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Technologies Des Transports Transport Des Personnes 2 Technologies des transports Transport des personnes 2. Modes publics et privés | Modes sur rue CIV6707A Par Pierre-Léo Bourbonnais Référence principale: VUCHIC, Vukan R. Urban Transit Systems and Technology, 2007 Chapitres 2 & 5 à 10 Des extraits du livre VUCHIC, Vukan R. Urban Transit Systems and Technology, © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. sont insérés dans ce 1 document avec la permission de l’éditeur CIV6707A Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Caractéristiques 3 types de lignes Avantages Bus conventionnel ‣ faible coût d’investissement ‣ catégorie C, circulation mixte/partagée ‣ peuvent rouler sur pratiquement n’importe quelle rue ‣ adéquat pour service local ‣ flexibilité (changements de routes, d’arrêts, detours...) ‣ non compétitif avec l’auto ‣ implantation rapide ‣ Amérique du Nord | souvent perception à ‣ les véhicules les plus économiques entre l’avant seulement et arrêts à chaque 15 et 60 passagers par unité intersection ‣ peuvent être améliorés par des ‣ embarquements plus lents traitements préférentiels ‣ vitesses commerciales ↓ Avantage ou inconvénient selon le contexte BHNS / BTS (Bus à haut niveau de service) ‣ faible influence sur l’aménagement ‣ catégorie C améliorée urbain ‣ optimisation et intégration des lignes Désavantages ‣ traitement préférentiel (voies réservées...) ‣ sensibles à la congestion (catégorie C) ‣ applicable presque partout ‣ faible identité (image) fréquente confusion SRB / BRT (Service rapide par bus) ‣ capacités limitées ‣ catégorie B ‣ on ne peut réduire les coûts d’opération ‣ véhicules à haute performance par automatisation (pour l’instant) ‣ meilleure image ‣ optimisation de la main d’œuvre difficile/impossible ‣ capacités plus élevées ‣ pollution, bruit si moteurs à essence ‣ traitement prioritaire marqué ‣ dimensions régies par des lois ‣ coûts d’implantation élevés ‣ pas applicable partout 2 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Mercedes Sprinter Modes sur rue Minivan et minibus Capacité Longueur assises/debout Coût Masse Utilisations optimales • Transport adapté 50 000 $ 7 à 20 / 0 à • Rabattement vers les modes + 4 à 9 m 75 000 $ 4 à 6 t lourds 20 + • Navettes • Routes à faible / moyenne densités 3 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Midibus Capacité Longueur assises/debout Coût Masse Utilisations optimales 200 000 • Rabattement vers les modes + 20 à 40 / 20 à lourds 7,5 à 10 m à 400 10 à 20 t 40 • Petites villes, banlieues 000 $ • Routes à faible / moyenne densité Eldorado EZ-Rider II Midibus MAN Mercedes Cito Prototype de midibus 4 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus régulier Capacité Longueur assises/debout Coût Masse Utilisations optimales 25 à 60 / 30 à 300 000 • Le plus utilisé 10 à 15 m 80 à 700 • Villes de toutes tailles 15 à 30 t • Routes à moyenne / haute densité (12 m) (25 à 50 / 30 à 000 $ et • Rabattement vers les modes + 60) + lourds •Caractéristiques ‣ durée de vie limitée (5 à 12 ans, jusqu’à 20 dans certains cas) ‣ produits en grande quantité ‣ plusieurs options (moteur, transmission, design, aménagements intérieurs...) •Diesel ‣ normes de + en + strictes (Euro V, EPA 2007) •Diesel propre ‣ $↑ | poids↑ | espace intérieur ↓ •CNG (gaz naturel comprimé) ‣ mêmes avantages que Diesel propre, mais moins cher Bus CNG à Singapour ‣ puissance limitée ‣ autonomie réduite 5 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus à plancher haut (GM Classic) Bus régulier Hauteur du plancher ‣ Plancher haut ‣ Plancher bas (moins d’espace à cause des roues et moteur) ‣ Entrée basse CarPostal Mercedes Citaro (2 portes) CarPostal Setra 15 m Prototype Credo E-Bone CarPostal MAN Lion’s City (3 portes) Prototype Scania NovaBus LFS 6 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus régulier York FTR Design d’intérieur des autobus Assemblage modulable CO-BOLT (Hess) 7 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus articulé et bi-articulé Capacité Longueur total Coût Masse Utilisations optimales • Routes à haute densité 16 à 18 m Total 130 + 500 000 $ 25 à 40 t • Routes avec virages limités 22 à 24 m Total 190 + et + et + ? • Perception automatisée • SRB / BRT Longueuil VanHool AG300 STM NovaBus Artic Volvo BRT bi-articulé Hannover Mercedes Citaro CNG MAN articulé version longue CarPostal Mercedes Citaro 8 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus