Innovation in PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

TRANSPORTATION

Fiscal Year 1977

A DIRECTORY of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT Urban Mass Transportation Administration Washington, D.C. 20590 and DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS innovation IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

A DIRECTORY OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS FISCAL YEAR 1977

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Urban Mass Transportation Administration Washington, D.C. 20590 URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION

Administrator

Deputy Administator

of Office of Executive Office Office of Chief Public Secretariat Civil Rights Counsel Affairs

Associate Associate Associate Associate Associate Administrator for Administrator for Administrator for Administrator for Administrator for Technology Planning, Management, Policy and Program Administration Transit Assistance Development and Development and Demonstrations Deployment T

Office of Office of Office of Bus and Office of Policy Development Office of Grants Assistance Management Systems Planning Assistance Paratransit Technology

Office of Office of Planning Office of Rail and Office of Program Evaluation Support Financial Management Methods and Support Office of Program Construction Technology

Office of Office of Service and Office of New Systems Program Audits Methods Demonstrations Office of Policy Research Office of Program Analysis and Automation

Office of Office of Transit Office of Automated Applications Administrative Services Management Guideway Transit

Office of Safety and Office of Management Product Qualification Information Systems

Office of Socio Economic Office of Personnel and Special Projects

Regional Offices Office of Procurement and Third Party Contract Review INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

This annual publication contains descrip- professional growth in fields relating to The charts show UMTA's organization tions of current research development and transportation. Because the Special Stu- structure and a summary of RD&D activi- demonstration (RD&D) projects sponspored dies and University Research Programs ties as indicated by funding. Organizational and funded by the U.S. Department of contribute materially to transportation re- units which are responsible for RD&D are Transportation's Urban Mass Transporta- search and to the urban transportation shaded in the organization chart. The sum- tion Administration (UMTA). knowledge base, summaries of their proj- mary of activities indicates the relative ef- ects and listings of available reports are in- fort in each program area and identifies the RD&D projects are conducted under the cluded in this publication. chapter where project descriptions are lo- authority of Section 6 of the Urban Mass cated in this report. Transportation Act of 1964. This statute authorizes the Secretary of Transportation "to undertake research, development, and Urban Transportation Administration demonstration projects in all phases of ur- Mass ban mass transportation. ..which he deter- Summary of RD&D and Related Funding mines will assist in the reduction of urban (dollars in thousands) transportation needs, the improvement of mass transportation service, or the contri- Prior FY 1977 FY 1978 bution of such service toward meeting total Years Actual Estimate Chapters urban transportation needs at minimum Technology Development and Deployment: costs." The Act also authorizes "the devel- Bus and Paratransit Technology $ 59,571 $ 7,059 $ 6,800 1 & 2 opment, testing and demonstration of new Rail and Construction Technology 116,713 13,742 14,000 3 facilities, equipment, techniques and methods." New Systems and Automation 66,336 7,913 11,725 4

Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) Applications 66,942 4,921 6,975 5

Each year a portion of the funds which are Safety and Product Qualification 1,776 784 1,300 6 made available for local transportation AGT Socio-economic Research 1,426 964 750 7 planning studies (Technical Studies) is used for Special Studies to help local plan- Special Projects 11,961 967 1,050 7 ning the qual- agencies and UMTA improve Service and Methods Demonstrations 65,000 14,000 15,500 8 thru 11 ity of information used for local transporta- Planning Methods and Support 9,825 3,200 3,250 12 tion planning. Technical Studies activities are authorized under Section 9 of the Urban Special Studies (Section 9 Funds) 10,420 2,000 3,000 12 Mass Transportation Act. In addition, Sec- Transit Management Techniques and Methods 13,431 2,950 3,000 12 tion 11 of the Act authorizes a program of Policy and Program Development 4,500 2,200 2,150 13 University Research and Training Grants. These grants are designed both to meet University Research (Section 11 Funds) 19,247 2,000 2,000 14 UMTA's research needs and to stimulate TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND The approach used by UTD to meet its ob- ment and Deployment efforts are commu- DEPLOYMENT (CHAPTERS 1-7) jectives involves sponsoring research, de- nicated by conferring and cooperating di- velopment, test, evaluation, and demon- rectly with representatives of these groups, Although technology cannot provide direct stration of selected new technologies to which include transit operating properties, solutions to many of the economic and in- prepare for their deployment in operational transit equipment suppliers and developers, stitutional problems of urban mass trans- transit service. In addition, the Office of consultant firms, State and local govern- portation, it is clear that the influence and Technology Development and Deployment ment agencies, public interest groups, uni- resources of the Federal Government participates actively in developing and re- versities, foreign governments, and foreign should be used to maximize the contribu- viewing equipment specifications, in pro- industrial firms. tion of modern technology toward solving moting standardization of transit vehicles Responsibility for developing and introduc- these problems. Accordingly, UMTA has es- and equipment, and in qualification of new ing new or improved systems and techno- tablished the following objectives for its and improved transit products. UMTA con- research, development, and demonstration ducts evaluations and assessments of ex- logies is delegated to the Associate Admin- efforts in Technology Development and De- isting technology, publishes state-of-the-art istrator for Technology Development and ployment: summaries, and cooperates with agencies Deployment (UTD), George J. Pastor. The such as EPA, ERDA, and the National Bur- principal organizational units which manage programs in this area are: In conventional bus and rail transit de- eau of Standards in carrying out programs sign, equipment manufacture, or con- of national importance. Office of Bus and Paratransit Technol- struction, to obtain either (a) substantial ogy, Bernard J. Vierling, Director reduction in life-cycle costs without UMTA's delivery system for new or im- . sacrificing performance, safety, or ser- proved transit technologies depends, ultim- Office of Rail and Construction Technol- vice capability, or (b) substantial ately, on the purchase of new products ogy, Russell K. McFarland, Director improvements in safety, performance, or with UMTA capital grant assistance. The service capability in a cost-effective man- fundamental strategy for improving the de- Office of Systems and Automation, ner; ployment process for new transit technol- New Director ogy will be to coordinate the efforts of Charles Broxmeyer, UMTA's Office of Technology Development To support selected high-risk, high-tech- Office of AGT Applications, Steven Bar- and Deployment (UTD) and its Office of nology R&D initiatives which promise sony, Director Transit Assistance (UTA) in such a way as significant potential increase in produc- to foster the timely introduction of proven tivity through the introduction of automa- Office of Safety and Product Qualifica- new products, and to conduct the field tion into transit operations (where such tions, William J. Rhine, Director demonstrations in revenue service neces- initiatives are beyond the financial or sary to prove them. other capabilities of the private sector); Office of Socio-Economic and Special and Projects, Henry Nejako, Acting Director UMTA attempts to meet the technical information needs of client groups through con- To support national priorities, such as ferences, seminars, workshops, technical SERVICE AND METHODS central city revitalization, accessibility papers, project reports, and special reports DEMONSTRATIONS (CHAPTERS 8-11) for elderly and handicapped persons, targeted at particular groups of users. The safety, energy conservation, and environ^ needs of client groups are ascertained, and UMTA's Service and Methods Demonstra- mental protection. the results of UMTA Technology Develop- tions Program is intended to develop new techniques for using the current generation Improve the reliability of transit service. provide improved transportation by increas- of transit equipment in providing improved This is one of the most important factors ing vehicle occupancy in a number of ways. quality, quantity and efficiency in public in maintaining and increasing ridership. transportation. A large number of innova- Service for Special User Groups, which tive methods for increasing the level of ser- Increase the productivity of transit ve- seeks to develop specialized services that vice and the productivity of transit have hicles. This is most important in the con- will provide for the needs of the transit de-

been developed both by UMTA and by var- tinuing struggle to reduce operating defi- pendent person - the elderly, handicapped, ious transit properties over the past few cits while maintaining or improving ser- young, and poor. These kinds of services years. The primary focus of this program is vice. include novel methods to improve inner city to perform the final developmental steps, circulation, "reverse" commuting, testing where required, and to bring some of these Improve the mobility of transit depen- of specialized equipment for elderly and techniques into full operational application. dents. This is important to provide mo- handicapped, subscription services, de- bility to people without automobiles. mand responsive services and user side Service and methods demonstrations em- subsidies. phasize coordinated transportation for the In order to accomplish its objectives, the entire trip; that is, the means for getting a Service and Methods Demonstrations Pro- person from his origin to his desired desti- gram is organized into five major functional Pricing Policies, which focus on experiments to better understand the relation- nation, wherever it may be, as quickly, effi- areas as follows: ship between increased transit patronage ciently comfortably possible. In and as Conventional Transit Service Innovations, and reduced auto through a variety most this requires a combination of usage cases which includes a wide variety of demon- of price-related (i.e., economic) incentives modes (paratransit, bus, rail) working to- strations aimed at improving conventional and/or disincentives. These include fare gether in a coordinated fashion in order to fixed-route transit systems. Emphasis has prepayment, reduced fare and free fare provide a variety of services for the various been placed on expediting peak period transit, and methods to reduce auto use in users, trip purposes, routes. and of passengers surface transit movement on certain congested areas. vehicles (bus, light rail, and trolley bus). Other multiple occupant vehicles such as The program is designed to accomplish one shared ride taxis, carpools, and vanpools Information dissemination. The final ele- or a combination of the following objec- also may be candidates for receiving prior- ment includes formal and informal distribu- tives: ity treatment depending on local condition of findings regarding concepts and ap- tions. Projects also include exclusive bus- plications through site visits, workshops, ways, reserved lanes on freeways, arterials Reduce travel time by transit. This is an conferences, and publications. city streets; signal transit important factor in increasing transit and preemption, ridership and improving vehicle produc- malls, auto restricted zones, and vehicle in- tivity. novations. The Service and Methods Demonstrations Program is one of the responsiblities of Paratransit, which includes a broad range the Associate Administrator for Transporta- Increase the area coverage of transit ser- of services that occupy the transportation tion Planning, Management, and Demon- vice. This is important for increasing spectrum between conventional transit and strations, Robert H. McManus. Projects in

transit ridership by responding with cost the private auto, i.e., dial-a-ride, jitney, van- this area are managed by the Office of Ser- effective approaches for new transit ser- pools, taxis, subscription buses, and other vice and Methods Demonstrations, Ronald vice in lower density sururban areas. forms of ride sharing. The main intent is to J. Fisher, Director.

