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El Volcan De Izalco

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El Volcan De Izalco VOLCAN DC IZALGO v POR JORGB LARDÉ, DIRECTOR DEL OBSERVATORIO SISM0LÔG1C0 DE EL SALVADOR SAN SALVADOR, EL VOLCAN DE IZALCO Viaje geológico a ©se Volcán. — Descripción del mismo y de sus contornos. — Sus últimas erup- ciones, — Origen e historia docu- mentada y crítica de ese Volcán desde el año 1524 hasta nues- tros días (año 1923) POR 10RSE LñRQE, DIRECTOR DEL OBSERVATORIO SISMOLÓGICO DE EL SALVADOR OBRA PUBLICADA POR EL SUPREMO GOBIERNO SAN SALVADOR, G. A., 1923 IMPRENTA NACIONAL AL LECTOR A principios de noviembre de 1920 tuvimos noti- cias de que al pie del Volcán de Izalco, entre él y el Cerro Verde, se había abierto la tierra, y que por las grietas salía lava y se producían grandes explosiones. El fenómeno eruptivo por sí mismo, y el hecho de iniciarse la formación de un nuevo cono volcánico (co- mo decían los partes), eran motivos suficientes- para ir a estudiar de cerca los fenómenos que allí tenían lugar y reunir todos los testimonios que fuera posible acerca del proceso que hasta entonces había seguido. En consecuencia, fui enviado al nuevo centro volcá- nico por el Dr. Hermógenes Alvarado (h.), Subsecreta- rio de Estado, encargado de la Cartera de Instrucción Pública, con el fin de estudiar los nuevos fenómenos eruptivos. La ocasión que me proporcionaba el Dr. Alvarado para completar los estudios que desde 1915 había em- pezado a hacer del Volcán de Izalco, debía ser apro- vechada, y con tal motivo, además de hacer un estudio de los fenómenos eruptivos que tenían lugar, recorrí los contornos, ascendí a la cima del volcán, llevando el instrumental necesario, parte del cual bondadosamente me fue proporcionado por el Dr. Pedro S. Fonseca, Director del Observatorio Meteorológico, a quien quedo especialmente reconocido, lo mismo que al Dr. Alvarado. Como en ese viaje no pude hacer todas las obser- vaciones y medidas necesarias, y para mayor exactitud, hice otras excursiones al volcán, para concluir esta obra, — 4 — en cuya primera parte se resumen esas varias excursio- nes para mayor claridad de la exposición. En la segunda parte se trata de la historia docu- mentada del Izalco y se resuelven varias interesantes cuestiones. Debo, además, manifestar aquí mis agradecimientos al Dr. A. Rochac Velado, por las fotografías de los volcanes de Izalco y Santa Ana, tomadas por él y que ilustran esta obra.—JORGE LARDË. INTRODUCCION El Volcán de Izalco es uno de los volcanes más notables del Mundo a causa de haberse formado en los tiempos históricos, y haber tenido durante mucho tiem- po un período de actividad casi permanente, haciendo erupciones cada 5 o 15 minutos, motivo por el cual se le llamó Faro de la América Central. Está situado ese volcán en jurisdicción no de Izal- co, como se dice comunmente, sino en la de Santa Ana (El Salvador, C. A.), a 9 kms. en linea recta al N. 32° E. de la ciudad de Izalco, de la cual ha toma- do su nombre. Puede considerársele,—aunque con reser- vas,— como un cono adventicio del Volcán de Santa Ana, en cuyas faldas australes se eleva. Está a los 13° 49' de lat. N. y los 89° 38' de long. W. del meridiano de Greenwich, y el punto más alto, según mis medidas, está a 1869 m. sobre el nivel del mar, 192 metros sobre la base del flanco boreal y 380 m. sobre la base del flanco austral. Acerca de la altura del Izalco, los autores han da- do varios valores: Fernández (Bosquejo físico, etc.) le asigna 3950 pies (1204 m.) sobre el mar; Dawson (Geografía Elemental, etc.) le asigna 1680 m.; Stephens (Notes on Central America, etc. 1840) le atribuye 6000 pies (1836 m.) sobre el mar; Dollfus y de Mont-Serrat (Voyage geologique, etc. 1866) indican 1825 m. sobre el mar; Squier le asigna 2500 pies; Marcomb, 1885 m. (la apreció en 500 metros menos que el Santa Ana); Barberena le asigna 1885 m. sobre el mar y 321 sobre la base boreal, etc. — 6 — De todos ellos, los únicos que han ascendido y me- dido su altura son Dollfus, Mont-Serrat y el que esto escribe. Aquellos dan la cifra 1825 m., y yo 1869 metros sobre el nivel del mar, diferencia que tal vez pueda atribuirse a la alteración del cono con las erupciones habidas desde 1866, .en que ellos lo midieron; y 1920 en que yo hice lo mismo. El punto más elevado del Volcán de Izalco se en- cuentra en el borde occidental del cráter central de la cima. En la cima se encuentran otros cráteres, uno al N. del central, otro al Sur, otro S W. y otro al E. próxi- mamente, y de ellos parten hacia abajo realzamientos -en los cuales se han abietto las fisuras