Below the nobles was a middle class of (MUHR ). These two items were used to lesser government offi cials, scribes, crafts- make and medicine. Trade with people, and merchants. Egypt’s lower class, provided Egypt with wood. about 80 percent of the population, was made up mostly of farmers. During fl ood READING CHECK Generalizing How was season, when they could not work the society structured in the Old Kingdom?

Egyptian Society

Pharaoh The pharaoh ruled Egypt as a god.

Nobles Officials and priests helped run the government and .

Scribes and Craftspeople Scribes wrote and craftspeople produced goods.

Farmers, Servants, and Slaves Most Egyptians were farmers. Below them were servants and slaves. ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS Which group helped run the government and temples?

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S2.indd 91 5/8/10 2:52:41 PM The god weighed each The Afterlife dead person’s heart against the feather of truth. If they ,Osiris, god god of of the the weighed the same amount, the underworld, waited person was allowed into the to judge the underworld. of the dead.

Religion and Egyptian Life Memphis, for example, people prayed to , the creator of the world. The ancient Egyptians had strong religious The Egyptians had gods for nearly beliefs. Worshipping the gods was a part of everything, including the sun, the sky, and their everyday lives. Many Egyptian reli- the earth. Many gods mixed and gious customs focused on what happened forms. For example, Anubis, the after people died. god of the dead, had a human body but a The Gods of Egypt jackal’s head. Other major gods included • Re, or Amon-Re, the sun god Like Mesopotamians, Egyptians practiced • Osiris, the god of the underworld . Before the First Dynasty, each • , the goddess of magic, and village worshipped its own gods. During • , a sky god, god of the pharaohs the Old Kingdom, however, Egyptian offi - cials tried to give some sort of structure to Emphasis on the Afterlife religious beliefs. Everyone was expected to Much of Egyptian religion focused on the worship the same gods, though how they afterlife , or life after death. The Egyptians worshipped the gods might differ from one believed that the afterlife was a happy region of Egypt to another. place. Paintings from Egyptian tombs show The Egyptians built temples to the gods the afterlife as an ideal world where all the all over the kingdom. The temples collected people are young and healthy. payments from both the government and The Egyptian belief in the afterlife worshippers. These payments allowed the stemmed from their idea of (KAH ), or a temples to grow more infl uential. person’s life force. When a person died, his Over time, certain cities became cen- or her ka left the body and became a spirit. ters for the worship of certain gods. In The ka, however, remained linked to the

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S2.indd 92 5/8/10 2:53:19 PM The body’s organs were preserved in special jars and The body was kept next to the . preserved as a mummy and kept in a case called a sarcophagus.

ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS According to Egyptian beliefs, how did gods participate in the afterlife?

body and could not leave its site. The ka had all the same needs that the per- son had when he or she was living. . Embalming allowed bodies To fulfi ll the ka’s needs, people fi lled to be preserved for many, many years as tombs with objects for the afterlife. These mummies , specially treated bodies wrapped objects included , clothing, tools, in cloth. A body that was not embalmed jewelry, and weapons. Relatives of the dead would decay quickly. VIDEO were expected to bring food and beverages Embalming was a complex process Are Mummies to their loved ones’ tombs so the ka would that took several weeks. When fi nished, Beef Jerky? not be hungry or thirsty. embalmers wrapped the body with linen cloths and bandages. The mummy was Burial Practices then placed in a coffi n. Relatives often Egyptian ideas about the afterlife shaped wrote magic spells inside the coffi n to help their burial practices. Egyptians believed the mummy receive food and . that a body had to be prepared for the Only royalty and other members of afterlife before it could be buried. This Egypt’s elite ( -leet), or people of wealth meant the body had to be preserved. If the and power, could afford to have mummies body decayed, its spirit could not recog- made. Peasant families buried their dead nize it. That would break the link between in shallow graves at the edge of the des- the body and spirit. The ka would then ert. The hot dry sand and lack of moisture be unable to receive the food and drink it preserved the bodies naturally. ACADEMIC needed to have a good afterlife. VOCABULARY method READING CHECK To keep the ka from suffering, the Analyzing How did reli- a way of doing Egyptians developed a method called gious beliefs affect Egyptian burial practices? something

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S2.indd 93 6/11/10 10:58:51 AM The Pyramids structures are still standing. The largest is FOCUS ON Egyptians believed that burial sites, espe- the Great of Khufu near the town READING cially royal tombs, were very important. As of . It covers more than 13 acres at its What group of words in this a result, they built spectacular base and stands 481 feet high. This single paragraph signals in which to bury their rulers. The most pyramid took more than 2 million lime- an effect? spectacular of all were the pyramids , huge stone blocks to build. Historians are still stone tombs with four triangle-shaped not sure exactly how Egyptians built the walls that met in a point on top. pyramids. They are, however, amazing feats The Egyptians began to build pyra- of engineering , the application of scientifi c ANIMATED mids during the Old Kingdom. Some of knowledge for practical purposes. HISTORY the largest pyramids ever constructed were Burial in a pyramid demonstrated a pha- The Great Pyramid built during this time. Many of these huge raoh’s importance. The size was a symbol

History Close-up

Giant ramps made Building the Pyramids of rubble were piled around the pyramid More than 4,000 years ago, workers near Giza, Egypt, so workers could built three massive pyramids as tombs for their rulers. reach the top. The amount of work this job required is hard to imagine. Tens of thousands of people must have worked for decades to build these gigantic structures. In this illustration, men work to build the pharaoh ’s pyramid.

A called a sphinx was carved out of rock and left to guard Khafre’s tomb.

Huge blocks of limestone Huge blocks of limestone were cut with tools were cut with copper and taken by to the tools and taken by boat building site. to the building site.

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����������������� of the pharaoh’s greatness. The pyramid’s shape, pointing to the skies, symbolized S UMMARY AND PREVIEW During the the pharaoh’s journey to the afterlife. The Old Kingdom, new political and social Egyptians wanted the pyramids to be spec- orders were created in Egypt, and many tacular because they believed that the pha- of the pyramids were built. In Section 3, raoh, as their link to the gods, controlled you will learn about life in later periods, everyone’s afterlife. Making the pharaoh’s the Middle and New Kingdoms. spirit happy was a way of ensuring a happy afterlife for every Egyptian.

READING CHECK Identifying Points of View Why were pyramids so important to the people of ancient Egypt?

Section 2 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People 1. a. Recall To what does the term Old Kingdom refer? Teams of workers b. Analyze Why was the pharaoh’s authority never dragged the stones questioned? on wooden sleds to the pyramid. c. Elaborate How did trade benefi t the Egyptians? 2. a. Describe What did Egyptians mean by the afterlife? b. Analyze Why was embalming important to the Egyptians? 3. a. Identify What is engineering? b. Elaborate What does the building of the pyramids tell us about Egyptian society? Critical Thinking 4. Generalizing Using your notes, complete this graphic organizer Government and Religion with three statements about the 1. 2. relationship between government 3. and religion in the Old Kingdom.

