Journal of New Frontiers in Spatial Concepts ISSN 1868-6648 | Volume 7(2015), 1-10 KIT Scientific Publishing

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Journal of New Frontiers in Spatial Concepts ISSN 1868-6648 | Volume 7(2015), 1-10 KIT Scientific Publishing Journal of New Frontiers in Spatial Concepts ISSN 1868-6648 | Volume 7(2015), 1-10 KIT Scientific Publishing http://ejournal.uvka.de/spatialconcepts/archives/1909 Historische Technikakzeptanz – als kontextualisierende Technikzukunftsforschung am Fallbeispiel der T1-Duplexklasse der Pennsylvania Railroad, 1942–1951 Prof. Dr. Rolf-Ulrich Kunze Institut für Philosophie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract The essay presents the brief history of the last technological development of the steam age on US railroad tracks: the T1 duplex class of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1942–1951. Referring to the methods of today’s technological assessment, the article is questioning a teleological interpretation of the last US passenger tratin steam locomotive as a failing innovation. Keywords: History of transport, 20th century railroad history, PRR T1 duplex class, historical assessment of technology, failing innovation, historical analysis of technology acceptance Manuscript received 11 November 2014, revised 05 December 2014, accepted 14 January 2015. Copyright note: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited. schläge dazu machen, warum diese Art von histori- scher Technikakzeptanzforschung am ITZ am KIT einen relevanten Beitrag zur historischen Erfahrung von Technikzukünften leisten kann. Hans-Ulrich Wehler hat die notorische Theorie- ferne des deutschen Historikers einmal in ein drasti- sches Bild gefasst:2 Der Durchschnittsneohistorist Figure 1. Die T1 der Pennsylvania Railroad, gebaut von begebe sich mit schwerem Werkzeug in den Stein- 1942 bis 1946, hier bei ihrem Rollout bei den Baldwin Railroad Works, Altoona, Pennsylvania, 1942.1 bruch des Archivs, arbeite dort schwitzend und fluchend so lange, bis sich einige sehr unterschied- I. Was ist historische Technikakzeptanzforschung? lich große Brocken aus der Wand lösen lassen, schaufele diese in seine Schubkarre, fahre diese Nach einigen einleitenden methodologischen Über- schweißgebadet und hochbefriedigt sowie ohne den legungen, was historische Technikakzeptanzfor- geringsten Anflug schlechten Gewissens gegenüber schung sein könnte, möchte ich Ihnen als akzep- dem zurückbleibenden Material in seine Arbeitsbu- tanzgeschichtliches Fallbeispiel die letzte amerikani- de, um seine Brocken dann nach Größe und Form sche Personenzug-Großdampflok vorstellen. Mein zu sortieren, was er dann für quellennahe Historio- erkenntnisleitendes Interesse liegt darin, die Dimen- graphie halte. Sicherlich ist dies eine Karikatur – sionen des Scheiterns einer exemplarischen Tech- aber eine gute, weil im Kern zutreffende. Ich möchte nikzukunft zu beschreiben und aus ihrem Kontext zu verstehen. Abschließend werde ich einige Vor- 2 Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Historisches Denken am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen 2001, 11. Zugegebenermaßen habe ich 1 Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_T1 [6.10.2014]. die Metapher – hoffentlich in Wehlers Sinn – ausgeschmückt. Journal of New Frontiers in Spatial Concepts | ISSN 1868-6648 | Vol. 7(2015), 1-10 2 im Folgenden nicht auf die möglichen theoretischen Gleichwohl möchte ich Grenzen markieren. Kon- Defizite insbesondere der deutschen Nachkriegsge- struktivistische Geschichtsschreibung oder histori- schichtswissenschaft eingehen,3 sondern vielmehr sche Szenarienbildung ist nicht mit Retrospective ein praktisches Fallbeispiel dafür vorstellen, wie die Technology Assessment gleichzusetzen. Um diesen historische Technikakzeptanzforschung u. a. von Ansatz einer um den selektiven Blick in die Vergan- Methoden der Technikfolgenabschätzung profitie- genheit erweiterten Prognostik, wie er vor allem von ren kann. Meine erkenntnisleitende These ist, dass Joseph Coates seit 1974 in den USA vertreten wird,5 sich manche Defizite der Konstruktion historischer gab es in der Technikgeschichte vor einigen Jahren Szenarien auf der Grundlage eines zumeist unreflek- eine Diskussion,6 die einmal mehr auf die Betonung tierten Mainstreamneohistorismus durch die Art der der Unüberbrückbarkeit bestimmter fachkultureller Fragestellung in der historischen Technikakzeptanz- Eigenheiten der Sozial- und Geschichtswissenschaf- forschung wenn nicht beheben, so doch erheblich ten hinauslief. Ich schließe mich der historischen vermindern lassen. Für eine methodisch plurale Skepsis gegenüber dem RTA von Wolfgang König in historische Technikakzeptanzforschung ist das zwei Punkten an, was die Verwendung von Model- schlechthin konstitutiv. Dabei spreche ich bewusst len und die Auflösung der Welt in Text angeht. von