iii TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ity. A substantial amount of special studies Office of Planning Methods and Support, MANAGEMENT (CHAPTER 12) funds have been used to determine the ef- Robert B. Dial, Director fects of major rail rapid transit improve- The objective of UMTA's programs in this ments in San Francisco and Washington, Office of Planning Assistance, Charles area is to obtain more effective and eco- D.C. Study design efforts for similar studies H. Graves, Director nomical results from Federal planning, are under way in Atlanta, Miami, and Buf- capital and operating assistance funding by falo. Funds allocated for special studies Office of Transit Management, Brian J. means of improved planning and manage- are being used to improve the efficiency of Cudahy, Director ment information and techniques. various in-house policies (e.g., Elderly and Handicapped Regulations). Some of the POLICY AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT (CHAPTER 13) The Planning Methods and Support Pro- funds are being used to develop Transpor- grams consist of research, development, tation System Management (TSM) prototype The primary purpose of research in this and dissemination of new, computerized, planning studies, as well as new planning field is to promote a better understanding and manual techniques to assist Federal, tools for TSM in response to UMTA policy of the emerging urban transportation is- State, and local agencies in their planning, on efficient use of existing transportation sues, needs, and objectives; to monitor and implementation, and operation of urban facilities. evaluate the impact and effectiveness of transportation systems. These techniques, UMTA programs; and to aid in the formula- called, collectively, UTPS for Urban Trans- The Transit Management program is de- tion of new policies and program direc- portation Planning System, support both signed to assist mass transit operators in tions. national and local transportation resources, making the most effective use of their li- and the evaluation of alternative system im- Projects in the policy development area in- mited funds. Assistance takes the form of provements. The goal of these research and clude development of policy and program research and demonstration projects to de- development efforts is to provide essential alternatives on such issues as the private velop new and improved management tech- support for the planning assistance and vs. public roles for transportation services niques for the transit industry, as well as capital grant programs by continually im- and the potential effects of transit projects efforts to implement these new techniques proving local and Federal planning capabil- on urban development, and accessibility for in the day-to-day operations of transit sys- ities. elderly and handicapped people. Evalua- tems. The administration of the Section 15 tions include the development of perfor- Reporting System is also the responsibility As an integral part of its planning assist- analysis of trends of the Transit Management Program. Sec- mance measures and as ance program, UMTA supports special stud- tion 15 of the Urban Mass Transportation well as evaluations of such UMTA pro- ies to improve the quality of information rail Act calls for development of uniform oper- grams as the formula assistance and available for use in the local planning ating and financial reporting and uniform modernization programs. UMTA's program process, or for policy UMTA and investment accounts and records systems. in policy research is designed to advance decisions. The focus of these studies is to the understanding and resolution of urban improve evaluation techniques and develop transportation problems and to aid policy information readily and accurately transfer- Responsibility for these programs is dele- and program decisions at the Federal level. able from one area to another. gated to the Associate Administrator for Studies include transportation and land use Transportation Planning, Management, and interactions, productivity, financing, energy During FY 1976 and FY 1977, studies to in- Demonstrations, Robert H. McManus. Prin- conservation, center city, and low density vestigate impacts of major transit invest- cipal organizational units consist of the fol- service problems and accessibility for ments have continued to have a high prior- lowing: elderly and handicapped people. During FY-77 these activities were the re- their own communities, and to serve as a trator to receipt of a draft of the final responsibility of C. Kenneth Orski, who was mechanism for the exchange of experience port. The "Funding" represents, except then Associate Administrator for Policy and with other cities and transit properties. when otherwise indicated, Federal money Program Development. The current Asso- provided by UMTA. Funding figures in this ciate Administrator is Lillian C. Liburdi. Ac- document are provided only to give an indi- tivities are conducted under the following The University Research Program is admin- cation of the scope of individual tasks, and istered by the Office of Policy organizations: Research un- in most cases, funding figures are cumula- der responsibilities delegated to the Asso- tive. Small support tasks and contracts un- Office of Policy Development, Lawrence ciate Administrator for Policy and Program der $10,000 are not always calculated into L. Schulman, Director Development. The program is directed by the project totals. The figures in this docu- Philip G. Hughes. ment, therefore, should not be used for

Office of Program Evaluation, Bruce T. budget analysis. This volume focuses on Barkley, Director ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT activity during the period October 1, 1976 September 30, 1977. Funding recipients are listed as 'contractor' although in It is UMTA's policy to make readily avail- some may Office of Policy Research, Milton Brooke. able to the public information about re- fact to grantees. Acting Director search, development, and demonstration

activities it conducts. The principal meth- Appendix 2 provides information on par- ods of reporting are through publication ticipating in UMTA's research development of report abstracts and by this publication and demonstration programs, including: which summarizes the status of individual notification of planned procurements, sub- UNIVERSITY RESEARCH (CHAPTER 14) projects. mission of proposals, proposal evaluation criteria, University Research grants, etc. Grants to universities, as authorized by Most of the completed projects included in This document was prepared as part of the Section 11 of the UMT Act, are used to (1) this 1977 have reports already volume pub- Technology Sharing program of the Office support research which is relevant to the lished or in the publication process. The Ur- of Technology Development and Deploy- programmatic needs of the Urban Mass ban Mass Transportation Administration ment for distribution to State and local Transportation Administration and will does not distribute these reports unless so governments, planners, legislators, educa- strengthen State and local capabilities to indicated. They are available from the Na- tional institutions, transportation agencies, plan, design, and operate transportation tional Technical Information Service, U.S. systems industry, and the research community. and services; (2) encourage and Department of Commerce. Since its incep- While copies are still available, they may support increased university involvement in tion, published four volumes of UMTA has be obtained from: transportation matters of local concern; (3) report abstracts. Details on how to obtain provide mid-career training for urban trans- the abstract volumes and technical reports Technology Sharing Office, DTS-151 portation professional and U.S. Department of Transportation management are provided in Appendix 1 of this volume employees (4) attract more of the nation's along with information about other informa- Research and Special young talent into public transportation cation sources. Programs Administration reers, and (5) encourage universities to be- Transportation Systems Center come a source of ongoing advice, observa- The dates listed in the table at the end of Kendall Square tion, and evaluation with respect to trans- each chapter usually indicate the period of Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 portation plans, programs and projects in time from approval by the UMTA Adminis- (617) 494-2486

Table of Contents

CHAPTER Page CHAPTER Page

1. BUS AND PARATRANSIT VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY 1 3. RAIL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 19 Bus Development Urban Rapid Rail Vehicles and Systems 20 Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus (TRANSBUS) .. 2 State-of-the-Art Car (SOAC) 21 Small Bus Requirements, Concepts and Specifica- Advanced Concept Train (ACT) 21

tions 3 Advanced Subsystems Development Program (ASDP). . 22 Study of the Impact of Fare Collection on Bus Stored Energy (Flywheel) Propulsion for Rapid Rail Design 3 Cars 22 Life-Cycle Procurement 3 Railcar Standardization 23 Paratransit Vehicle Development Urban Rail Supporting Technology 24 Paratransit Vehicle 3 General Engineering Support 24 Future Paratransit Requirements 5 Facilities Development 24 Energy Conservation and Environmental Projects Test and Evaluation 25 UMTA Flywheel Energy Storage Program 5 Noise Abatement Technology 25 Battery Bus Assessment 6 Track and Wayside Technology 25 Evaluation of the Florida Hybrid Bus 6 Tunneling Technology 26 Evaluation of Diesel Propulsion in Fleet Taxicabs 7 Safety and Reliability Technology 27 Elderly and Handicapped Accessibility Commuter Rail Vehicles and Systems 28 Passive Wheelchair Lifts on Public Transit Buses 7 Dual-Power, Gas Turbine/Electric Commuter Rail Car .. 28 Wheelchair Access to Current Buses 7 Light Rail Vehicles and Systems 28 Wheelchair Elevator 29 2. BUS AND PARATRANSIT OPERATIONS 11 Paratransit Integration 12 Rochester Demonstration Computer Software Sup- 4. NEW SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION 34 port 12 Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) 35 Large Regional Systems Analyses 13 Advanced Group Rapid Transit System 35 Review and Assessment of Operational Experience ... 13 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 37 Shared-Ride Taxi Computer Fare 13 Accelerating Walkways 38 Cost/Benefit Study 13 Accelerating Walkway Program 38

Low Cost Van-Pool Computer System - Transportation Broker Support 14 Subscription Scheduling Algorithm 14 5. AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT (AGT) Pilot System Software 14 APPLICATIONS 42 Automatic Vehicle Monitoring 14 Downtown People Mover 43 Advanced Area-Coverage Automatic Vehicle AIRTRANS Urban Technology Program 44 Monitoring 15 Morgantown People Mover Demonstration Project .... 46

vii CHAPTER Page CHAPTER Page

6. SAFETY AND PRODUCT QUALIFICATION 50 A R&D Priorities Conferences 63 Mass Transit System Safety and Product Qualifica- tion 51 Development of a Safety Program Plan 52 Safety and System Assurance Training Program 52 8. SERVICE FOR SPECIAL USER GROUPS 68 Safety and System Assurance Support - APTA 54 Research on the Transportation Problems of the Trans- Fire Safety in Transit Systems 54 portation Handicapped 69 Expansion of a Transit System for the Elderly and Han- dicapped 69 Accessibility Programs 7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH AND SPECIAL Evaluation of Accessible Full-Size Bus Services 70 PROJECTS 56 Total Accessibility Demonstration, Palm Beach County, Socio-Economic Research 57 FL 71 Generic Alternatives Analyses 57 Total Accessibility Demonstration, Champaign- Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems 58 Urbana, IL 71 Morgantown Independent Assessment 58 An Elderly and Handicapped Service Approach Assessment of Existing Foreign AGT Systems 58 for a Medium-Size City 71 Costs 59 Coordinated Services 72 Markets 59 Elderly and Handicapped Social Service Coordina- Communications 59 tion Demonstration, Mercer County, NJ 72 Systems Studies Coordinated Services for the Handicapped; New York Life-Cycle Costing Feasibility Study 60 City and Chicago 72 Technological Qualifications and Operational Cer- Planning and Analysis for Special Service Transpor- tification Guidelines 60 tation Coordination 72 Effects of Alternative Metropolitan Development 60 Coordination of Human Service Transportation 72 Metric Conversion Planning Project 60 Vera Institute Experimental Transportation for the

Accommodation of Elderly and Handicapped Travelers . . 60 Elderly and Disabled 73

Safety of Wheelchair Loading and Securement System . 61 Community Broker Transportation Service for the Crash Protection Systems for Handicapped Tran- Elderly 73 sit and School Bus Occupants 61 Ride-Sharing Paratransit Agency Study 74 Assessment of the Stockholm Inclined Elevator 61 User Subsidy Demonstrations 74 Systems Development User-Side Subsidy Demonstration 74 Automated Transit Information System 62 User-Side Subsidy for the Eldery and Handicapped .... 74 Time-Calibrated, Self-Cancelling Ticket 62 User Subsidy for the Elderly 74 Experimental Design and Evaluation 62 User Subsidy for the Elderly and Handicapped 74 Technology Sharing and Communication Other Studies and Demonstrations Technical Assistance in Technology Sharing and West Virginia TRIP Program 75 Technical Information Management 63 Study of Inner City Transportation 76

viii CHAPTER Page CHAPTER Page

9. FARE AND PRICING POLICIES 81 Transportation Brokerage Demonstration Project 101 Transit Fare and Service Innovations Studies 82 Vanpool Demonstrations Prepayment With Reduced Fare Promotion 82 Vanpool Demonstration Program, Golden Gate 102 Prepayment Through Employers 83 Vanpool Demonstration Program, Norfolk 102 Fare-Free Transit Service 83 Other Paratransit Demonstrations Transfer Policy and Cost Study 84 Employment Center Subscription Service 102 Attitude Measurement Techniques for Transportation Shared Ride Auto Feasibility Study 103