FOCUS ON WRITING

5. Noting Characteristics of the Old Kingdom The Old Kingdom developed special characteristics related ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS to religion and social structure. Write down any of those characteristics you might want to include How did workers get their stone blocks in your riddle. to the pyramids?

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����������������� SECTION 3 The Middle and New Kingdoms

What You Will Learn… If YOU were there...

Main Ideas You are an offi cial serving Queen of Egypt. You admire 1. The Middle Kingdom was a her, but some people think that a should not rule. She calls period of stable government herself king, and she dresses like a pharaoh—even wearing a fake between periods of disorder. 2. In the New Kingdom, Egyp- . That was your idea! You wish you could help more. tian trade and military power reached their peak, but What could Hatshepsut do to show her authority? Egypt’s greatness did not last. 3. Work and daily life were different for each of Egypt’s social classes. BUILDING BACKGROUND The power of the pharaohs expanded during the Old Kingdom. Society was orderly, based on great differ- The Big Idea ences between social classes. But rulers and dynasties changed, During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order and greatness and Egypt changed with them. In time, these changes led to new were restored in Egypt. eras in Egyptian history, eras called the Middle and New Kingdoms.

Key Terms and People Middle Kingdom, p. 96 The Middle Kingdom New Kingdom, p. 97 At the end of the Old Kingdom, the wealth and power of the trade routes, p. 97 pharaohs declined. Building and maintaining pyramids cost a Queen Hatshepsut, p. 98 Ramses the Great, p. 98 lot of money. Pharaohs could not collect enough to keep up with the expenses. At the same time, ambitious nobles used their government positions to take power from the pharaohs. In time, nobles gained enough power to challenge the pha- Use the graphic organizer online to raohs. By about 2200 BC, the Old Kingdom had fallen. For the take notes on life in Egypt during the next 160 years, local nobles battled each other for power in Middle and New Kingdoms. Egypt. The kingdom had no central ruler. Chaos within Egypt disrupted trade with foreign lands and caused farming to decline. The people faced economic hardship and . Finally, around 2050 BC, a powerful pharaoh named Men- tuhotep II defeated his rivals. Once again all of Egypt was united. ’s rule began the Middle Kingdom , a period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC. Toward the end of the Middle Kingdom, however, Egypt again experienced internal disorder. Its pharaohs could not hold the kingdom together. There were other problems in Egypt as

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S3.indd 96 5/11/10 1:03:34 PM well. In the mid-1700s BC, a group from leading military power in the region. Its Southwest Asia called the (HIK - empire extended from the Euphrates River sohs) invaded. They used horses, , to southern Nubia. and advanced weapons to conquer Lower Military conquests made Egypt rich. Egypt, which they ruled for 200 years. The kingdoms it conquered regularly sent The Egyptians did not like being occu- treasures to their Egyptian conquerors. For pied by the Hyksos. The people of Egypt example, the kingdom of Kush in Nubia resented having to pay taxes to foreign rul- sent annual payments of gold, leopard ers. Eventually, the Egyptians fought back. skins, and precious stones to the pharaohs. In the mid-1500s BC, (AHM -ohs) Assyrian, Babylonian, and Hittite kings also of Thebes drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. sent expensive gifts to Egypt in an effort to Once the Hyksos were gone, Ahmose maintain good relations. declared himself king of all Egypt. Growth and its Effects on Trade READING CHECK Summarizing What prob- Conquest also brought Egyptian trad- lems caused the end of the Middle Kingdom? ers into contact with more distant lands. Egypt’s trade expanded along with its empire. Profi table trade routes , o r paths The New Kingdom followed by traders, developed. Many of Ahmose’s rise to power marked the begin- the lands that Egypt took over also had ning of Egypt’s 18th Dynasty. More impor- valuable resources for trade. The Sinai - tantly, it was the beginning of the New insula, for example, had large supplies of Kingdom, the period during which Egypt and copper. reached the height of its power and glory. During the New Kingdom, which lasted from about 1550 BC to 1050 BC, conquest and trade brought tremendous wealth to B IOGRAPHY the pharaohs. Queen Hatshepsut Ruled c. 1472–1458 BC Building an Empire Hatshepsut was married to the pharaoh After battling the Hyksos, Egyptian leaders II, her half-brother. He died feared future invasions. To prevent such young, leaving the throne to Thutmose invasions from occurring, they decided to III, his son by another woman. Since Thutmose III was still very young, take control of all possible invasion routes Hatshepsut took over power. Many into the kingdom. In the process, these people did not think women should leaders turned Egypt into an empire. rule, but Hatshepsut dressed as a Egypt’s fi rst target was the homeland man and called herself king. After Hatshepsut died, her stepson took of the Hyksos. After taking over that area, back power and destroyed all the army continued north and conquered of the monuments Hatshepsut Syria. As you can see from the map on the had built during her rule. next page, Egypt had taken over the entire eastern shore of the Mediterranean. It had Analyze Why do you think some Egyptians objected also defeated the kingdom of Kush, south to the idea of being ruled by of Egypt. By the 1400s BC, Egypt was the a woman?

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S3.indd 97 5/8/10 3:13:26 PM Egyptian Trade, c. 1400 BC impressive monuments and temples built during her reign. The best known of these structures was a magnifi cent temple built Hattusas for her near the city of Thebes (THEEBZ ). ASIA Invasions of Egypt MINOR

N Despite its great successes, Egypt’s military

W might did not go unchallenged. In the E HRW World History

S 1200swh06as_c04loc011ba BC the pharaoh Ramses (RAM -seez) II, Enkomi Eu ph rat or RamsesEgyptian the Great Trade, came to power. Ramses, e s R Locator M iv whose reign was one of the longest in Egyp- Kyrene ed e iter r APPROVED 11/15/04 rane tian history, fought the , a group from an Sea Asia Minor. The two powers fought fi erce-

Nile ly for years, but neither could defeat the Delta other. Ramses and the Hittite leader even- Memphis Timna tually signed a . Afterwards, the Egyptians and the Hittites became allies. ARABIAA Egypt faced threats in other parts of its Akhetaton Sawu empire as well. To the west, a people known WESTERN as the Tehenu invaded the Nile Delta. Ramses DESERTDESERT Thebes fought them off and built a series of forts to New Kingdom, Elephantine strengthen the western frontier. This proved

c. 1400 BC r

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v i to be a wise decision because the Tehenu R

Gold invaded again a century later. Faced with e Copper il N Egypt’s strengthened defenses, however, the Timber NUBIAN DESERT Oasis Tehenu were defeated once more. PUNT 0 100 200 Miles KUSH Red Sea Soon after Ramses the Great died,

0 100 200 Kilometers invaders called the sailed into Napata southwest Asia. Little is known about these