Szenarien, weil dieser Begriff den Konstrukti- Historiker können Szenarien entwickeln, aber auf- onscharakter und die Begründungsbedürftigkeit der grund der schon überlieferungsbedingten Begrenzt- Konstruktionsregeln und -routinen hervorhebt. heit der Quellenperspektive keine Modelle im stren- Gerade um die Offenlegung ihres methodischen gen sozialwissenschaftlichen Sinn. Daher sind sie Ansatzes pflegen Historiker sich gern zu drücken, ganz besonders auf die konzeptionellen Angebote indem sie sich mit falscher Naivität hinter dem Pri- anderer Disziplinen angewiesen. Daraus sollte ein mat der Quellen verstecken. Historiographie ist Interesse für bestimmte sozialwissenschaftliche An- Szenarienkonstruktion, die sich nicht von selbst sätze folgen, auch wenn die Lektüre von Max Weber versteht oder allein aus Genretraditionen herleiten aus mir noch keinen Soziologen macht. Und auch lässt, und dies schon allein deshalb, weil der Umgang das hyperkonstruktivistische, dekonstruktivistische mit den Quellen stets von der Fragestellung und den RTA macht aus der Industriellen Revolution keine erkenntnisleitenden Interessen abhängt. Unter ei- Erfindung und aus einem Dosenöffner keine Er- nem historischen Szenario verstehe ich in Anwen- zählweise. Das Interesse für den Ansatz der Technik- dung einer allgemeinen Szenario-Definition von folgenabschätzung bedeutet keineswegs, dass histori- Rolf Meyer die Rekonstruktion von vergangenen sche Technikakzeptanzforschung Technikfolgenab- Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten aus ihren Kontexten.4 schätzung mit historischem Gegenstand sein kann Diese Rekonstruktion soll in sich plural, trennscharf, oder will. Der Reiz liegt in der Rezeption und fall- plausibel, konsistent und verständlich sein. Ihr ist weisen Kooperation, nicht in der emphatischen eine anti-teleologische Ausrichtung gegen Interpre- Verwechslung. tationen inhärent, denen zufolge alles so und nicht anders habe kommen müssen. Szenarien können Den Begriff der failing innovation verwende ich hier dem Historiker helfen, nicht nur bestätigt zu finden, im Sinn von Pip Coburn7 und Reinhold Bauer8 als was er schon vorher weiß. Bemühung der Wiedersichtbarmachung eines Felds 5 Vgl. aktuell Joseph F. Coates, The future of foresight. A US perspective, in: Technological forecasting & social change. An 3 international journal 77, Ausgabe 9. 2010, 1428-1437. Vgl. den Überblick zu den sozialgeschichtlichen und kulturalisti- 6 schen Positionen bei Joachim Eibach, Günther Lottes (Hg.), Eine allerdings recht parteiliche – kritische – Zusammenfassung Kompass der Geschichtswissenschaft, Göttingen 2002. Vieles, was bei Wolfgang König, Technikgeschichte. Eine Einführung in ihre hier als Innovation präsentiert wird, findet sich in essayistischer Konzepte und Forschungsergebnisse, Stuttgart 2009, 76-79; 221- Form schon bei Theodor Schieder, Geschichte als Wissenschaft. 225. Wenig überzeugend ist, dass König im Bereich RTA erst Eine Einführung, München–Wien 1965. begrifflich ablehnt, was er dann inhaltlich für sinnvoll erklärt. 7 4 Rolf Meyer, Szenario-Workshops: Partizipation als Hochschul- Pip Coburn, The Change Function. Why some Technologies lehre, in: Marc Dusseldorp, Richard Beecroft (Hg.), Technikfolgen Take Off and Some Crash and Burn, New York 2006. abschätzen lehren. Bildungspotenziale und transdisziplinäre 8 Reinhold Bauer, Gescheiterte Innovationen. Fehlschläge und Methoden, Wiesbaden 2012, 257-275, hier 261. technologische Wahl, Frankfurt/M.–New York 2006. This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 DE License (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ Journal of New Frontiers in Spatial Concepts | ISSN 1868-6648 | Vol. 7(2015), 1-10 3 mit Optionen technologischer Wahl, das von Niall Ferguson als Rekonstruktion eines level playing field von Alternativen beschrieben wird.9 Auch wenn es mir anders als ihm hier nicht um eine chaotic theory of the past geht. Ohne die Pandora-Büchse der Inno- Figure 2. Der Big Boy der Union Pacific als 1 : 32- vationsforschung hier allzu weit zu öffnen, sei der Modell.14 Hinweis erlaubt, dass die Szenarien- und path de- pendency-Thematik seit ihrer Wiederentdeckung Die T1, ein achtachsiger, von Stardesigner Raymond durch die Militärgeschichtsschreibung in den 1970er Loewy in Form gebrachter 6.080-PS-Gigant der Jahren u. a. durch Jehuda Wallach10 sich bereits seit Bauart 2’BB2’h4 (4-4-4-4 nach amerikanischer den 1980er Jahren auch in der amerikanischen Normung) mit Duplex-Antrieb, erreichte nicht nur Mainstream-history of technology bei Thomas P. auf dem Rollenprüfstand, sondern auch auf der Hughes11 abgebildet findet und sich wie ein roter Strecke Geschwindigkeiten über 200 km/h. Seit Be- Faden bis zu seinem Aufriss zum technological mo- ginn des Eisenbahnzeitalters war dergleichen noch 15 mentum aus dem Jahr 2011 durchzieht.12
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