Planning and Evaluation \ . . 84 Analysis of the Jitney Operation, An Example of an Inner City Paratransit Service 103 10. CONVENTIONAL TRANSIT SERVICE INNOVATIONS .... 87 Priority Treatments 12. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ... 107 Miami l/95-Northwest 7th Avenue Bus-Carpool Priority Planning Methods and Support 108 System 88 Planning Methods and Support— Urban Transportation Santa Monica Freeway, Concurrent Flow Reserved Planning System (UTPS) 108 Bus and Carpool Lane, Los Angeles, Calif 88 Special Planning Studies 109 Corridor Improvements in Houston, Tex 89 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Impact Program 109 Transit Malls 89 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Transit Mall Study 90 (METRO) Impact Study 110 Broadway Plaza Transit Mall 90 Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Innovation Studies Transit Authority (MARTA) Implementation Management Experience ... 111 Simulation for Traffic Management Analyses 90 Strategies for Conduct of the Rail Rapid Transit Transit Reliability Study 91 Impact Program Auto-Restricted Zone/Multi-User Vehicle Systems 111 Use of Existing Data in Elderly and Handicapped Study 91 Transportation Planning 111 Vehicle Innovations Planning for the Coodination of Elderly and Handi- Double-Deck Bus 92 capped Services 111 New York City Waterborne Mass Transportation 92 Analysis of Existing Elderly and Handicapped Trans- portation Services 112 11. PARATRANSIT 96 Transportation System Management (TSM)Planning 112 Portland, Oregon TSM Planning Prototype Study 112 Paratransit Service Innovations 97 Kansas City TSM Prototype Planning Study 112 Integrated Paratransit Fixed-Route Systems 97 Tri-State TSM Prototype Planning Study 113 Integrated Demand-Responsive, Fixed-Route Transit Seattle TSM Prototype Program 113 Systems 98 Development of Methods for Evaluating TSM Alter- Integrated Taxi/Fixed-Route Transit System 98 natives 113 Taxicab Feeder to Bus Service 99 Transportation Management 113 Community-Based Transit System 99 Blue Collar Training 113 Transportation Brokerage 100 Public Transit Risk Management 113 Commuter Services Brokerage Demonstration 100 Marketing Demonstration 114

ix CHAPTER Page CHAPTER Page

Automated Run Cutting 114 TSM Institutional and Planning Research 122 Sect. 15 Uniform System of Accounts and Records Analysis of the Application and Impact of Transpor- and Reporting System 114 tation Systems Management Techniques in Revital- Development of Sect. 15 Central Data Bank Software .. 114 izing Select Urban Areas in Europe 122 National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Re- search Board, FY77 Contract 122 13. POLICY AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 119 Conference on Urban Revitalization 123 Policy Development Improving Center City Environment and Transpor- Policy Analysis Support 120 tation 123 Non-Urbanized Area Transit Assistance Require- Assessment of Present and Future Paratransit Poten- ments Funding for Capital and Operations 120 tial 123 The County Role in the Provision of Public Transpor- Assessment of Paratransit Service in Europe and tation in Non-Urbanized Areas 120 North America 123 Survey of Public Transportation Services in Small Developing Intra-Neighborhood Transportation Urban Areas 10,000-200,000 Population 120 Systems 123 Assessment of Conventional and Innovative Methods Casebook on Joint Development Practices 123 for Financing Public Transportation Systems 120 Study to Identify Relevant Criteria for Selection An Assessment of State Use of Section 9 Funds 120 Sites for Fixed Guideway Systems 123 Joint Development/Value Capture Project 120 Communication Program: Urban Transportation Conference on Joint Development and Multi-Agency Innovations Abroad 124 Funding 121 Impacts of Foreign Rail Car Competition in the U.S. Liability and Casualty Insurance for Paratransit Economy and the Financial Health of Domestic Sup- Providers 121 pliers 124 Paratransit Implementation Guidance and Refer- Electric Trolley Bus Feasibility Study 124 ences 121 Support of Regional Workshops on Paratransit Implementation 121 Program Evaluation Survey Travel -to-Work 121 14. UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND TRAINING GRANT PRO- National Personal Travel Survey 121 GRAM 130 Improving Transportation System Productivity 121 Transportation Analysis, Planning, and Evaluation 131 Policy Research Transportation/Land Use Interactions 132 Means for Reducing Light Rail Transit Cost Through Transportation Financing and Pricing 132 Standardization of System Elements 122 Transportation System Management 133 Study of Methods of Improving LRT Service 122 Improving Transportation in Center Cities 134 Light Rail Transit Study 122 Systems and Services for Low Density Areas 134 State of the Art in Transportation Systems Manage- Improving Transit Productivity 134 ment 122 Education and Training 135

x APPENDICES

1. Availability of Information on Federal Research and Development in Urban Mass Transportation 143 2. Federal Grant and Procurement Contracts for Research and Development in Urban Mass Transportation 149

INDICES

i. Contractor/Grantee Index 151

II. Project Index 154

III. Subject Inaex 157

Technology Development and Deployment

CHAPTER 1 BUS AND PARATRANSIT VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

TRANSBUS SMALL BUS REQUIREMENTS ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED ACCESSIBILITY EFFECT OF FARE COLLECTION ON BUS DESIGN LIFE-CYCLE PROCUREMENT

Paratransit Vehicles - Developed to Fill the Gap Be- tween Conventional Public Transit and the Private Automobile.

1 Bus and paratransit vehicles offer the most and taxicab meetings, state fairs, and auto flexible and readily available form of public shows throughout the country. asportation in urban areas in fact, byses and paratransit vehic BUS DEVELOPMENT people in our cities than do all other mass traosol modes combined. The UMTA Office Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus of Bus and Paratransit Technology has di- (TRANSBUS) rected its research and development efforts to bus vehicle development, paratransit ve- UMTA's TRANSBUS program was designed Mele development and the development of to achieve the most advanced bus design operational systems that will increase effi- practicable within the state-of-the-art. The ciency and service levels. particular areas of improvement emphasized were: comfort and ride quality; improved AM General Corp. safety for passengers, pedestrians, and oc- Special attention is directed to increasing cupants of other vehicles; reduced the safety, comfort, efficiency and public maintenance; and lower floor and better access acceptability of bus and paratransit ser- and interior arrangements which vices. Projects to reduce fuel consumption, accommodate elderly and handicapped riders. improve air quality, and accommodate elderly and handicapped people are also part Designs have been developed, prototype ve- of the UMTA program. hicles fabricated, and the designs evaluated, following both proving-ground and transit in-service tests. From the evaluation Culminating six years of development of of the prototype designs, a technical speci- TRANSBUS, Transportation Secretary Brock fication has been developed for a produc- Adams mandated that all future standard- tion TRANSBUS. production version of size urban buses must meet the DOT A any one of the three different prototype de- TRANSBUS requirements. These re- signs could meet this specification. With quirements, which take into account the General Motors Corp. the development of the technical specifica- needs of elderly and handicapped people tions and related procurement documents will make public transportation more acces- for the purchase of the production Trans- sible to a greater number of people. bus, the prototype phase was completed.

Paratransit vehicles which provide transpor- The deployment phase of the program was tation in many areas that cannot sustain initiated by the mandate of TRANSBUS in regular transit service are also an important May 1977, by the Secretary of Transporta- part of UMTA's work in developing more tion. Under the stated policy all full-size useful and efficient equipment. The two buses purchased with Federal assistance UMTA-developed paratransit vehicle proto- after September 30, 1979, will be required types have been applauded by paratransit to meet the TRANSBUS specification, in- operators, users, and various elderly and cluding a 22-inch floor height, a 4-inch

i handicapped groups at national paratransit kneeling feature, and an access ramp. The Rohr Industries

2 procurement documents have been revised include in these features considerations for buses based on an operator's actual oper- to incorporate the details of the Secretary's elderly and handicapped riders, including ating cost data, and a projection oil ifel mandate, and are subject to constant revi- wheelchair travelers; 4) produce conceptual cycle costing based on relating specific! sion. Anyone needing these documents for small bus designs to meet the operating bus designs to these cost data. ThelwonK is the procurement process or other serious features; and 5) establish a specification an application of the methods develllpej purposes may obtain them directly from for a small bus suitable for mass transit under an earlier project (VA-06-0039). UMTA. service in the U.S. The project is being carried out parallel to, The design data packages which cover the A contract modification included mock-up but independent of, an actual bus procure- prototype designs in detail will be main- work to permit evaluation of the effect of ment under UMTA capital assistance. A tained by the Transportation Systems Cen- varying such factors as floor height, ramp normal procurement was selected for com- ter (TSC), Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA slope, and interior dimensions of access by parison and a concurrent simulated pro- 02142. Representatives of organizations wheelchair passengers and other handi- curement was conducted based on pro- who wish to review or obtain these data capped persons. Volunteer subjects with jected life-cycle cost. should contact TSC directly. different handicaps participated and assisted in this evaluation. PARATRANSIT VEHICLE The TRANSBUS prototype program pro- DEVELOPMENT duced reports covering a variety of subjects. All data of permanent significance Study of the Impact of Fare Collection Paratransit Vehicle which was developed under the prototype on Bus Design project is available. Test plans, evaluation The objective of this program is to stimu- plans, interim reports, and other data of a The nearly universal requirement that the late the development of vehicles designed temporary nature are not included in the re- driver monitor the collection of fares inevi- to meet the special requirements of the port listings at the end of the chapter. tably adversely affects the design of buses sector of paratransit services for which pre- and their operation. This study was consent vehicles have only a limited suitability ducted to identify and, when possible, and to bring about a situation where these Small Bus Requirements, Concepts and quantity the effects of driver-supervised new vehicles, or similar ones, are produced Specifications fare collection. Conceptual bus designs by the automotive industry. This sector of were developed which suggest alternatives paratransit includes shared-ride, as well as A small bus suitable for use in urban mass when freed from the constraint of providing regular taxicab service, jitney service, and transit applications is increasingly needed for on-board fare collection. The actual cost special services for elderly and handicap- but essentially unavailable. Although there of fare collection was determined for a few ped people which do not require the larger are a number of small buses on the market, typical properties. capacity of small buses. most are conversions of vehicles designed for other uses and are not entirely suitable The vehicle features are: a capacity of 4-6 for transit use. passengers; convertibility to accommodate

1 or 2 wheelchair passengers; a low, flat

The small bus project was designed to; 1) Life-Cycle Procurement floor for improved accessibility; a high ma- examine small bus operations and pro- neuverability in urban traffic; high fuel jected operations in the U.S.; 2) define de- This project was designed to establish a economy; and a low cost of acquisition and sired operating features for small buses; 3) procurement method for full-size transit maintenance.