GEOGRAPHY people. Historians are not even sure who SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS they were. All we know is that they were 1. Location Where was timber available? strong warriors who had crushed the Hit- 2. Movement What city was the furthest north along the Egyptian trade routes? tites and destroyed cities in southwest Asia. Only after 50 years of fi ghting were the Egyptians able to turn them back. One ruler who worked to increase Egypt survived, but its empire in Asia Egyptian trade was Queen Hatshepsut. was gone. Shortly after the invasions of the She sent Egyptian traders south to trade Hittites and the Sea Peoples, the New King- with the kingdom of Punt on the Red Sea dom came to an end. Egypt once again and north to trade with the people of Asia fell into a period of violence and disorder. Minor and Greece. Egypt would never again regain its power. Hatshepsut and later pharaohs used HRW World History the wealth that they earned from trade to READING CHECK Identifying Cause and wh06as_c04map011aa support the and . Hatshep- EffectEgyptian What caused Trade the growth of trade in the sut especially is remembered for the many New Kingdom?Legend APPROVEDHRW World 11/15/04 History wh06as_c04map011aa Egyptian Trade CHAPTER 4 98 APPROVED 11/15/04

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S3.indd 98 7/10/10 2:09:07 PM Work and Daily Life jewelers, metal workers, and leather work- ers. Most of Egypt’s artisans worked for the Although Egyptian dynasties rose and fell, government or for temples. They made daily life for Egyptians did not change very , furniture, jewelry, pottery, foot- much. But as the population grew, society wear, and other items. became more complex. A complex society Architects and artists were also admired requires people to take on different jobs. in Egypt. Architects designed the temples Scribes and royal tombs for which Egypt is famous. Other than priests and government offi - Talented architects could rise to become cials, no one in Egypt was more honored high government offi cials. Artists, often than scribes. They worked for the gov- employed by the or the temples, pro- ernment and for temples. Scribes kept duced many different works. Artists often records and accounts for the state. They worked in the pharaohs’ tombs painting also wrote and copied religious and literary detailed pictures. texts. Scribes did not pay taxes, and many became wealthy. Soldiers After the Middle Kingdom, Egypt created Artisans, Artists, and Architects a professional army. The military offered a Below scribes on the social scale were chance to rise in status. Soldiers received artisans whose jobs required advanced land as payment and could keep treasure skills. Among the artisans who worked in they captured in war. Those who excelled Egypt were sculptors, builders, carpenters, could be promoted to offi cer positions.

Daily Life in Egypt

Servants worked Most Egyptians spent for Egypt’s rulers their days in the fields, and nobles and plowing or otherwise did many jobs, like working their crops. preparing food.

This jar probably held perfume, a valuable trade item.

ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS How did most Egyptians spend their days?

99

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S3.indd 99 6/11/10 11:17:24 AM Farmers and Other so that they could start having children. Egypt’s farmers and other peasants were Most Egyptian women were devoted to toward the bottom of the social scale. They their homes and their families. Some, made up the vast majority of Egypt’s popu- however, had jobs outside the home. A lation. Peasant farmers used wooden hoes or few served as priestesses, and some worked cow-drawn plows to prepare the land before as administrators and artisans. Unlike the Nile fl ooded. After the fl oodwaters had most women in the ancient world, Egyp- drained away, they planted seeds. Farmers tian women had certain legal rights. These ACADEMIC worked together to gather the harvest. included the right to own property, make VOCABULARY Farmers had to give crops to the pha- contracts, and divorce their husbands. contracts Children played with toys, took part binding legal raoh as taxes. All peasants, including farm- agreements ers, were subject to special duty. The pha- in ballgames, and hunted. Most boys and raoh could demand at any time that people girls received an education. At school they work on projects such as building pyra- learned morals, writing, math, and sports. mids, gold, or fi ghting in wars. At age 14, most boys left school to enter their father’s profession. Slaves READING CHECK Categorizing What types of The few slaves in Egypt were considered jobs did people perform in ancient Egypt? lower than farmers. They worked on farms, on building projects, and in households. Slaves had some legal rights and in some S UMMARY AND PREVIEW Egypt’s power cases could earn their freedom. and wealth peaked during the New King- dom. As society became more complex, Family Life in Egypt people in different classes worked at dif- Most Egyptian families lived in their own ferent jobs. Next, you will learn about homes. Men were expected to marry young Egyptian achievements.

Section 3 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall What was the Middle Kingdom? 4. Categorizing Using your notes, fi ll in the pyramids b. Analyze How did Ahmose manage to become below with information about political and military king of all Egypt? factors that led to the rise and fall of the Middle 2. a. Identify Which group of invaders did Ramses and New Kingdoms. the Great defeat? Fall Fall b. Describe What did Queen Hatshepsut do as Rise Rise pharaoh of Egypt? c. Predict What do you think is a more reliable Middle Kingdom New Kingdom source of wealth—trade or payments from con- FOCUS ON WRITING quered kingdoms? Why? 3. a. Identify What job employed the most people in 5. Developing Key Ideas from the Middle and New ancient Egypt? Kingdoms Your riddle should contain some infor- b. Analyze What rights did Egyptian women have? mation about the later pharaohs and daily life in c. Evaluate Why do you think scribes were so Egypt. Decide which key ideas you should include in honored in Egyptian society? your riddle and add them to your list.

100 CHAPTER 4

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S3.indd 100 5/8/10 3:18:18 PM B IOGRAPHY Ramses the Great KEY IDEAS Ramses had a poem praising him carved into the walls of How Could a Ruler Achieve Fame five temples, including . That Would Last 3,000 Years? One verse of the poem praises Ramses as a great warrior and When did he live? the late 1300s and early 1200s BC the defender of Egypt.

Where did he live? As pharaoh, Ramses lived in a city he built on the Gracious lord and bravest king, Nile Delta. The city’s name, -Ramesse, means the “house of Ramses.” savior-guard Of Egypt in the battle, be our What did he do? From a young age, Ramses was ward; trained as a ruler and a fi ghter. Made an army captain Behold we stand alone, in the hostile Hittite , at age 10, he began military campaigns even before Save for us the breath of life, he became pharaoh. During his reign, Ramses greatly Give deliverance from the increased the size of his kingdom. strife, Oh! protect us Ramses Why is he so important? Many people Miamun! consider Ramses the last great Egyptian pha- Oh! save us, mighty king! raoh. He accomplished great things, but the —Pen-ta-, from The Victory of pharaohs who followed could not maintain Ramses over the , in The World’s Story, edited by Eva March Tappan them. Both a great warrior and a great builder, he is known largely for the massive monu- ments he built. The temples at Karnak, , and stand as 3,000-year-old sym- bols of the great pharaoh’s power.

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think Ramses VIDEO built great monuments all over Egypt? Let’s Move a Mountain

This copy of an ancient painting shows Ramses the Great on his in battle against the Hittites.

ANCIENT EGYPT AND KUSH 101

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S3.indd 101 5/19/10 11:35:43 AM SECTION 4 Egyptian Achievements

What You Will Learn… If YOU were there...

Main Ideas You are an artist in ancient Egypt. A noble has hired you to 1. The Egyptians developed decorate the walls of his family tomb. You are standing inside a writing system using the new tomb, studying the bare walls that you will decorate. No hieroglyphics. 2. The Egyptians created mag- light reaches this chamber, but your servant holds a lantern high. nificent temples, tombs, and You’ve met the noble only briefl y but think that he is someone works of art. who loves his family, the gods, and Egypt.