articulé Bus bi-articulé Caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients Caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients ‣ productivité de main d’œuvre ↑ ‣ productivité de main d’œuvre ↑↑ ‣ capacité ↑, véhicules plus spacieux ‣ capacité ↑↑ ‣ trajectoire de virage aussi bonne que bus ‣ trajectoire de virage plus large régulier, sinon meilleure ‣ espaces d’arrêt ↑↑ ‣ petite perte de confort à l’arrière ‣ manœuvres encore plus difciles aux (amplification des mouvements du bus) terminus, pentes, etc. ‣ souvent, on doit les utiliser en hors pointe ‣ doivent garder le même ratio de voies d’accès sur les mêmes lignes, même si la demande (door channel) par passager que les bus ↓ réguliers ‣ espaces d’arrêt ↑ ‣ un système de perception automatique est ‣ manœuvres plus difciles aux terminus, essentiel pentes, etc. ‣ souvent utilisé avec les SRB / BRT ‣ doivent garder le même ratio de voies d’accès Bus bi-articulé hybride à Hambourg (door channel) par passager que les bus réguliers ‣ un système de perception automatique à au moins une des portes arrières doit être inclus pour que son utilisation soit justifiée (STM?) ‣ diférents emplacements de moteurs 9 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus à impériale (deux étages) Capacité Longueur total Coût Masse Utilisations optimales 25 à 40 t • Routes à haute densité 10 à 15 m de 60 à 130 ? et + ? • Routes à vocation touristique Londres Scania OmniCity Alexander Dennis Enviro400 Nouveaux bus de Londres Berlin MAN DD Hong Kong Enviro500 10 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Bus à impériale (deux étages) Caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients ‣ utilisés surtout en Angleterre et dans les pays du Commonwealth (Ottawa) ‣ Berlin en possède plusieurs aussi Le symbole de Londres ‣ hauteur 4 à 4,45 m Double-decker (précautions si tunnels et viaducs plus bas) ‣ grande stabilité (centre de gravité bas) ‣ possibilité d’attirer de nouveaux usagers dépendent du contexte et de la ville (traditions) ‣ même empreinte que bus régulier pour capacité ↑ ‣ idéal pour les longs trajets avec peu d’arrêts ‣ vue sur le paysage (excellent pour le tourisme) ‣ plus d’oscillations au 2e étage et plafond bas (pas de passagers debout au 2e étage) ‣ temps d’embarquement/débarquement plus longs ‣ certains viaducs ou tunnels ne sont pas compatibles Test de stabilité (Scania) 11 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Trolleybus Capacité Longueur total Coût Masse Utilisations optimales 600 000 $ • Routes à haute densité de 50 à 110 Régulier: 12 m à 1 200 000 25 à 40 t et + • Confort (acélérations/freinages) de 100 à 190 • Réduction du bruit Articulé: 16 à 24 m $ ? + • Empreinte environnementale moins élevée ? (électricité) Avantages ‣ moins de jerk (secousses) ‣ bruit et pollution ↓ ‣ possibilité de freinage dynamique (regenerative braking) Désavantages ‣ $↑ ‣ coûts de maintenance ↑ ‣ esthétique ↓ ‣ réseau limité par les infrastructures (petites batteries incluses souvent pour imprévus et détours) 12 CIV6707A | Cours 3 deutsch english français SEARCH COMPANY BUSES BUSKITS UTILITY VEHICLES PARTS REPAIRS SERVICES TROLLEY BUSES CITY BUSES TECHNOLOGY DESIGN HESS-SERVICES SECOND-HAND BUSES Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Type: O2568 Articulation plan: ZG3810 Length: 12m Width: 2.55m Seats: 32(+2) Modes sur rue Passengers: ca. 82 Type: O2805 Trolleybus Articulation plan: ZG3771 Length: 18m Width: 2.55m Seats: 38 Heiss standard Passengers: ca. 130 Type: O2805 Articulation plan: ZG3771 Length: 18m Width: 2.55m Seats: 44(+2) Passengers: ca. 142 Type: Bimode O2796 Articulation plan: ZG3771 Length: 18m Width: 2.55m Seats: 39 Heiss articulé Passengers: ca. 127 Type: O2788 Articulation plan: ZG3845 Length: 18.7m Width: 2.55m Seats: 44(+2) Passengers: ca. 151 Type: O2668 Articulation plan: ZG3845 Heiss double articulé (tribus) Length: 18.7m Width: 2.55m Seats: 48(+2) Passengers: ca. 142 Type: O2795 Articulation plan: ZG3770 Length: 24.7m Width: 2.55m Seats: 68(+2) Passengers: ca. 200 Type: O2567 Articulation plan: ZG3770 Length: 24.7m Width: 2.55m Seats: 68(+2) Modèles ofertsPassengers: par Heiss (Suisse)ca. 200 13 CIV6707A | Cours 3 Carrosserie HESS AG Technologies des transports • Transport des personnes | Modes publics et privés • Modes sur rue Modes sur rue Semi-rapide | Bus guidés Voie Vidéo | Rouen Rouen Vidéo | Las Vegas Roue-guide Édimbourg Cambridge
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