3 In Marc i 1 175 contracts were awarded for the desipn and construction of two vehicles, on|tJ the Advanced Systems Lab in Santa Barbara, Cal. (then a division of AMF, Inc.) and one to Steam Power Systems, San Diego (now Dutcher Industries). Since the pollutant emission requirements were very stringent, both contractors proposed the use of experimental steam engines as the only practical way of meeting them within the specified time period.

In June 1976, the two vehicles were dis- played at the Museum of Modern Art in New York along with other innovative taxi vehicles as part of a special exhibition. Both vehicles were an instant success with the public because they demonstrated the feasibility of accommodating 4 passengers Paratransit Vehicle Built by the AMF Corporation. in comfort, one of them in a wheelchair, in a vehicle of a size between a subcompact and a compact passenger car. Representa- tives of the taxicab industry reviewed the vehicles and expressed their interest in the availability of the respective production ver- sions and so testified to Congress.

After completion of the exhibition, the experimental steam engines of the 2 vehicles were replaced with commercially available gasoline engines to assure availability of the vehicles during the subsequent testing without interruptions expected to be caused by the low reliability of the one-of-a- kind steam engines.

After the completion of the tests conducted by an independent laboratory (Dynamic Sci- ence, Phoenix, Arizona) both contractors were funded to provide a new set of draw- Paratransit Vehicle Built by Dutcher Industries. ings and specifications for their respective

4 vehicles to document changes suggested The study produced nationwide estimates ENERGY CONSERVATION AND by the test results, by the evaluation of of future paratransit activity. These esti- ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS

taxicab operators and handicapped individ- mates show what the country can expect i uals, by the change to internal combustion terms of passenger demand and future ve- engines, and by their studies on life cycle hicle requirements. With the recognition of the energy crisis cost reduction. several years ago, greater public and governmental concern for fuel consumption in The vehicles have since been exhibited in a public transit vehicles as well as private number of cities and viewed by 4-6 million The report findings were applied to three automobiles led to greater efforts to dis- people. Their popularity continues at a very areas of immediate concern — paratransit cover ways to conserve energy. Many of high level. demonstrations, vehicles and facilities, and these discoveries are methods of propul- policy issues. A framework was developed sion which engineers have known about for In the meantime, UMTA's plan was ap- to apply study findings to past and current years, but which were considered ineffi- proved to procure driveable preproduction demonstrations. Vehicle and facility re- cient or troublesome for one reason or an- prototypes to be tested and exhibited in quirements for handling two to fourteen other compared with the gasoline engine. suitable locations across the U.S. These ve- passengers were considered in terms of the Now, battery-powered vehicles, fly-wheel hicles will be functionally similar to the ear- future. The study also examined policy is- energy storage systems, diesel and hybrid lier ones but they will be designed with sues including resource allocation, the role engines are being re-examined to find ways special emphasis on low cost of initial in- of private enterprise in paratransit develop- to efficiently and effectively use these vestment as well as of maintenance and ment, labor management concerns, and alternatives. The gasoline engine is also operation. It is anticipated that up to 3 con- regulatory barriers. responsible for polluting the air and some tracts will be awarded by the end of 1978 of the alternatives offer the additional ad- for design and fabrication of 3 prototype ve- vantages of lower noxious emissions and hicles by each manufacturer. quieter operation.

SPEED INDICATOR

Future Paratransit Requirements ^ ^600 V(dc) Y CHARGING

I CONNECTION Energy cost, population growth, urban de- UMTA Flywheel Energy Storage velopment patterns, and institutional incen- INVERTER RECTIFIER Program tives are just a few of the many factors that will determine the nature and extent of fu- SYNCHRONOUS

1 ture paratransit services in this country. AUTOMATIC MACHINE (ac) CONTROL The primary goal of the UMTA Flywheel This project estimated future paratransit TRACTION Energy Storage Program is to reduce the needs by examining a variety of paratransit MOTOR (dc) 3) mass transit operator's dependence on pe- service alternatives in typical urban set- POWER FLYWHEEL troleum fuels, while maintaining the route tings in three different hypothetical situa- PEDAL flexibility inherent in the motor bus. A trol- tions for the year 1995, described in terms ley coach that is not dependent all the time This Type of Flywheel Propulsion Will Conserve of energy cost and the degree of automo- Energy and Permit a More Flexible Trolley Coach on an overhead wire system, for example, bile disincentives. System. could accomplish this goal.

5 Energy storage systems are based on two tails completing the design, hardware fabri- Evaluation of the Florida Hybrid Bus engineering principles - regenerative brak- cation, and test and evaluation. Assuming ing and load leveling. What these mean is continued support from Congress, flywheel The Florida State Department of Transpor- that energy used during braking is recap- systems may be operating transit buses tation sponsored the University of Florida tured and stored to be used during subse- within the next decade. in the development of a small bus based on quent vehicle acceleration. This capability the hybrid (diesel-electric) principle. The ba- would be especially useful in multi-stop ve- sic vehicle is an early model Electrobus, hicles, such as urban transit buses. normally furnished by the manufacturer Battery Bus Assessment with only electric battery power, which se- Energy storage systems were considered verely limits its range. In the hybrid version, and even applied in public transit prior to Clean, quiet, and smooth battery-powered a small diesel engine with an electric gen- the energy crisis. The Swiss had designed buses are an attractive alternative to con- erator is added to charge the batteries. To and built the Oerlikon Gyrobus in the ventionally-powered buses for passenger achieve fuel economy and low emissions, 1950's and operated about 40 such buses service on some routes, in spite of some the diesel engine was run under optimum drawbacks in range, power, cost, and main- over a 19-year period with considerable suc- conditions, i.e., it was not subjected to the cess. Other applications include the R-32 tenance. Under this project, battery bus stop-and-go operation of normal transit ser- in rapid rail transit car discussed in Chapter 3. operations six different countries were vice. studied. These operations ranged from sin- These programs used the flywheel as an gle-vehicle demonstrations to a fleet of 20 Through a grant to the Florida DOT, UMTA energy storage device, although other de- buses providing full transit service on three provided support of tests by the University vices, such as the hydraulic accumulator routes. to evaluate general performance, including and batteries have been considered. The acceleration, top speed, endurance, emis- flywheel, however, appears to be the best sions, fuel consumption, and power trans- Thirteen of the vehicle types studied are all-around compromise available for today's mission efficiency. powered by electric batteries only, two are applications. diesel-battery hybrids, and one is a trolley Through the Transportation Systems Cen- bus equipped with a battery for extended As the first phase of the program, in Sep- ter, (TSC) the bus was operated in simu- off-wire operation. Although none of these tember 1976, UMTA awarded contracts to lated transit service to obtain more defini- vehicles is in production, several manufac- AiResearch and General Electric for tive data. The bus, instrumented and carry- turers are ready to accept orders. The sta- conceptual design studies using flywheel ing a simulated passenger load, was oper- tus of the electric battery bus development energy storage in a broad range of transit ated in conjunction with a transit bus in re- is reflected in the fact that 57 buses have applications. The ground rules for the study gular service. Upon completion of the tests accumulated more than 2.1 million vehicle- required each contractor to use state-of- in simulated service, the U.S. Environmen- miles in passenger service. the-art technology and employ a highly tal Protection Agency conducted emissions modular design approach. The latter tests at Ann Arbor, Michigan. requirement is essential in the small transit industry in order to establish the most Because the buses are adaptations of avail- The preliminary data developed have indi- economical production base. able equipment and are still in the proto- cated that the hybrid vehicle has a definite type stage, these vehicles are initially more potential for fuel economy and lower emis- UMTA has recommended continuation of expensive than diesel buses and need spe- sions. The data, however, are not sufficient- the second phase of the program which en- cial care and maintenance. ly conclusive to justify a final report. TSC is

6 continuing to refine the concept and to significant difference in user acceptance wheelchair access option into current bus compare it with other hybrid configurations. between diesel and gasoline powered taxis. design. The lift would be built in at the time The diesel taxis have been generating con- of manufacture. AM General conducted the sistent, slightly higher revenues than the study under contract. Evaluation of Diesel Propulsion in Fleet gasoline taxis. Taxicabs

Data on the use of diesel engines in para- ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED transit situations in the U.S. is very limited. ACCESSIBILITY Diesel engines in a fleet of taxicabs are now being compared with the more conven- While UMTA has invested a great deal of tionally powered gasoline engines in the time and money in developing new equip- same fleet to determine relative fuel effi- ment to make public transportation acces- ciency and maintenance and repair require- sible to elderly and handicapped patrons, it ments. The project is also assessing driver is also studying ways that current equip- and passenger reaction to the diesel en- ment can be adapted for their use. Two gines to determine if the engine would be such programs are described below. suitable and advantageous for use in other paratransit vehicles. Passive Wheelchair Lifts on Public Sixty-six pairs of cars, each pair consisting Transit Buses of one gasoline-powered and one diesel- powered Dodge Coronet taxi were put into The primary objective of this project is to service in February 1977. The diesel en- develop information on which transit prop- gines are the Nissan CN633, six cylinder, erties can base planning, purchasing, and 198 cubic inch model; Pace Project of New retrofitting of wheelchair lifts into existing York is gathering the operational data, such transit buses. The lifts under consideration as fuel mileage, maintenance costs, and are passive lifts that is, their stowed con- emissions, making weekly reports to DOT figuration does not interfere with the nor- and will continue to report on the vehicles mal entrance at the door where the lift is until February 1979 when each vehicle will located. Four different lift configurations have been operating for more than 8000 will be installed, de-bugged, and evaluated, hours. both in and out of transit service. Three different models will be installed at the bus Preliminary results show that the diesel front door and one at the rear door. taxis are obtaining 50 percent more miles per gallon of fuel than their gasoline- powered counterparts. The diesel exhaust Wheelchair Access to Current Buses is much lower in all regulated emissions and appears to show little degradation with This project was established to determine Wheelchair Maneuvering Constraints in Buses of Cur- vehicle age. So far, there has been no whether it was feasible to incorporate a rent Design.

7 Bus and Paratransit Vehicle Technology

KM lUDCn PROGRAM TITLE NUMBLH rUNDINfj bGHbUULb UUN I HAO I Url/ TECHNICAL

(jHAN I bb CONTACT

Bus DGVGlopment

Design of a Modern 40- IT-06-0025 $28,684,000 Nov. 1971- Booz Allen & Hamilton Charles J. Daniels Foot Transit Bus FL-06-0012 Nov. 1977 Subcontractors: 426-4035 (TRANSBUS) MO-06-0009 Rohr Industries, Inc.; NY-06-0045 AM General Corp.; WA-06-0007 General Motors Corp.