The Big Idea What will you include in your painting? The Egyptians made lasting achievements in writing, architecture, and art.

BUILDING BACKGROUND The Egyptians had a rich and varied Key Terms and People history, but most people today remember them for their cultural hieroglyphics, p. 102 papyrus, p. 102 achievements, such as their unique writing system. In addition, , p. 103 Egyptian art, including the tomb paintings mentioned above, is sphinxes, p. 104 admired by millions of tourists in around the world. obelisk, p. 104 King Tutankhamen, p. 106 Egyptian Writing If you were reading a and saw pictures of folded cloth, a leg, a star, a , and a man holding a stick, would you know what Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on the many achieve- it meant? You would if you were an ancient Egyptian. In the ments of the ancient Egyptians. Egyptian writing system, or hieroglyphics (hy-ruh-GLIH -fi ks), those fi ve symbols together meant “to teach.” Egyptian hiero- glyphics were one of the world’s fi rst writing systems.

Writing in Ancient Egypt The earliest known examples of Egyptian writing are from around 3300 BC. These early Egyptian were carved in stone or on other hard material. Later, the Egyptians learned how to make papyrus (puh-PY -ruhs), a long-lasting, -like material made from reeds. The Egyptians made papyrus by pressing layers of reeds together and pounding them into sheets. These sheets were tough and durable, yet easy to roll into scrolls. Scribes wrote on papyrus using brushes and .

102

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S4.indd 102 5/11/10 1:05:03 PM Egyptian Writing

Egyptian hieroglyphics used picture symbols to represent sounds.

Sound Meaning Imn

Tut Image

Ankh Living —“Living image of Amun”

Heka Ruler

Iunu Heliopolis

Resy ����������� Southern Translation—“Ruler����������� of Southern Heliopolis”

ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS What does the symbol for ruler look like?

The hieroglyphic writing system used That key was the Rosetta Stone , a stone THE IMPACT more than 600 symbols, mostly pictures slab inscribed with hieroglyphics. In addi- TODAY of objects. Each symbol represented one or tion to hieroglyphics, the Rosetta Stone An object that more sounds in the . For helps solve a had text in Greek and a later form of Egyp- difficult mystery example, a picture of an owl represented tian. Because the text in all three languages is sometimes the same sound as our M. was the same, scholars who knew Greek called a Rosetta Stone. Hieroglyphics could be written either fi gured out what the hieroglyphics said. horizontally or vertically. They could be written from right to left or from left to Egyptian Texts right. These options made hieroglyphics Because papyrus did not decay in Egypt’s fl exible to write but diffi cult to read. The dry climate, many Egyptian texts survive. only way to tell which way a text is written Historians today can read Egyptian govern- is to look at individual symbols. ment and historical records, science texts, and medical manuals. Literary works have The Rosetta Stone also survived. We can read stories, poems, Historians and archaeologists have known and mythological tales. Some texts, such as about hieroglyphics for centuries, but for The , tell about the after- a long time they didn’t know how to read life. Others include love poems and stories them. In fact, it was not until 1799 when about gods and kings. a lucky discovery by a French soldier gave historians the key they needed to read READING CHECK Comparing How is our writ- ancient Egyptian writing. ing system similar to hieroglyphics?

ANCIENT EGYPT AND KUSH 103

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S4.indd 103 5/8/10 3:23:27 PM Temples, Tombs, and Art History Close-up The Egyptians are famous for their archi- tecture and art. The walls of Egypt’s mag- The Temple nifi cent temples and tombs are covered of Karnak with impressive paintings and carvings. The Temple of Karnak was Egypt’s largest temple. Built mainly to honor Re, the sun god, Egypt’s Great Temples Karnak was one of Egypt’s major religious You have already read about the Egyptians’ centers for centuries. Over the years, pharaohs added to the temple’s many buildings. This most famous structures, the pyramids. But illustration shows how Karnak’s great hall may the Egyptians also built massive temples. have looked during an ancient . Those that survive are among the most spectacular sites in Egypt today. The Egyptians believed that temples were the homes of the gods. People visited the temples to worship, offer the gods gifts, and ask for favors. Many Egyptian temples shared similar features. Rows of stone sphinxes —imagi- nary creatures with the bodies of and the heads of other animals or — lined the path leading to the entrance.

The entrance itself was a huge, thick gate. Karnak’s interior THE IMPACT On either side of the gate might stand an columns and walls TODAY obelisk ( AH -buh-lisk), a tall, four-sided pil- were painted brilliant colors. The Washington lar that is pointed on top. , in Inside, temples were lavishly decorat- Washington, DC, was built in ed, as you can see in the drawing of the the shape of an Temple of Karnak. Huge columns support- obelisk. ed the temple’s roof. In many cases, these columns were covered with paintings and hieroglyphics, as were the temple walls. Statues of gods and pharaohs often stood along the walls as well. The sanctuary, the most sacred part of the building, was at the far end of the temple. The Temple of Karnak is only one of Egypt’s great temples. Others were built by Ramses the Great at Abu Simbel and Luxor. Part of what makes the temple at Abu Sim- bel so impressive is that it is carved out of sandstone cliffs. At the temple’s entrance, ANALYSIS four 66-foot-tall statues show Ramses as SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS pharaoh. Nearby are some smaller statues What features of Egyptian architecture can of his family. you see in this illustration?

104 CHAPTER 4

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S4.indd 104 5/8/10 3:25:07 PM The Temple of Karnak

Massive columns, some more than 80 feet high, supported the temple’s high roof.

High windows let light and air into the temple.

In the annual , priests carried statues of the gods and sacred from the temple to the Nile River. Only the pharaoh and priests were allowed inside the temple, which was considered the home of the gods.

105

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S4.indd 105 5/11/10 11:13:31 AM Egyptian Art tombs included huge statues and detailed The ancient Egyptians were masterful carvings on the walls. artists. Egyptians painted lively, colorful The Egyptians also made beautiful scenes on canvas, papyrus, pottery, , objects out of gold and precious stones. and wood. Detailed works also covered the They made jewelry for both women and walls of temples and tombs. The temple art men. This included , collars, and was created to honor the gods, while the . The Egyptians also used gold to tomb art was intended for the enjoyment make burial items for their pharaohs. of the dead in the afterlife. Over the years, treasure hunters emp- The subjects of Egyptian paintings vary tied many pharaohs’ tombs. At least one widely. Some paintings show important tomb, however, was not disturbed. In historical events, such as the crowning of 1922 archaeologists found the tomb of kings and the founding of temples. Others King Tutankhamen (too-tang-KAHM -uhn), illustrate major religious rituals. Still other or King Tut. This tomb was fi lled with paintings show scenes from everyday life, treasures, including jewelry, robes, a burial such as farming or hunting. mask, and ivory statues. King Tut’s trea- Egyptian painting has a distinctive sures have taught us much about Egyptian style. People’s heads and legs are always burial practices and beliefs. seen from the side, but their upper bod- READING CHECK Summarizing What types ies and shoulders are shown straight on. of artwork were contained in Egyptian tombs? In addition, people do not always appear the same size. Important fi gures such as pharaohs appear huge in comparison to others. In contrast, Egyptian animals were S UMMARY AND PREVIEW Ancient Egyp- usually drawn realistically. tians developed one of the best known Painting was not the only art form in cultures in the ancient world. Next, you which Egyptians excelled. For example, the will learn about a culture that developed Egyptians were skilled stoneworkers. Many in the shadow of Egypt—Kush.