de erupción, al pie de las cuales se encuentran otros cráteres muchísi- mo menores. Respecto al origen del Izalco se han hecho varias afirmaciones, dándose como hecho cierto que empezó a formarse en 1770; pero, como se demuestra en esta obra, eso es un error. En 1524 había en donde hoy está el Volcán de Izalco, un infiernillo o auso!, del cual salía un río de agua hirviendo y de hermoso caudal. En 1576, ese in- fiernillo ya no existía. En 1636, en su lugar estaba una depresión de cuyo centro salía un humo espeso y pro- ductos incandescentes; era ya un volcán, aunque sin cono. Por lo tanto, el Volcán de Izalco, empezó a for- marse entre 1576 y 1636, es decir, al rededor de 1606. Sin embargo, los productos de las erupciones del pe- ríodo en que estaba en 1636 y de las erupciones pos- teriores, aun los de la de 1722, no fueron suficientes para constituir dicho cono, aunque sí una masa confusa de lavas que ya existía en 1753, y no fue sino con las erupciones de febrero de 1770 y especialmente con las de abril de 1798 que el Izalco tuvo un verdadero cono, al grado de poderse considerar como un volcán distinto del de Santa Ana. En este trabajo se dará una descripción detallada del volcán y su historia documentada. EL VOLCAN DE IZALCO POR JORGE LARDC DIRECTOR DEL OBSERVATORIO SISMOLÓGICO DE EL SALVADOR PRIMERA PARTE Viaje geológico al Volcán, descripciones. Ultimas erupciones. Hacia ef Volcán Con el objeto de recoger datos acerca del período de actividad eruptiva iniciada al pie del Volcán de Izal- co a fines de octubre próximo pasado (año 1920) y hacer personalmente algunas observaciones sobre esa actividad, y completar, además, algunos estudios que acerca de ese volcán había emprendido, salí de San Salvador el 6 de noviembre siguiente, en el tren de fe- rrocarril que a las siete y media de la mañana parte de aquí para Sonsonate, para dirigirme en seguida a la ciudad de Izalco, y de allí al volcán vecino, que recibió de esa población su nombre. — 8 — De San Salvador a Sitio del Niño Como el objeto de este trabajo es presentar al lec- tor todos los hechos que de algún modo puedan con- tribuir a dar una idea clara del Volcán de Izalco y sus contornos, y especialmente establecer bien los he- chos constitutivos del nuevo período de actividad erup- tiva, no trataré de las observaciones geológicas hechas en el trayecto de San Salvador a Sitio del Niño, y só- lo diré que después de rodear por el E. y N. al Vol- cán de San Salvador, pasando por las estaciones de Apopa, Nejapa y Quezaltepeque, y luego después, la colada reciente de este volcán, llegó el tren a la esta- ción de Sitio del Niño como a las nueve y media, ha- biendo empezado a observar al Volcán de Izalco, des- de poco antes de llegar a ella. Desde Sitio del Miño Sitio del Niño está situado en los llanos de El Playón y Zapotitán, al N. W. del Volcán de San Sal- vador, a 13° 48' lat. N., 89° 22' long. W. de Green- wich y 440 m. sobre el nivel del mar. Aprovechando la larga estancia que hace allí el tren para esperar al que viene de Santa Ana, fuíme al edificio de la oficina telegráfica y telefónica, y desde allí estuve observando al Volcán de Izalco y tomando las anotaciones del caso. El Volcán de Izalco queda casi al Occidente de Sitio del Niño (W. 2o N.); al Norte de su cono se ve la enorme mole del Ilamatepeque o Volcán de Santa Ana, y un poco más cerca, hacia el Oriente de ellos se ve el cono volcánico de Cuhntepec o Cerro Verde o Cuiliotal, de menor tamaño que el Ilamatepeque, aun- que notablemente mayor que el Izalco. Más cerca todavía de Sitio del Niño, al E. del Izal- co, se ve un pequeño cono, al S. del cual está otro semejante, y al Oriente de ellos otro de igual tamaño — 9 — próximamente. Estas alturas constituyen lo que se llama Volcán de San Marcelino, Cerro Chino o Volcán de San Andrés. Y más cerca todavía se ve una altura volcánica ert forma de lacolito o casquete esférico. Rectificación importante Antes de pasar adelante, y para evitar confusiones debo llamar especialmente la atención sobre el grave error que se viene cometiendo al confundir el Cuhnte- pec o Cerro Verde, llamado también El Cuiliotal o El Encantado con el Volcán de San Marcelino, denominado también Cerro de San Andrés o Cerro Chino. En el mapa de El Salvador, hecho por Dawson, se ve el nombre de Volcán de San Marcelino sobre la al- tura correspondiente ai Cerro Verde, y en el mapa ela- borado por Barberena y Alcaine, para salir del paso, se optó por repetir el nombre de Volcán de San Marceli- no, poniéndolo sobre el Cerro Verde y sobre la altura designada así realmente.
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