Small Bus Requirements IT-06-0074 $300,000 Dec. 1974- RRC International, Charles J. Daniels Concepts & Specifications March 1977 Inc. 426-4035

Study of the Impact of IT-06-0132 $176,000 Sept. 1976- Booz Allen & Charles J. Daniels Fare Collection on Bus Oct. 1977 Hamilton, Inc. 426-4035 Design

& -* oc Ann Life-Cycle Procurement VA-06-0045 $125,000 May 1977- Advanced Management Charles J. Daniels May ly/o Systems 426-4035

Paratransit Vehicle Development

Paratransit Vehicle NY-06-0043 $2,726,000 March 1975- AMF, Inc.; ASL Engine- wuneim nannei MA-06-0052 Dec. 1976 ering; Steam Power 4^b-40ob CA-06-0079 Systems, Inc. (now CA-06-0080 Dutcher Industries); IL-06-0037 TSC; International Taxi Assoc.; Museum of IVlUUcIN Mil

Future Paratransit IT-06-0104 $205,000 Jan. 1976- Alan M. Voorhees & Wilhelm Raithel Requirements UMTA Jan. 1977 Associates, Inc. 426-4035

Energy Conservation and Environmental Projects

UMTA Flywheel Energy IT-06-0117 — To be determined James F. Campbell Storage 426-4035

Battery Bus Assessment VA-06-0044 $41,000 (UMTA) March 1977- Trans Systems Corp. Wilhelm Raithel $10,000 (ERDA) July 1977 426-4035

8 Bus and Paratransit Vehicle Technology

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Energy Conservation and Environmental Projects (Continued)

Evaluation of the FL-06-0014 $25,000 July 1975- Florida Department Charles J. Daniels Florida Hybrid Bus Nov. 1977 of Transportation; 426-4035 University of Florida

Evaluation of Diesel NY-06-0049 $480,000 (UMTA) June 1976- Pace Project, Inc.; John E. Ridgley Propulsion in Fleet MA-06-0066 $300,000 (DOT) Feb. 1979 NY Metropolitan 426-8483 Taxicabs Taxicab Board of Trade

Elderly and Handicapped Accessibility

Passive Wheelchair Lifts CA-06-0103 $260,000 Fed. Feb. 1977- California Depart- Charles J. Daniels on Public Transit Buses 75,000 non-Fed. June 1978 ment of Transportation 426-4035

Wheelchair Access to MI-06-0017 $110,000 May 1976- AM General Corp. Charles J. Daniels Current Buses April 1977 426-4035

Bibliography the National Technical Information Service The General Motors Transbus— (NTIS) document number. Final Report Proj. IT-06-0025 This list of reports contains those pub- Order blanks are included in the Appendix lished from January 1975 to the latest avail for your convenience. General Motors Corporation/Truck and Coach able. Others are being published continual- Division — ly, including the majority of those projects Energy Absorbing Bumpers for Transit Buses— May, 1975 — PB 262-637/AS-SET Transbus Program Vol. 1 - Summary of Final Design - PB-262-638 reported in this volume. Call or write the Proj. IT-06-0025 Vol. 2 - Program Effort - PB-262-639 Technical Contact person listed after the Booz-Allen Applied Research Vol. 3 - Appendix - PB-262-640 project of interest to you to inquire for May, 1976 — PB 259-405/AS other reports to which he might refer you. Transbus Operational, Passenger, and Cost Impacts- Rohr Industries Transbus— Final Report Final Report Proj. IT-06-0025 The Proj. IT-06-0025 two numbers shown with most entries Booz-Allen Applied Research Rohr Industries, Inc. are; first, the project number, and second, July, 1976 — PB 269-911 June, 1975 — PB 264-612/AS

9 — — —

Transbus Public Testing and Evaluation Program- AM General Transbus— Study of Future Paratransit Requirements- Final Report Final Report Final Report Proj. IT-06-0025 AM General Corp. Proj. IT-06-0104 Simpson and Curtin November, 1977 Alan M. Voorhees & Associates, Inc. — 251-882/AS January, 1977 — PB 264-082/AS January, 1976 PB Booz Allen Transbus— Human Factors Evaluation of Transbus by the Final Report Study of Future Paratransit Requirements- Elderly- Proj. IT-06-0025 Executive Summary Final Report Booz Allen Applied Research Proj. IT-06-0104 Proj. IT-06-0025 June, 1978 February, 1977 — PB 265-821/AS Booz-Allen Applied Research Small Transit Bus Requirements Study- Assessment of Service Requirements & Design May, 1976 — PB 264-757/AS Summary Characteristics of Present and Future Paratransit Transbus Safety and Human Factors— Proj. IT-06-0074 Vehicles Proj. IT-06-0025 RRC International, Inc. Proj. NY-06-0058

September, 1977 March, 1977 — PB 269-392/AS - Set of Six Ronald Adams April, 1977 - PB 267-574/AS Gas Turbine Engine Application in Transit Coaches— Operations of Small Buses in Urban Transit Service Proj. IT-06-0025 in the United States— Technology Delivery for a New Paratransit Vehicle- March, 1977 — PB 272-608 Proj. IT-06-0072 Final Report RRC International, Inc. Proj. PA-06-0039 Transit Bus Propulsion Systems, Alternate Power July, 1975 — PB 269-392/AS - Set of Six Gellman Research Associates, Inc. Plant Installations— July, 1977 — PB 272-128/AS Proj. IT-06-0025 Operating Profiles and Small Bus Performance Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Requirements in Urban Transit Service— A Study of Wheelchair Access to the Current September, 1977 — PB 276-612 Proj. IT-06-0074 Transit Bus Design- RRC International, Inc. Final Report Bus Interior Design for Improved Safety— December, 1976 — PB 269-392/AS - Set of Six Proj. Ml -06-00 17 Proj. IT-06-0025 AM General Corporation Booz, Allen Applied Research General and Performance Specifications for a Small April, 1977 — PB 270-101 April, 1976 — PB 252-253/AS Urban Transit Bus Proj. IT-06-0074 Boarding Ramps for Transit Buses- RRC International, Inc. Final Report December, 1976 — PB 269-392/AS - Set of Six Proj. MD-06-0024 Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Guidelines for the Design of Future Small Transit May, 1977 — PB 269-290/AS Buses and Bus Stops to Accommodate the Elderly and Handicapped— Transbus Engineering Test Program— Proj. IT-06-0074 Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. December, 1977 — PB 276-1 96/AS RRC International, Inc. March, 1977 — PB 269-392/AS - Set of Six Forecast of Urban 40-foot Coach Demand 1972-1990— Bus Characteristics Needed for Elderly and Handicapped in Urban Travel Proj. IT-06-0025 Proj. IT-06-0074 Booz Allen Research and Simpson & Curtis December, 1972 — PB 222-684 RRC International, Inc. March, 1976 — PB 269-392/AS - Set of Six Transit Bus Propulsion Systems State- Battery of-the-Art— Assessment of Buses- Final Report Proj. IT-06-0025 Proj. VA-06-0044 Booz Allen Research Inc., Development Inc. Trans Systems Corporation August, 1972 — PB 222-871/AS July, 1977 — PB 271-321 Baseline Bus Ride and Handling Test Study of Future Paratransit Requirements- Methodology and Data Presentation- Scenario Report February, 1976 Proj. IT-06-0104 Transit Bus Propulsion Requirements- Alan M. Voorhees & Associates, Inc. January, 1978 November, 1976 — PB 262-629/AS

10 Technology Development and Deployment CHAPTER 2 BUS AND PARATRANSIT OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

PARATRANSIT INTEGRATION AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING

A Modern Bus Dispatch Operation in Use by the Washington, D.C., Metro.

11 Successful operation of a public transporta- suited to the needs of elderly and han- UMTA has played a major role in transform- tion system involves much more than the dicapped people, and can be a private as ing Dial-A-Ride service from an attractive vehicles themselves. For services to he well as a public service. theoretical concept to a working reality by both reliable and economical, personnel supporting the research that made compu- and equipment have to be at the right place Low-cost computing and communications terized dispatching possible and by con- at the right time. This means that virtually equipment are within the state-of-the-art ducting the first major pilot experiment. all transportation service organizations and can support a wide variety of service The field experiment in Haddonfield, New must depend to some degree on some form innovations: shared-ride taxis, integrated Jersey attracted increased patronage with of communication, monitoring, and dis- fixed-route and demand responsive ser- every increase in the service area. Dial-A- patching functions. vices, mixed private and public services Ride has emerged as a major provider of operating through a transportation broker, transportation in over 100 small cities. Technologies which can be used to support etc. A wide number of possibilities in the these functions have been advanced in cap- field of paratransit are being explored and UMTA's projects on paratransit operations, abilities and cost savings during the past evaluated operationally under UMTA's Ser- active during FY1977 are briefly summar- decade. On being applied to transportation, vice and Methods Demonstrations Program ized below. they provide new opportunities for demand- (Chapter 11). Projects which encompass responsive services and real-time control of system studies, computer hardware and operations. They may, in fact, offer the only software, and communications and control practical way for many communities to equipment developed and supplied by Rochester Demonstration meet a number of important objectives for Technology Development and Deployment personal mobility within the constraints of are described in this chapter. rising labor costs. This project provided computer software PARATRANSIT INTEGRATION development support to UMTA's Dial-A-Ride

UMTA's development approach has been to demonstration in Rochester, New York. It follow-up exploratory or hardware feasibility The Paratransit Integration Program was expanded and enhanced the Haddonfield, projects with thorough market and cost/ established to conduct the studies and to New Jersey demonstration software benefit studies. Analysis of a system for develop the tools needed for the manage- through: automated vehicle monitoring was com- ment of flexible, ride-sharing services and pleted in FY77. It indicates that such sys- their coordination with conventional fixed- Expanding the system to more than one tems can provide a high benefit-to-cost ra- route, fixed-schedule mass transit systems. suburb, and the fleet up to L hides; tio for bus, taxi, and police applications. A demonstration program in Los Angeles is Paratransit systems were designed to serve Providing transfe ; suburbs and now underway in a carefully controlled ex- trip-demand operations dispersed tempor- between Dial-A-Ride and fixed-route ve- periment to measure the effectiveness of a ally or spatially and, therefore, are flexible hicles; system under actual operating conditions. with respect to these parameters. These sysems include such passenger transporta- Assigning different priorities to various Dial-A-Ride has been an attractive solution tion services as taxicab, jitney, dial-a-ride types of customers, e.g., advance callers, to the problem of providing service to areas subscription, vanpool, carpool, and special transfers, handicapped patrons; with low demand density and scattered trip services for elderly and handicapped riders. patterns. Over 100 communities are now They are particularly suited for the low-den- Providing fully automated communica- using this type of service which is well sity areas of the suburbs. tions between the driver and computer;

12 Devising more true-to-life models of cus- view and evaluation of past experience in tomer preferences in computer schedul- integrating paratransit services with con- ing decisions; ventional transportation services. A micro- simulation model will also be developed for Choosing software language and time- use in planning and evaluating areawide share processing that would permit the demonstrations and in future research. software to be transferred and the system to function without a computer.