Section 4 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Identify What are hieroglyphics? 3. Summarizing Draw a chart like the one below. b. Contrast How was hieroglyphic writing differ- Under each heading, write a statement that ent from our writing today? from cuneiform used summarizes Egyptian achievements in that fi eld. by the Mesopotamians? c. Evaluate Why was fi nding the Rosetta Stone so Writing Architecture Art important to scholars? 2. a. Describe What were two ways the Egyptians decorated their temples? FOCUS ON WRITING b. Analyze Why were tombs fi lled with art, jew- elry, and other treasures? 4. Adding Up What You Know about Egypt Look c. Draw Conclusions Why do you think pharaohs at the notes you have taken at the end of each like Ramses the Great built huge temples? section. Think about what clues you might include when you write your riddle about Egypt.

106 CHAPTER 4

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S4.indd 106 7/10/10 2:12:13 PM Ancient Kush SECTION 5 If YOU were there... You live along the Nile River, where it moves quickly through swift rapids. A few years ago, armies from the powerful kingdom of What You Will Learn… Egypt took over your country. Some Egyptians have moved here. Main Ideas They bring new customs, and many people are imitating them. 1. The geography of early Nubia Now your sister has a new baby and wants to give it an Egyptian helped civilization develop name! This upsets many people in your family. there. 2. Kush and Egypt traded, but How do you feel about following they also fought. 3. Later Kush became a trading Egyptian customs? power with a unique culture. 4. Both internal and external factors led to the decline of Kush. BUILDING BACKGROUND Egypt dominated the lands along the Nile, but it was not the only ancient culture to develop along the river. The Big Idea Another kingdom called Kush arose to the south of Egypt. Through The kingdom of Kush, which trade, conquest, and political dealings, the of Egypt and arose south of Egypt in a land Kush became closely tied together. called Nubia, developed an ad- vanced civilization with a large trading network. The Geography of Early Nubia Key Terms and People South of Egypt, a group of people settled in the region we now Piankhi, p. 110 call Nubia. These Africans established the fi rst great kingdom in trade network, p. 111 the interior of Africa. We know this kingdom by the name the merchants, p. 111 Egyptians gave it—Kush. The development of Kushite society exports, p. 111 imports, p. 111 was greatly infl uenced by the geography of Nubia, especially the Queen Shanakhdakheto, p. 113 role played by the Nile River. King Ezana, p. 113 The of ancient Kushite pyramids stand behind those reconstructed to look the way they did when originally built. Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on the rise and fall of Kush.

107

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 107 5/19/10 10:35:31 AM Ancient Kush

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e Ancient Kush r r S ae R de First Cataractataract e Locator d Second Cataractct APPROVED 10/18/04 S NUBIANNUBIAN e DESERTDESERT a Third Cataract This photo shows one of the Nile’s cataracts, or FourthFourth CataractCataract Kerma rapids. In ancient times, most river boats could FifthFifth not sail past the shallow rapids. NapataNapata CataractCataract MeroëMeroë NUBIAIA SixthSixth CataractCataract

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l l e Cataract e GEOGRAPHY Kush SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS 0 250 500 Miles ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA 1. Location Where is Kush in relation to Egypt? 0 250 500 Kilometers 2. Place What two major landforms bordered Kush to the east and west?

The Land of Nubia Besides farmland, the banks of the Nile Today desert covers much of Nubia, but in also provided land for livestock. As ancient times the region was more fertile a result, farming villages thrived all along than it is now. Rain fl ooded the Nile every the Nile by 3500 BC. year, providing a rich layer of silt to nearby Over time some farmers grew richer lands. The kingdom of Kush developed in than others. These farmers became village this fertile area. leaders. Sometime around 2000 BC, one of Ancient Nubia was rich in minerals these leaders took control of other villages such as gold, copper, and stone. These and made himself king of the region. His resources played a major role in the area’s new kingdom was calledHRW Kush. World History history and contributed to its wealth. The kings of Kushwh06as_c05map003aa ruled from their capital at Kerma (KAR -muh).Ancient This city Kush was APPROVED(2) 11/10/04 Early Civilization in Nubia located on the Nile just south of the third Like all early , the people of cataract. Because the Nile’s cataracts made Nubia depended on agriculture for their parts of the river hard to pass through, food. Fortunately for them, the Nile’s fl oods they were natural barriers against invaders. allowed the to plant both summer For many years the cataracts kept Kush safe and winter crops. Among the crops they from the more powerful Egyptian kingdom grew were wheat, barley, and other grains. to the north.

108 CHAPTER 4

HRW World History 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 108 wh06as_c05map003aa 6/11/10 11:26:45 AM Ancient Kush Legend APPROVED 10/11/04 As time passed, Kushite society grew infl uence over Kush grew tremendously. more complex. Besides farmers and herd- Many Egyptians settled in Kush. Egyptian ers, some Kushites became priests and arti- became the language of the region. Many sans. Early Kush was infl uenced by cultures Kushites used Egyptian names and wore to the south. Later, Egypt played a greater Egyptian-style clothing. They also adopted role in Kush’s history. Egyptian religious practices.

READING CHECK Finding Main Ideas How A Change in Power did geography help civilization grow in Nubia? During the mid-1000s BC the New King- dom in Egypt was ending. As the power of Kush and Egypt Egypt’s pharaohs declined, Kushite leaders Kush and Egypt were neighbors. Sometimes regained control of Kush. Kush once again the neighbors lived in peace with each became independent. other and helped each other prosper. For We know almost nothing about the example, Kush became a major supplier of history of the Kushites from the time they both slaves and raw materials to Egypt. The gained independence until 200 years later. Kushites sent materials such as gold, cop- Kush is not mentioned in any historical per, and stone to Egypt. The Kushites also records that describe those centuries. sent the Egyptians , a type of dark, heavy wood, and ivory, the hard white The Conquest of Egypt material that makes up tusks. By around 850 BC Kush had regained its strength. It was once again as strong as it Egypt’s Conquest of Kush had been before it had been conquered by Relations between Kush and Egypt were Egypt. Because the Egyptians had captured not always peaceful, however. As Kush and destroyed the city of Kerma, the kings grew wealthy from trade, its army grew of Kush ruled from the city of Napata. Built stronger as well. Egypt’s rulers soon feared by the Egyptians, Napata was on the Nile, that Kush would grow even more powerful about 100 miles southeast of Kerma. and attack Egypt. As Kush grew stronger, Egypt was fur- To prevent such an attack from occur- ther weakened. A series of inept pharaohs ring, the pharaoh sent an army to take control of Kush around 1500 BC. The pharaoh’s army conquered all of B IOGRAPHY Nubia north of the Fifth Cataract. As a result, Kush became part of Egypt. Piankhi (PYAN -kee) After his army’s victory, the pharaoh c. 751–716 BC destroyed Kerma, the Kushite capital. Later Also known as , Piankhi was among pharaohs—including Ramses the Great— Kush’s most successful military leaders. A built huge temples in what had been Kush- fierce warrior on the battlefield, the king was also deeply religious. Piankhi’s belief that he ite territory. had the support of the gods fueled his passion for war against Effects of the Conquest Egypt. His courage inspired his troops on the battlefield. Piankhi loved his horses and was buried with eight of his best steeds. Kush remained an Egyptian territory for about 450 years. During that time, Egypt’s Drawing Conclusions How did Piankhi’s belief that he was supported by the gods affect his plans for Egypt?

