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A Proposal to Conduct a Caribbean Plate Project Involving the Application of Space Technology to the Study of Caribbean Geology

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A Proposal to Conduct a Caribbean Plate Project Involving the Application of Space Technology to the Study of Caribbean Geology General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) A PROPOSAI. TO CONDUCT A CARIBBEAN PLATE PROJECT INVOLVING THE APPLICATION OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO THE STUDY OF CARIBBEAN GEOLOGY LPI Technical Report Number 81-02 LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE 3303 NASA ROAD I HOUSTON, TEXAS 77058 1\ A PROPOSAL TO CONDUCT A CARIBBEAN PLATE PROJECT INVOLVING THE APPLICATION OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO THE STUDY OF CARIBBEAN GEOLOGY Editor: Geoffrey Wadge Lunar and Planetary Institute 3303 NASA Road 1 Houston, Texas 77058 LPI Technical Report 51-02 Compiled in 1981 by the LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE The Institute is operated by Universities Space Research Association under Contract N AS W-3389 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Material in this document may be copied without restraint for library, abstract service, educational or personal research purposes; however, republication of any portion requires the written permission of the authors as well as appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. This report may be cited as: Wadge, G.(1981) A Proposal to Conduct a Caribbean Plate Project Involving the Application of Space Technology to the Study of Caribbean geology. LPI Tech. Rpt. 81-02. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. 47 pp. This report is distributed by: LIBRARY/ INFORMATION CENTER Lunar and Planetary Institute 3303 NASA Road I Houston, TX 77058 Mail order requestors will be invoiced for the cost of postage and handling. Cover: LA NDSA Timage ofsouthwestern Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica. The volcanoes extending into Lake Nicaragua lie above the subducting Cocos plate to the west. The Santa Elena peninsula in the south is part u!a Late Cretaceous ophiolite accreted onto the Caribbean plate. a Contents Executive Summary Introduction Project Goals and Strategy Significance of Caribbean Geology Project Organization and Manageme Summary I. Project Description A. Historical Background B. Goals C. Research Themes D. Strategy E. Organization F. Schedule G. Products II. Project Research A. Geological History of the Caribt Island arc evolution Temporal changes in tectonic regim B. Characterization of the Plate Int C. Active Processes at the Plate Bc Structural and tectonic variations Volcanic variations D. Mineral Resources: Occurrence III. Project Organization A. Overview B. Technical Management C. Support Services D. Reporting of Results and Expen E. Final Report Appendix A: Research Plan A. Geological History of the Plate Island Arc Evolution Current Understanding Plate motions Arc structure Problems Approach W Temporal Changes in Tectonic Regimes Current Understanding Problems Approach B. Characterization of the Plate Interior 20 Cc ent Understanding Prob+. is Approach Gravity W and magnetic field Investigation of mantle properties through analysis of seismic uwve propagation C. Active Processes at the Plate Boundaries 24 Structural and Tectonic Variations Current Understanding Problems Approach Variations in Volcanism Current Understanding Problems Rates of magma accumulation and eruption Eruptive gases and particles Magmatic evolution and uolconic structure Segmentation of volcanic arcs Approach D. Mineral Resources: Occurrence and Genesis 34 Current Understanding Distribution Processes of mineralization Problems Approach Appendix B Steering Group Members 41 Appendix C Participants, Caribbean Plate Workshop 43 References 45 Executive Summary Intro6iction The Caribbean plate is a geo;ogleal feature which is bounded to the north by the Greater Antlies isles (extending from Jamaica to Puerto Rico), to the east by the Lesser Antilles (extending from the Virgin Islands to Grenada), to the south by the northernmost portion of the South American continent, and to the west by the west coast of Central America. It is one of several semi-rigid bodies, referred to as tectonic plates, which form the outer portion of the solid earth. Motions of these plates in relation to one another are responsible for the majority of earthquakes that have occurred in historic time. On a geological time scale, the relative motions of tectonic plates are responsible for the formation of continental mountain chains and for the concentration of mineral deposits within certain portions of the earth 's crust. Project Goals and Strategy The Caribbean Plate Project envisioned in this proposal is an interdisciplinary, multi -institutional, scientific project designed to improve current understanding of geological resources and geological hazards within the Caribbean region. The twin goals of the Project are: 1) to develop improved models of mineral occurrence and genesis (including energy resources) on a regional scale, which can contribute to future nonrenewable resource investigations, and 2) to develop improved models of lithospheric stress and strain on a regional scale, which can eventually contribute to forecasting geological hazards such as earthquakes and major volcanic eruptions. These goals will be addressed through the synthesis of available geological information and through research using new tools provided by space, technology for the study of the earth's crust. The Project has been organized in a thematic fashion, to focus on specific geological aspects of the Caribbean plate which are considered to be key factors in developing the types of models described above. A condensed description of these scientific themes is provided in Section II and a more thorough discussion is presented in Appendix A. The Caribbean Plate Project is unique in two respects. First, the Project would adopt a synoptic perspective in seeking to chi^racterize the three -dimensional structure, composition, state of stress, and evolution of the entire Caribbean plate. No previous geological study of this nature has attempted to model a tectonic plate of this size and complexity in such a comprehensive fashion. Secondly, the Project seeks to apply existing space technology to the study of the earth's crust and lithosphere in new and innovative ways. Electromagnetic remote sensing and potential field measurement techniques, which have been developed for use at orbital altitudes, are not viewed as replacements for conventional methods of geological research. Rather, geological information derived from analysis of space-acquired data can be combined with informa- tion provided by conventional methods to obtain new insight into the structure, composition, and evolution of the earth's crust. In addition, very long baseline interferometry (VILIN) and laser ranging techniques, which are also based upon the use of space technology, obtain unique information concerning crustal motion that, in turn, provides insight into the distribution and localization of crustal stress. Significance of Caribbean Geology The Caribbean region is an important source of nonrenewable resources at the present time, and its importance as a producer of geological commodities is likely to increase in the future. The region now exports significant quantities of oil, bauxite and alumina, and copper. It also produces mineral resources of strategic importance such as manganese, tungsten, and chromium. There is a king history of exploration and mining of precious metals within the Caribbean. The oldest and largest open-pit gold mine in the Western Hemisphere is found here. 2 In addition to geological resources, the Caribbean also contains diverse geological hazards which threaten the lives and livelihood of its inhabitants. Major earthquakes occur relatively frequently, particularly in Central America. In the last ten years, major earthquakes in Guatemala and Nicaragua have killed tons of thousands of people, and have devastated national economies. Volcanic eruptions also occur frequently within the region, resulting in loss of life and livelihood. For example, inhabitants of two islands in the Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe and St. Vincent, have had to be evacuated from threatening explosive eruptions of neighboring volcanoes. Finally, the Caribbean possesses several distinctive geological characteristics which are of interest from a purely scientific point of view. The Caribbean plate is one of the smallest lithospheric plates with readily recognizable tectonic 5oundaries. The Cayman Rise, a miniature seafloor spreading center, forms part of the boundary. Elsewhere both convergent and transform boundaries are well developed, so the plate contains examples of all essential plate boundary features. Oceanic crust is being actively subducted beneath its eastern and western margins, and volcanic arcs are currently being constructed. !n the Lesser Antilles, Atlantic oceanic crust is underthrusting Caribbean oceanic crust; whereas in Central America, oceanic crust forming the Pacific seafloor is being subducted
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