Shared-Ride Taxi Computer Fare Large Regional Systems Analyses This project makes use of computer tech- This project will analyze the effects of inte- nology to calculate taxi fares based upon a grating paratransit services with conven- time-distance data base, replacing zone' tional transit services on a large-scale, re- systems and electronic meters. A computer gion-wide basis. The researchers will estim- with a fare calculation algorithm, will notify ate, for medium and large urban areas, the rider in advance and will record the what changes integration may bring about fare. While fares would be based upon the in level of service, the economy, the en- origin and destination of each trip, exclu- vironment and the consumption of energy. sive of shared-ride diversions, the computer could adjust them. For example, discounts Two methodologies will be developed. The could be made for shared-rides, and rates researchers will construct a network model, could be set higher during peak travel compatible with today's planning tools and hours. This system could also dispense a transit data bases, for use in detailed sys- receipt to the rider, and provide computer tem planning. They will also develop a rela- credit billing and audit procedures for the tively easy-to-use, sketch planning method- taxi company. ology that will enable planners to assess the results of installing any one of a wide variety of system and combinations of systems. Cost/Benefit Study

This project will determine to what extent Review and Assessment of Operational an investment in paratransit integration will Experience be beneficial to the communities, transit authorities, users, and the nation. The This project will produce guidelines and study will estimate the costs for system in- tools for planners of paratransit systems to stallation, operation, and maintenance, and

help them avoid costly errors in the design user charges. It will evaluate these costs in The Success of the Rochester Dial-A-Bus Project Has Encouraged Expansion of the System Into Surrounding of integrated areawide transportation ser- terms of the objectives of the integrated Areas. vices. The guidelines will be based on a re- system.

13 Low Cost Van-Pool Computer System; often prohibitive, microcomputers offer in- tion and status of land-based vehicles. The Transportation Broker Support creased capabilities at a moderate cost. location of all vehicles is shown in real

These systems could be tailored to fit the time on display panels in the control cen- This project explores the use of computers needs of small and medium size cities. This ter. The display automatically indicates to in support of the wide variety of services project will assess the applicability of mi- the dispatcher whether the bus is on sched- offered by a transportation broker. The gen- crocomputers to transportation broker func- ule or not and, in the event of an emergen- eral functions of the broker are: tions. cy, the driver can activate a silent alarm on the bus which will alert the dispatcher to To identify the travel needs of the com- his problem. munity, including its people and agen- Subscription Scheduling Algorithm cies Essentially, an AVM system consists of This project will examine and help deter- four subsystems: location, communica- To identify all existing and potential mine the appropriate role of the computer, tions, data processing, and control. The lo- transportation suppliers, including even in the management of subscription bus ser- cations subsystem consists of the equip- carpools vices. The basic question is whether the ment used to determine a position fix. The computer's role should be limited to merely communication subsystem relays location To acquire vans and lease them to indi- providing information storage and retrieval, data from the vehicle to the control center viduals and establish maintenance, ac- or whether it should be expanded to the where data processing is performed. Fin- counting, and control procedures scheduling of subscription services. If the ally, vehicle location information will be latter, the segment of the riding public that automatically compared by computer to To match passengers and transportation would benefit the most would probably be schedule information and presented to the suppliers and through agreements ar- the elderly and handicapped riders. dispatcher who will then be able to more range the necessary transportation effectively manage the fleet. In the automatic operating mode, directions will be To act as an obmudsman and informa- Pilot System Software automatically transmitted to the bus oper- tion clearing house for services costs, ator for him to execute to restore bus sche- and insurance This project will transfer the software de- dules. veloped in the Rochester, New York, Dial-A- To maintain liaison with existing trans- Ride demonstration to a minicomputer en- portation suppliers vironment, and will be used in expanded AVM is expected to result in better service demonstrations of Dial-A-Ride services. The to passengers because buses will adhere To promote institutional and regulatory availability of the Rochester software on a more closely to schedules and headways; modifications to facilitate the broker's minicomputer will reduce data processing greater operational efficiency because bet- function. costs of Dial-A-Ride services. ter schedule adherence may be translated into fewer buses required to maintain a Since the broker's services range from co- given level of service; data for management ordination of disparate services matched to purposes can be automatically collected; diverse client needs, a computer is required AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING and greater passenger and operator secur- to maintain the data base of available ser- ity because the driver can notify the dis- vices and transportation users. Since the Automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) is an patcher of an emergency so the police can use of large computers for this task is electronic means of ascertaining the loca- be alerted and told the bus location.

14 For random-route users, studies indicate that AVM can substantially improve police effectiveness by permitting the dispatch of the car closest to the scene of an emergency. AVM also offers similar benefits to demand-responsive transit operations, taxi service, delivery services, postal service operations, and other vehicle fleet applica tions.

UMTA is developing, testing, and evaluating an advanced, area-coverage AVM system that could satisfy the requirements of multiple users, many of them governmental services. By accomodating the requirements of diverse users with a single system, cities will be able to install and maintain a single system and thus preclude the need for installing separate systems for each user.

Advanced Area-Coverage Automatic Vehicle Monitoring

UMTA's area-coverage AVM program con-

sists of two phases: In Phase I, four contractors were selected to test the feasibility of their location subsystem approach. Phil- adelphia, the site of previous tests, was se-

lected as the Phase I test site because it represents a typical environment with high rise buildings and harsh electromagnetic interference.

15 For the tests, each of the four competing contractors deployed the necessary location equipment and drove a vehicle along a predetermined route. Location data were re- corded on magnetic tape and analyzed on a computer to determine the accuracy of each system. On the basis of these tests, Gould Information Identification, Inc. (formerly Hoffman), was selected to develop the Phase II system.

Phase II will develop, deploy, operate, and evaluate a fully functional area-coverage AVM system in a representative transit and police environment. Los Angeles was selected as the test site after an extensive evaluation of 19 potential sites. In Phase II, UMTA will evaluate AVM, determine its actual costs and benefits, and measure the improvements in operational control and effectiveness. Six (6) bus routes and a 30-square-mile area will be equipped for

AVM operation during the Phase II experiment that will involve up to 200 fixed-route transit buses and 25 random-route vehicles.

As part of the Phase I effort, a cost/benefit study was conducted to ascertain the expected benefits of AVM. The study developed a computer model that can be used by transit properties, police departments, and others to estimate AVM benefits on the basis of their own costs and circumstances.

16 Bus and Paratransit Operational Technology

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Paratransit Integration*

Rochester Demonstration MA-06-0071 $1',240,000 Sept. 1974- Massachusetts Insti- Mike Markowski Computer Software DC-06-0141 Sept. 1977 tute of Technology; 426-8483 Support DC-06-0099- First Data Corporation (02, 04, 05)

Large Regional IT-06-0150 $ 530,000 Nov. 1977- SYSTAN Inc.; Mike Markowski Systems Analyses MA-06-0084 Nov. 1979 Multisystems, Inc. 426-8483

Review & MA-06-0054 $ 399,000 March 1977- SYSTAN, Inc. Miks Mcirkowski Assessment of Sept. 1978 TSC 426-8483 Operational Experience

Shared Ride Taxi PA-06-0040 $ 345,000 July 1974- Carnegie-Mellon Mike Markowski Computer Fare (OST-250,000 March 1979 University 426-8483 UMTA-95,000)

Cost/Benefit MA-06-0054 $ 240,000 March 1977- TSC, Multisystems, Mike Markowski Study Feb. 1978 Inc. 426-8483

Low Cost Van DC-06-0160 $ 200,000 Jan. 1977- International Manage- Mike Markowski Pool Computer System - DC-06-0199 Dec. 1978 ment Resources, Inc. 426-o48o Transportation Broker Support

Subscription MD-06-0027 $ 63,000 Oct. 1976- University of Mike Markowski Scheduling Algorithm Sept. 1978 Maryland 426-8483

Pilot System MA-06-0054- $ 150,000 Sept. 1977- TSC; First Data Mike Markowski Software 04 April 1978 Corporation 426-8483

Operational Technology

Advanced Area-Coverage MA-06-0041 $9,500,000 Sept. 1976- TSC; Gould Identi- Denis J. Symes Automatic Vehicle July 1981 fication Information 426-4035 Monitoring Inc.; (formerly Hoff- man) and SCRTD "Formerly Area-Wide Demand Responsive Transportation (ADRT)

17 —

Bibliography Loran Automatic Vehicle Monitoring System- Data Base Design for Demand-Responsive Transit —

Phase I Proj. VA-06-0024 Proj. MA-06-0041 The MITRE Corporation This list of reports contains those pub- Teledyne Systems Company July, 1976 — PB 256-820VAS to latest avail- lished from January 1975 the August, 1977 Dial-A-Ride Software Installation Guide— able. Others are being published continual- Volume I: Test Results — PB 274-955/AS Proj. VA-06-0024 ly, including the majority of those projects Volume II: Appendices — PB 274-956/AS The MITRE Corporation reported in this volume. Call or write the Report on Phase One Tests of Fairchild Automatic September, 1976 — PB 258-333/AS Technical Contact person listed after the Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) System- Demand Responsive Transportation Planning Final Report project of interest to you to inquire for Guidelines (1976)— Proj. MA-06-0041 other reports to which he might refer you. Proj. VA-06-0024 Fairchild Space & Electronics Company The MITRE Corporation August, 1977 — PB 273-816/AS The two numbers shown with most entries October, 1976 — PB 261-314/AS Integrated Dial-A-Ride and Fixed Route Transit in are; first, the project number, and second, Ann Arbor, Michigan — the National Technical Information Service Proj. MA-06-1083 (NTIS) document number. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. and Multisystems, Inc. March, 1977 — PB 267-942/AS

Order blanks are included in the Appendix An Analysis of the Demand for Bus and Shared-Ride for your convenience. Taxi Service in Two Smaller Urban Areas— Proj. TN-06-0004 The University of Tennessee Transportation Center Shared-Ride Taxi Computer Control System May, 1975 — PB 245-1 05/AS Requirements Study- Interim Report An Analysis of Two Privately Owned Shared-Ride Proj. MA-06-0054 Taxi Systems: Executive Summary— DAVE System? Proj. TN-06-0004 August, 1977 — PB 275-335/AS The University of Tennessee Transportation Center A Study of the Costs and Benefits Associated April, 1975 — PB 245-106/AS with AVM — Proj. MA-06-0041 System Performance Data Processing for a Demand- Transportation Systems Center Responsive Public Transportation System— February, 1977 — PB 266-293/AS Proj. VA-06-0012 The MITRE Corporation Experiments on Four Different Techniques for November, 1974 — PB 248-921/AS Automatically Locating Land Vehicles, A Summary of Results— Summary Evaluation of the Haddonfield Dial-A-Ride Proj. MA-06-0041 Demonstration— June, 1977 — PB 270-251 Proj. VA-06-0012 A Comprehensive Field Test and Evaluation of an The MITRE Corporation Electronic Signpost AVM System- May, 1975 — PB 248-839/AS

Final Report/Phase I Proj. MA-06-0041 Haddonfield Dial-A-Ride Demonstration, Third Hoffman Information Identification, Inc. Household Survey August, 1977 Proj. VA-06-0024