ANCIENT EGYPT AND KUSH 109

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 109 7/10/10 2:19:38 PM Kush’s Trade Network Mediterranean Sea Goods from the Ancient Kush was at the center of Mediterranean a large trading network with con- came to Kush EGYPT nections to , Africa, and Asia. through trade Giza Kush’s location and production of with Egypt. iron goods helped make it a rich trading center. Luxor

Nubian Desert KUSH Red Sea

Meroë

Caravans from the south In Meroë, workers made iron brought goods tools and weapons, jewelry, like leopard pottery, and other goods. skins and ostrich eggs At ports on the Red Sea, to Kush merchants traded Kush’s goods for luxury items like silk and .

left Egypt open to attack. In the 700s BC then declared himself pharaoh. a Kushite king, , seized on Egypt’s This declaration began the 25th Dynasty, weakness and attacked it. By about 751 BC or Kushite Dynasty, in Egypt. he had conquered Upper Egypt. He then Shabaka and later rulers of his dynasty established relations with Lower Egypt. believed that they were heirs of the great After Kashta died, his son Piankhi (PYAN - pharaohs of Egypt’s past. They tried to kee) continued to attack Egypt. The armies of restore old Egyptian cultural practices and Kush captured many cities, including Egypt’s renew faded traditions. Some of these prac- ancient capital. Piankhi fought the Egyptians tices and traditions had been abandoned because he believed that the gods wanted during Egypt’s period of weakness. For him to rule all of Egypt. By the time he died example, Shabaka was buried in a pyra- in about 716 BC, Piankhi had accomplished mid. The Egyptians had stopped building this task. His kingdom extended north from pyramids for their rulers centuries before. Napata to the Nile Delta. The Kushite rulers of Egypt built new temples to Egyptian gods and restored The Kushite Dynasty old temples. They also worked to preserve After Piankhi died, his brother Shabaka Egyptian writings. As a result, Egyptian (SHAB -uh-kuh) took control of the kingdom. culture thrived during the 25th Dynasty.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 110 5/8/10 3:36:18 PM The End of Kushite Rule in Egypt sent goods down the Nile to Egypt. From The Kushite Dynasty remained strong in there, Egyptian and Greek merchants , or Egypt for about 40 years. In the 670s BC, traders, carried goods to ports on the Med- however, the powerful army of the Assyri- iterranean and Red and to southern ans from Mesopotamia invaded Egypt. The Africa. These goods may have eventually Assyrians’ iron weapons were better than reached India, and perhaps China. the Kushites’ bronze weapons. Although Kush’s exports —items sent out to other the Kushites were skilled archers, they regions—included gold, pottery, iron tools, could not stop the invaders. The Kushites slaves, and ivory. Kushite merchants also were steadily pushed southward. In just 10 exported leopard skins, ostrich feathers, years the Assyrians had driven the Kushite and . In return, the Kushites forces completely out of Egypt. received imports —goods brought in from other regions—such as fi ne jewelry and READING CHECK Analyzing How did internal luxury items from Egypt, Asia, and other problems in Egypt benefit Kush? lands along the Mediterranean Sea.

Kushite Culture Later Kush As Kushite trade grew, merchants came After they lost control of Egypt, the people into contact with people from other cul- of Kush devoted themselves to agriculture tures. As a result, the people of Kush com- and trade, hoping to make their country bined customs from other cultures with rich again. Within a few centuries, the their own unique Kushite culture. kingdom of Kush had indeed become pros- The most obvious infl uence on Kush- perous and powerful once more. ite culture was Egypt. Many buildings in Meroë, especially temples, resembled those Kush’s Iron Industry in Egypt. Many people in Kush worshipped The economic center of Kush during this Egyptian gods and wore Egyptian clothing. period was at Meroë (MER -oh-wee), the Kushite rulers used the title pharaoh and THE IMPACT TODAY kingdom’s new capital. Meroë’s location were buried in pyramids. on the east bank of the Nile helped Kush’s Many elements of Kushite culture were More than 50 ancient Kushite economy to grow. Large deposits of gold not borrowed. Kushite and daily pyramids still could be found nearby, as could forests of life were unique. One Greek geographer stand near the ruins of Meroë. ebony and other wood. More importantly, noted some Kushite differences. the area around Meroë was full of rich iron “The houses in the cities are formed by inter- ore deposits. split pieces of palm wood or of bricks. In this location, the Kushites developed . . . They hunt elephants, lions, and panthers. Africa’s fi rst iron industry. Iron ore and There are also serpents . . . and there are many wood for furnaces were easily available, so other kinds of wild animals.” –, The Geographies the iron industry grew quickly. In addition to Egyptian gods, the peo- The Expansion of Trade ple of Kush worshipped their own gods. In time, Meroë became the center of a They also developed their own written lan- large trade network , a system of people in guage, Meroitic. Unfortunately, historians different lands who trade goods. The Kushites are not yet able to understand Meroitic.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 111 5/8/10 3:37:03 PM History Close-up Rulers of Kush

Like the Egyptians, the people of Kush considered their rulers to be gods. Kush’s Like the Egyptians, Kush’s culture was similar to Egypt’s, but there rulers built pyramids, but were also important differences. they were much smaller and the style was different.

Kush was ruled by a few different power- ful queens. Queens seem to have been more important in Stone carvings were made Kush than in Egypt. to commemorate important buildings and events, just like in Egypt. Kush’s writing system was similar to Egyptian hieroglyphics, but scholars have been unable to understand most of it.

ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS What can you see in the illustration that is similar to Egyptian culture?

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 112 5/8/10 3:38:46 PM Women in Kushite Society Kush was also weakened by a loss The women of Kush were expected to be of trade. Foreign merchants up new active in their society. They worked in the trade routes that went around Kush. One fi elds, raised children, cooked, and per- such trade route bypassed Kush in favor formed other household tasks. of Aksum (AHK -soom), a kingdom located along the Red Sea in what is today Some Kushite women rose to positions ACADEMIC of authority. Some served as co-rulers with and Eritrea. In the fi rst two centuries AD, VOCABULARY their husbands or sons. A few women ruled Aksum grew wealthy from trade. authority power or influence the empire alone. Historians believe that By the AD 300s Kush had lost much the fi rst woman to rule Kush was Queen of its wealth and military might. The king Shanakhdakheto (shah-nakh-dah-KEE -toh). of Aksum took advantage of his former She ruled from 170 BC to 150 BC. trade rival’s weakness. In about AD 350 the Aksumite army of King Ezana (AY -zah-nah) READING CHECK Contrasting How was destroyed Meroë and took over Kush. Kushite culture unlike Egyptian culture? THE IMPACT In the late 300s, the rulers of Aksum TODAY became Christian. About two hundred Much of the The Decline of Kush years later, the Nubians also converted. The population of last infl uences of Kush had disappeared. Ethiopia, which Kush gradually declined in power. A series includes what of problems within the kingdom weakened READING CHECK Summarizing What factors used to be Aksum, is still its economy. One problem was that Kush’s led to the decline of Kush? Christian today. cattle were allowed to overgraze. When cows ate all the grass, wind blew the soil away, causing farmers to produce less food. SUMMARY AND PREVIEW From their In addition, ironmakers used up the capital at Meroë, the people of Kush forests near Meroë. As wood became scarce, controlled a powerful trading network. furnaces shut down. Kush produced fewer Next, you will learn about a land that weapons and trade goods. may have traded with Kush—India.

Section 5 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People b. Evaluate What was the impact of new trading 1. a. Recall On which river did Kush develop? routes on Kush? b. Evaluate How did Nubia’s natural resources Critical Thinking infl uence the early history of Kush? 5. Identifying Cause and Effect Create a chart like this 2. a. Identify Who was Piankhi and why was he one. Using your notes, list an effect for each cause. important to the history of Kush? b. Analyze What were some elements of Egyptian Cause Effect culture that became popular in Kush? Thutmose I invades Kush. c. Draw Conclusions Why is the 25th Dynasty Power of Egyptian pharaohs declines. Piankhi attacks Egypt. signifi cant in the history of both Egypt and Kush? 3. a. Describe What advantages did the location of Meroë offer to the Kushites? FOCUS ON WRITING b. Compare How were Kushite and Egyptian cul- 6. Taking Notes on Kush Review this section and tures similar? take notes on those people, places, and events that 4. a. Identify Who conquered Kush in the AD 300s? would make good clues for your riddle about Kush.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04S5.indd 113 5/19/10 11:19:16 AM Social Studies Skills

Critical Thinking Economics Study Analysis

Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources

Understand the Skill 5 Does other evidence support the source? Look for other information that supports the Primary sources in history are materials created by source’s account. Compare different sources people who lived during the times they describe. whenever possible. Examples include letters, diaries, and photographs. Secondary sources are accounts written later by Practice and Apply the Skill someone who was not present. They are designed to teach about or discuss a historical topic. This text- Below are two passages about the military in ancient book is an example of a secondary source. Egypt. Read them both and use the guidelines to Together, primary and secondary sources can answer the questions that follow. present a good picture of a historical period or event. However, they must be used carefully to The pharaohs began . . . leading large armies out of a land make sure that the picture they present is accurate. “ that had once known only small forces and militia. The Egyptians quickly extended their military and com- Learn the Skill mercial infl uence over an extensive region that included Here are some questions to ask to help you judge the rich provinces of Syria . . . and the of Egyptian the accuracy of primary and secondary sources. slaves grew swiftly.” 1 What is it? Is it a fi rsthand account or is it –C. Warren Hollister, from Roots of the Western Tradition based on information provided by others? In other words, is it primary or secondary? “Let me tell you how the soldier fares . . . how he goes to 2 Who wrote it? For a primary source, what Syria, and how he marches over the mountains. His bread was the author’s connection to what he or she and water are borne [carried] upon his shoulders like the was writing about? For a secondary source, what load of [a donkey]; they make his neck bent as that of [a makes the author an authority on this subject? donkey], and the joints of his back are bowed [bent]. His drink is stinking water . . . When he reaches the enemy, he is 3 Who is the audience? Was the information trapped like a bird, and he has no strength in his limbs. meant for the public? Was it meant for a friend ” or for the writer alone? The intended audience –from Wings of the Falcon: Life and Thought of Ancient Egypt, translated by Joseph Kaster can infl uence what the writer has to say.

4 What is the purpose? Authors of either pri- 1. Which quote is a primary source, and which is a mary or secondary sources can have reasons to secondary source? exaggerate—or even lie—to suit their own goals 2. Is there evidence of opinion, emotion, or bias in or purposes. Look for evidence of emotion, opin- the second quote? Explain why or why not. ion, or bias in the source. These might infl uence 3. Which information is more likely to be accurate the accuracy of the account. on this subject? Explain your answer.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04SK.indd 114 5/8/10 3:41:42 PM History’s Impact ▲ video series CHAPTER Review the video to answer Chapter Review the focus question: 4 What was the original purpose of the pyramids? Visual Summary Reviewing Vocabulary, Use the visual summary below to help you review Terms, and People the main ideas of the chapter. For each group of terms below, circle the letter of the term that does not relate to the others. Then write a sentence that explains how the other two terms are related. Egypt Egyptian civilization devel- 1. a. cataract oped along the Nile River. b. delta There, powerful pharaohs c. dynasty ruled a diverse society whose achievements 2. a. afterlife included building impressive b. mummies pyramids and developing a writing system. c. engineering 3. a. hieroglyphics b. Rosetta Stone c. obelisk 4. a. exports b. imports c. papyrus

Comprehension and Critical Thinking Kush SECTION 1 (pages 86–89) Kush developed farther south along the Nile. Ruled by their own kings and queens, the Kushites had 5. a. Describe Besides crops, what foods did the extensive interaction with the Egyptians and blended Nile provide? Egyptian influences into their own advanced culture. b. Analyze Why did Menes wear a double crown? c. Predict What do you think happened in the years when the Nile River did not flood?

SECTION 2 (pages 90–95) 6. a. Identify In what type of structure were pha- raohs buried? b. Analyze How were beliefs in the afterlife linked to items placed in tombs? c. Elaborate Why did nobles and commoners alike obey the pharaoh?

SECTION 3 (pages 96–100) 7 a. Describe What factors contributed to Egypt’s wealth during the New Kingdom?

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04RT.indd 115 6/11/10 12:07:21 PM b. Analyze How might a young Egyptian rise in Reading Skills ? Causes and Effects in History Read the following c. Elaborate What caused the New Kingdom passage and answer the questions. to fall? Much of Egyptian religion is focused on the SECTION 4 (pages 102–106) afterlife. The Egyptians believed that the 8. a. Identify What is a sphinx? afterlife was a happy place. Their belief in the b. Describe What was the name of the Egyptian afterlife stemmed from their idea of ka, or a system of writing and how does it differ from our person’s life force. When a person died, his or system of writing? her ka left the body and became a spirit. The c. Elaborate Why is the temple at Karnak so ka, however, remained linked to the body and famous? could not leave its burial site. The ka had all the same needs that the person had when he SECTION 5 (pages 107–113) or she was living. To fulfill the ka’s needs, people 9. a. Describe Where did Kushite civilization filled tombs with objects for the afterlife. develop? b. Draw Conclusions Why did Egypt want to 14. What is the cause of the Egyptian custom of gain control of Kush? putting objects in tombs? c. Evaluate Why was the 25th Dynasty so impor- 15. According to the passage, what is an effect of tant for both Kush and Egypt? the Egyptian belief in ka?