Volume I: Test Results — PB 272-907/AS The MITRE Corporation

Volume II: Appendix — PB 273-436/AS March, 1976 — PB 257-033/AS

18 Technology Development and Deployment CHAPTER 3 RAIL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

URBAN RAPID RAIL VEHICLES AND SYSTEMS URBAN RAIL SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGY COMMUTER RAIL VEHICLES AND SYSTEMS LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES AND SYSTEMS

Washington Metro Cars Undergoing Tests at the Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, Colorado. M_

19 UMTA's activities in urban rail transporta- cooperative program involving UMTA, Cleveland, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, tion research and development include de- operators, and suppliers. Washington, Baltimore, and Atlanta. To- velopment, testing, and evaluation of new gether with commuter railroads, rail rapid vehicles, subsystems, and other transit sys- Collecting and disseminating data de- transit systems carry more than 2 billion tem elements, as well as a continuing ef- rived from research studies, test and passengers annually, or 1/3 of all mass fort to develop supporting technology and evaluation, and other related activities transit riders. test facilities. These activities include rapid that are needed by transit authorities, rail vehicles and systems, commuter rail ve- state and local governments, UMTA, and There is a widespread interest in upgrading hicles and systems, and light rail vehicles the public to assist in choosing the best and extending existing rapid rail systems. and systems. solutions to mass transportation pro- Replacing old equipment or acquiring new grams. rolling stock offer opportunities to apply In cooperation with FHWA and FRA, new technology in their production. UMTA's Office of Rail and Construction The benefits for the operators and passen- Technology serves as the lead Administra- gers of urban rail systems which UMTA is tion within DOT for the encouragement of seeking in its rail program include lower UMTA's Rapid Rail Program includes both new initiatives to reduce costs of construc- initial and life-cycle operating costs of rail hardware and software development ef- tion for new and ongoing urban transporta- vehicles and facilities; improvements in the forts. Under the systems management of tion systems. From a cost standpoint, con- reliability, maintainability, and availability Boeing Vertol, the State-of-the-Art (SOAC) struction activity in urban areas represents of vehicles and systems; improved opera- cars and Advanced Concept Train (ACT-1) the greatest savings potential in deploying tions; and a safe environment for passen- were developed. Promising subsystems new transit systems at the local level. gers and system personnel. Even though tested in these projects include flywheel the nature of any research carries the risk (energy-storage) and regenerative AC pro- The Urban Rail Technology Program consi- of failure, the probability of eventual appli- pulsion systems. UMTA is also pursuing ders both near- long-term improve- cation is weighted heavily in choosing rail and the development of standardized rapid tran- ments fdr urban rail transit. It is designed technology research programs. sit car specifications with the goal of mini- to encourage evolutionary development of mizing initial and life cycle costs. existing systems and to make available new technology for the rail systems of the future. Specific objectives include: Ten prototype cars for San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) were engineered, Providing transit operators with technol- URBAN RAPID RAIL VEHICLES AND produced, tested, and evaluated under an ogy and hardware leading to urban tran- SYSTEMS UMTA research and development grant. sit systems which will benefit riders, These were the basis for subsequent pro- operators, and suppliers. Rapid rail systems characteristically oper- duction of BART cars. Boeing Vertol Com- ate underground,. at grade, or on elevated pany, the systems manager, reviewed the Developing promising and higher-risk guideways at speeds up to 80 mph and test program, monitored the progress of the hardware for test and evaluation on ex- with station spacing ranging from 1/2 mile BART prototype cars in early revenue ser- isting railcars. to several miles. Currently, there are nine vice, and recommended methods for incor- U.S. cities that have rail rapid transit sys- porating improvements appropriate to the Achieving significant standardization of tems in operation, under construction, or in development of the State-of-the-Art and Ad- components, vehicles, and systems in a final engineering: San Francisco, Chicago, vanced-Concept-Train cars.

20 Advanced Concept Train

As a long-range goal, an Advanced Concept Train (ACT) is being developed to test, evaluate, and demonstrate the operation of subsystems which provide improved maintenance, reliability, and operating costs for future rapid rail cars. Many of the features incorporated in the ACT will upgrade and replace obsolete rail vehicles.

The ACT cars, capable of operating over the same transit lines as the SOAC cars, are also being built under the direction of Boeing Vertol. As a result of the design and specification development competition for alternate concepts representative of the next generation of rapid rail subsystems, manufacturing, and maintenance approaches, the Garrett design was selected.

Features of the ACT train include a new lightweight, easily maintained monomotor truck using automotive concepts such as split axles; bolt-on, ring-damped wheels; and copper disc brakes; an advanced flywheel energy-storage propulsion system, eliminating major high-power electronics; all major auxiliaries driven from the flywheel, eliminating many electric motors; an aluminum frame with composite panel car- body for easy manufacture; an energy-ab- Stateofthe-Art Car sorbing system for low-speed impact control; modular interiors for demand-tailored Two new State-of-the-Art Cars (SOAC) were tests and directed their operational demon- applications; and reduced lifecycle cost of built, incorporating the best in existing stration in the five cities. The SOAC's oper- ownership and operation. technology, and tested in New York, Bos- ated in 20,000 miles of revenue service and ton, Cleveland, Chicago, and Philadelphia. carried 312,500 passengers. An extended The assembly of the first of two vehicles Passenger convenience and operating effi- revenue service operation of SOAC on PAT- was completed in September 1977, and the ciency were the primary goals set for these CO's Lindenwold High Speed Line in the first car was shipped to the Transportation cars. Boeing Vertol conducted technical Philadelphia area was performed in 1976. Test Center (TTC) in October 1977 for

21 extensive testing and evaluation. The second car was delivered in November 1977. The vehicles are now undergoing engineer ing and acceptance testing and have accumulated more than 6,000 miles.

Advanced Subsystems Development Program

Concurrent with the development of the Ad- vanced Concept Train is the Advanced Sub- systems Development Program (ASDP), under which a number of promising subsystems designed for near-term applicability either to existing or planned rapid transit vehicles are being developed. The objective of this program is to develop subsystems that are responsive to the needs and de- The Advanced Concept Train. sires of the transit industry and that have the capability of being retrofitted into exist- The monomotor truck which is one of the stalled on various transit cars in service. ing vehicles or incorporated into a new car ASDP subsystems is being developed by These subsystems may include Pulse with minimal risk. UMTA has initiated work the Budd Company. It features a light- Width Modulation (PWM) propulsion, multi- on an AC synchronous propulsion system, weight steel design with a unique suspen- plex train lines, signal, power, and commu- a monomotor truck, and a synchronous sion, resulting in ride quality equal to the nication subsystem improvements, as well brake system to be fitted onto the SOAC ACT-1 vehicle. as maintainability and operations product cars for testing and demonstration. improvement projects. In all cases, an ex- A synchronous brake system will complete perimental design will be implemented to The AC propulsion system was being devel- the ASDP package to be installed on assure proper comparison among various oped by the Delco Division of General Mo- SOAC. The new brake system will sense subsystems. tors Corporation. It featured liquid-cooled wheel spins and slides virtually as they oc- brushless motors and solid state control. cur and will apply the proper force to cor- Due to technical difficulties and concerns rect these conditions more rapidly than do Stored Energy (Flywheel) Propulsion for regarding the deployment potential of this present systems. The result will be more ef- Rapid Rail Cars propulsion concept, the Delco development fective braking and more consistent stop- effort was terminated in February 1978. At ping distances. In addition, a split-disc con- While flywheel technology is not new, it present an indepth technical propulsion as- figuration will result in improved maintain- has never before been applied to rapid tran- sessment is being performed in order to es- ability. sit. It can, however, significantly reduce tablish the propulsion needs of the U.S. power consumption, costs, and the amount transit industry and to restructure the In the future, subsystem technology appli- of heat released in subway tunnels during UMTA propulsion program. cation work will extend to subsystems in- the braking cycle.

22 BRAKING ACCELERATING The energy storage system works as follows: During braking, energy normally dissi- pated as heat through the resistor grids will spin-up the flywheel through a motor-generator. During acceleration, the spinning fly- wheels will be used to produce electricity through the motor-generator to assist in driving the traction motors. The result will be a reduction in peak power demand from the third rail during acceleration and less wasted heat during braking. A DC chopper system, used on UMTA's State-of-the-Art car, is the heart of the solid state control system.

One of the most significant benefits of the project will be improved safety. In the event of a power failure, a train ordinarily stops and the passengers must walk along the tracks to the nearest station. Using the stored energy principle, the train will be Flywheel Energy Storage and Propulsion. able to travel to the next station after an electrical power failure. Thus, passengers trend toward customized transit cars, it is The street railway industry first approached will be spared a potential hazard. necessary to study the potential benefits of the problem of standardization during the railcar standardization. The small volume of development of the PCC car in the 1930's. Two conventional New York City Transit typical car orders and increasingly strin- Variations in size, door placement, etc. Authority R-32 cars were retrofitted with gent contractural terms and conditions were accommodated in a standard design. energy storage systems. The cars under- have also contributed to higher car prices. Thousands of such vehicles are now oper- went performance and other tests at the ating on many systems in the U.S. and Can- Pueblo (Colorado) Transportation Test Cen- The rail transit equipment industry histori- ada and worldwide. ter in 1974 and were tested and evaluated cally has responded to specifications devel- for nine months in 1976 on the New York oped by individual operators or their con- City rapid transit system. A second gener- sultants in a proliferation of customized de- UMTA first approached the problems of ation storage system is incorporated into signs. This approach is in contrast to the standardization when, in cooperation with the ACT-1 vehicles now being tested. locomotive and bus industries which offer the rail transit operators, it developed the essentially a range of standardized sizes Guideline Specification for Urban Railcars and types of vehicles. The vehicles share (Report No. UMTA-IT-06-0027-72-1). The Railcar Standardization components, and the designs benefit from Guideline is an attempt to standardize the the manufacturer's ability to improve the to- manner in which new car orders are des- Because of increasingly complex equip- tal product line in an evolutionary fashion cribed by providing a common format in ment, lower reliability of new cars, and the without making previous models obsolete. which to specify technical requirements.