Reviewing Themes Social Studies Skills 10. Geography Do you think that societies like 16. Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources those in Egypt and Kush could have grown up Write three questions you would want to ask anywhere besides the Nile River Valley? Why or about a primary source and three questions you why not? would want to ask about a secondary source 11. Religion How did religious beliefs shape both that deals with the and Kush. Egyptian and Kushite culture? 12. Economics What led to the creation of Africa’s first iron industry in Kush? FOCUS ON WRITING 17. Writing Riddles You have all the information you need for your riddles, but you may have Using the Internet to narrow your list of questions. Choose five 13. Activity: Creating Art The Egyptians developed details about Egypt and five details about Kush. an incredibly artistic civilization. Their architec- Then, write a sentence about each detail. Each ture included innovative pyramids and temples. sentence of your riddle should be a statement Artisans created beautiful paintings, carvings, ending with “me.” For example, if you were and jewelry. Use your online book to research writing about the United States, you might the main features of Egyptian art and architec- say, “In the north, Canada borders me.” After ture. Then imagine you are an Egyptian artisan. writing five sentences for each riddle, end each Create a piece of art to place inside a pharaoh’s riddle with “Who am I?” tomb. Include hieroglyphics telling the pharaoh about your art.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04RT.indd 116 5/8/10 3:46:20 PM CHAPTER 4 Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONS: Read each question and write the $ Which of the following statements about letter of the best response. the relationship of Egypt and Kush is NOT true? ! A Egypt ruled Kush for many centuries. B Kush was an important trading partner of Oh great god and ruler, the gift of Re, Egypt. God of the Sun. C Egypt sent the fi rst people to colonize Kush. Oh great protector of Egypt and its people. D Kush ruled Egypt for a period of time. Great one who has saved us from the horrible Tehenu. How did Egypt infl uence Kush? You, who have turned back the Hittites. % You, who have fortifi ed our western border to A Egypt taught Kush how to raise cattle. forever protect us from our enemies. B Egypt helped Kush develop its irrigation We bless you, oh great one. system. We worship and honor you, oh great pharaoh. C Egypt taught Kush to make iron products. D Kush learned about pyramids from Egypt. A tribute such as the one above would have been written in honor of which Connecting with Past Learnings Egyptian ruler? A Khufu ^ In this chapter, you learned about hiero- glyphics, one of the world’s fi rst writing B Ramses the Great systems. In Chapter 3, you read about C King Tutankhamen another ancient writing system called D Queen Hatshepsut A Sumerian. B . The Nile helped civilization develop in @ C ziggurat. Egypt and Nubia in all of the following ways except by D cuneiform. A providing a source of food and water. In Chapter 3 you read about , who B allowing farming to develop. & fi rst united Mesopotamia under one ruler. C enriching the soil along its banks. Which Egyptian ruler’s accomplishments D protecting against invasion from the west. were most similar to Sargon’s? A King Ezana’s # The most fertile soil in Egypt was located B Khufu’s in the C Menes’s A Nile Delta. D Hatshepsut’s B desert. C cataracts. D far south.

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C04RT.indd 117 5/8/10 3:46:45 PM Mesopotamia, Unit 2 Egypt, and Kush A Description of a Assignment Write a description of a Historical Place place—a city, village, building, or monument—in ancient f a picture is worth a thousand words, then a thousand Mesopotamia, Egypt, or the Iwords could add up to a good description. Writers turn . to description when they want to explain what a place is like—what you would see if you were there, or what you might hear, smell, or touch.

1. Prewrite TIP Organizing Details Organize the details you gather in one Picking a Subject and a Main Idea of these ways. Think about the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the ■ Spatial Order Arrange details Fertile Crescent. Which civilization seems most interesting to you? according to where they are. You What villages, cities, or buildings seem interesting? Select one place can describe things from right to and use this textbook, the Internet, or sources in your library to find left, top to bottom, or faraway to out more about it. close up. You also need to decide on your point of view about your subject. ■ Chronological Order Arrange For example, was this place scary, exciting, or overwhelming? details in the order they occurred or in the order that you experienced Choosing Details them. As you conduct your research, look for details to show your readers ■ Order of Importance Arrange what it would have been like to actually be in that place. details from the most to least ■ Sensory Details What color(s) do you associate with your sub- important or vice versa. ject? What shape or shapes do you see? What sounds would you hear if you were there? What could you touch—rough walls, dry grass, a smooth, polished stone? ■ Factual Details How big was this place? Where was it located? When did it exist? If people were there, what were they doing? When you choose the details to use in your description, think about your point of view on this place. If it was exciting, choose details that will help you show that. 2. Write A Writer’s Framework This framework will help you use your notes to write a first draft.

Introduction Body Conclusion ■ Identify your subject and your point ■ Describe your subject, using sensory ■ Briefly summarize the most important of view on it. and factual details. details about the place. ■ Give your readers any background ■ Follow a consistent and logical order. ■ Reveal your point of view about the information that they might need. place.

117 WW1 WRITING WORKSHOP

6-8_SNLAESE485805_U02WW.indd 1 6/29/10 10:55:21 AM 3. Evaluate and Revise

Evaluating TIP Showing Location When Use the following questions to discover ways to improve your paper. describing the physical appearance of something, make sure you use Evaluation Questions for a Description of a Place precise words and phrases to explain where a feature is located. ■ ■ Do you immediately catch the Is the information organized clearly? Some useful words and phrases for reader’s interest? ■ Do you end the description by explaining location are below, beside, ■ Do you use sensory and factual summarizing the most important down, on top, over, next to, to the details that work together to create details? a vivid picture of your subject? right, and to the left. ■ Do you clearly state your point of view or most important idea?

Revising We often help others understand or imagine something by making a comparison. Sometimes we compare two things that are really very much alike. For example, “The city grew like San Diego did. It spread along a protected harbor.” At other times we compare two things that are not alike. These comparisons are called figures of speech, and they can help your readers see something in an interesting way. ■ Similes compare two unlike things by using words such as like or so. EXAMPLE The city center curved around the harbor like a cres- cent moon. ■ Metaphors compare two unlike things by saying one is the other. EXAMPLE The city was the queen of the region. When you evaluate and revise your description, look for ways you can make your subject clearer by comparing it to something else.

4. Proofread and Publish ■ Make sure you use commas correctly with a list of details. EXAMPLE The temple was 67 feet high, 35 feet wide, and 40 feet deep. ■ Share your paper with students who wrote about a similar place. What details do your descriptions share? How are they different? ■ Find or create a picture of the place you have described. Ask a classmate or a family member to read your description and com- pare it to the picture.

Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write your description of a place in ancient Mesopotamia or Africa.

WRITING WORKSHOP 117 WW2

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