23 A two-phase project has been developed stration schedules, identifies industry inter- other government agencies and private in- with the first phase being to determine the faces, assesses accomplishments, recom- dustry. feasibility of standardization. The contrac- mends implementation, and provides re-

tor found standardization to be feasible, ports. It provides overall technical support The urban rail test facilities at the TTC con- and made recommendations as to an imple- for UMTA rail programs and provides an in- sist of a 9.1 mile oval, electrified Rail Tran- mentation plan. The second phase of the terface with industry to apply research and sit Test Track, the power system for ener- project, development of a standardized rap- development results. This is accomplished gizing that track, repair, maintenance and id transit car specification, is underway. by coordinating the development of se- support facilities. lected technology, equipment, specifications, and procedures for industry-wide ap- The Rail Transit Test Track is designed for URBAN RAIL SUPPORTING plication. Close coordination is maintained the test and evaluation of urban rail vehi- TECHNOLOGY with the American Public Transit Associa- cles - light, rapid, and commuter rail. tion, and various industry ad hoc commit- The Urban Rail Supporting Technology tees, in order to identify the needs of indi- A secondary purpose of the track is the de- (URST) program, whicn utilizes as system vidual transit operators and coordinate velopment, test, and evaluation of the managers the Transportation Systems Cen- R&D plans for industry-wide application. state-of-the-art and advanced track struc- ter (TSC) of Cambridge, Massachusetts, is tures. A new track and wayside technology directed toward the systematic study and program was initiated during FY77 which advancement of urban rail technology. Facilities Development will utilize the test track in some of the Under the URST program, technology objec- R&D projects. tives are set and priorities established by Facilities Development provides technical UMTA and technologies are developed, support for the design, construction, and In addition to the conventional contact rail tested, and demonstrated. operation of facilities and equipment need- electrification, about two miles of simple ed to conduct a comprehensive program of overhead power wires have been construct- The URST program is organized into seven test and evaluation of urban rail cars and ed over part of the track to permit test and major project or task areas: car systems, track structures and structural evaluation of urban rail vehicles using over- components, power systems, and signal head power collection systems, such as General Engineering Support systems for train operation and control. light rail vehicles and commuter cars. Facilities Development Test and Evaluation UMTA's test facilities are located at the Noise Abatement Technology U.S. Department of Transportation's Trans- A permanent power system has been in- Track and Wayside Technology portation Test Center (TTC), located near stalled and will be ready for use in early

Tunneling Technology Pueblo, Colorado. It is DOT'S test center for 1979. Two substations will be located on Safety and Reliability Technology all ground transportation systems. the oval and computer controls will facilitate simulation of various voltage profiles The TTC, managed by the Federal Railroad as required. Power is currently provided by General Engineering Support Administration, operates and administers an interim power station located near the an intermodal center for comprehensive vehicle performance section of track. This area provides overall program plans testing, evaluation, and associated develop- and engineering direction, establishes re- ment of ground transportation systems and There also is a Rail Dynamics Laboratory

> ..',:v:ft requirements and test and demon- their components by DOT organizations, (RDL), designed to simulate rail dynamics

24 for rail vehicles. The primary purpose of the on new vehicles in a short time, to evaluate Increased safety and reduction of en- RDL Component/Vehicle Preliminary Eval- system reliability and to get through the vironment related problems such as uation System (C/VPES) is the study of per- "infant mortality" stage. The test program noise and disruption of urban activity iodic and random oscillations of rail vehi- for the Washington Metro cars included re- cles. petitive duty cycle tests to evaluate system More efficient traction power systems reliability and brake pad materials. Dissemination of research results to Test and Evaluation transit authorities the design and construction industry, and component Test and Evaluation provides plans and Track and Wayside Technology manufacturers. conducts system testing and operational evaluations; establishes test objectives, This program was initiated in FY77 to These objectives apply equally to elevated, constraints, criteria, and procedures; pro- achieve UMTA's goals of increased track at-grade, and subway track and to both tie- vides measurement instrumentation and performance, reliability, safety, reduced ballast and direct fixation track. The UMTA data acquisition and processing equipment; overall costs and the optimum use of rapid track program has been divided into the fol- and prepares final reports and recommen- transit track. Every effort will be made to lowing major areas of interest: track struc- dations. coordinate activities with the various U.S. tures design methods, track structure, de- transit companies. This will insure that re- sign standards, construction, maintenance, The objective of the urban rail test and search efforts are directed toward solving environmental factors, traction power sys- evaluation activity is to collect and dissem- real problems and that results are imple- tems, education, and evaluation. inate data that can be used by the manu- mented by the transit industry. Through facturers, transit system operators and mu- these cooperative efforts, the UMTA track nicipal governments, in addition to meeting research program will result in track design Noise Abatement Technology UMTA's needs for data. To date, the test standards, construction standards, and and evaluation effort has emphasized vehi- maintenance guidelines. The purpose of the urban rail noise abate- cle testing. The first tests carried out at ment program is to effect a reduction of Pueblo were in 1971, using two New York The objectives of the UMTA Track and Way- the environmental impact of existing transit City Transit Authority R-42 vehicles. These side Technology Program are to meet the systems, and to reduce noise control costs early tests formed a data base for develop- goals of increased performance, reliability for future systems through the development ment of test procedures. and safety, and decreased overall costs of and deployment of new and improved urban transit track structures through the methods, data, and hardware. In 1975, TSC published a document General use of: Vehicle Test Plan for Urban Rapid Transit During FY77, TSC completed the draft for a Cars, (UMTA-MA-06-0025-75-14) which pro- Improved component design methods un- National Urban Rail Noise Assessment Re- vides a consistent specification for tests der realistic loading conditions port which summarizes and compares the that have been carried out at Pueblo on the noise exposure of patrons and community State-of-the-Art Cars, the Energy Storage Reduced construction costs and in- residents from urban rail rapid transit oper- Cars, the Standard Light Rail Vehicles, and creased construction productivity ations in the U.S. Additional work is under- most recently, the Washington Metro cars. way toward refining the noise assessment Improved maintenance and upgrading and cost estimates for noise abatement on The rail transit test track provides an ideal techniques for existing and future track the New York City Transit Authority rapid facility for putting a great number of miles systems transit system.

25 In-service tests are currently being per- the costs of urban underground construc- pact as they relate to subway construction, formed on the Southeastern Pennsylvania tion by 30 percent, to accelerate the rate of and to improve methods for estimating un- Transit Authority (SEPTA) by the team of construction by 30 percent, to educate derground construction costs based on his- Deleuw Gather Co. and Wilson, Ihrig and planners in the advantages of proper use of torical data and site conditions. Assoc. to determine the costs and perform- tunnels, and to optimize the use of tunnels ance of three types of resilient wheels, in urban transportation systems. A number of studies in these areas have re- wheel truing, and rail grinding. cently been completed and should be inter- esting to those in tunneling. In high de- Within the program, UMTA has the respon- Contracted research with Bolt, Beranek and mand is one entitled Insurance for Urban sibility for sponsoring research in the fol- Newman Inc. has led to improved un- Transportation Construction, which gives lowing categories: economic analysis and derstanding of wheel-rail noise generation the pros and cons of conventional prac- planning, contractor and management prac- mechanisms for screech, impact and rolling tices and construction management which tices, materials handling and utilization, noise, and the vibration and noise radiation have been funded jointly by a number of fe- maintenance, ground control and stabiliza- from urban rail transit elevated structures deral agencies. All these reports are listed tion, design and construction standards, has been cast in a coherent analytical with NTIS numbers, when available, at the and transit system environment criteria. framework in work performed by Cambridge end of the chapter. This program includes projects to develop Collaborative, Inc. (See Bibliography at the guidelines for selecting cost-effective insur- end of this chapter.) Materials Handling — This involves activi- ance programs for construction of urban ties to conduct a field test program of a subway systems, to study improved con- pneumatic muck transport pipeline system Tunneling Technology struction management procedures for ur- to improve the cost performance analysis ban underground transportation systems, to of a hydraulic pipeline and an extensible The UMTA tunneling program is conducted identify the disruptive effects of under- component tunnel muck transportation sys- in support of the U.S. Department of Trans- ground construction and the existing tem, and to identify current and potential portation Tunneling Program Plan. This is a means of measuring the effects, to develop uses of excavated material (muck) from tun- 10-year effort begun in FY 1973 to reduce guidelines for safety and environmental im- nels to provide both economic and environmental benefits.

The field tests have been completed at the Colorado School of Mines and the data will be available soon. A report Muck Utilization Planning Handbook was prepared under contract to TSC by the engineering firm of Haley and Aldrich and gives procedures for planning the economical disposal or use of tunneling muck. Several transit systems are already using these recommendations and finding substantial cost savings and increased benefits as they construct their systems. Precast Tunnel Liners Can Help to Lower the Cost of The Use of Shotcrete is an Example of a Cost Saving Tunnel Construction. Construction Technique Being Investigated.

26 Maintenance — This activity is an in-depth determining subway ventilation character- Safety and Reliability Technology study to determine methods for detecting istics and the location and sizing of ventila- deterioration, methods for evaluating or tion shafts is currently in use by several To provide both passengers and crews with measuring the degree of deterioration, and transit properties. The computer program is increased safety and reliability, the Urban methods for repairing and improving the being modified to permit calculation of re- Rail Supporting Technology (URST) Pro- quality of existing tunnel systems. action procedures in the event of a subway gram is conducting research, development, fire and also to modify the program to per- and demonstration efforts directed toward The series of publications on maintenance mit its instantaneous use by interested par- achieving safer, more reliable, and more of existing subway systems and the plan- ties on the computer system at the Trans- economical rail vehicles. Current efforts in- ning of new subway systems and stations portation Systems Center in Cambridge, clude collision avoidance, improved vehicle for reduced maintenance are in the process Massachusetts. crashworthiness, improved material charac- of being printed and should be available teristics, and a reliability data bank. shortly. Vehicle crashworthiness is a major area of Ground Control — Activities in this area in- activity and is directed both at existing and clude a study to devise, fabricate, and test future vehicles. During FY1974, Calspan circular joint configurations and sealants Corporation assessed the crashworthiness for future use in soft ground transportation of existing urban rail vehicle types. Simul- tunnels, and the design of a precast con- taneously, the Boeing Vertol Company eval- crete tunnel liner to be used in a test sec- uated the State-of-the-Art Cars for crash- tion in the Baltimore Region Rapid Transit worthiness. Recently, the Illinois Institute System. These activities are currently un- of Technology Research Institute (ll-TRI) derway with sealant and liner model testing has undertaken the development of mech- at the Bureau of Reclamation and the first anisms for increased rail transit vehicle scheduled use of precast concrete liners in crashworthiness in head-on collisions. a transit system in the United States in Bal- Complementary efforts are being sponsor- timore. ed by the Federal Railroad Administration. The results generated by these programs Modal Problems — These activities ad- will provide the foundation for guidelines to dress major concerns of the various modes evaluate new railcar designs as well as for of the transit industry in relation to tunnel- the retrofitting of existing cars. ing and include a study to assess the relative values of alternate techniques of sub- The demand for increased safety, is being way station construction and to establish a addressed through an effort that will exam- set of conditions under which each method ine the flammability, smoke, and toxic gas becomes cost effective. emission properties of materials currently available. In the past year, a study has The study Subway Station Design and Con- been carried out on insulation materials for struction has been printed and the com- signal wire and power cables in vehicles Front-End Vehicle Crashworthiness is a Major Ob- puter program entitled Subway Environ- and wayside installations. This includes jective of the Safety and Reliability Technology Pro- flammability and toxicity tests on se- mental Simulation which can be used for gram. both lected materials.

27 The Transit Reliability Information Program equipped first as a turbine/mechanical lab will indicate under what conditions either (TRIP) has been initiated and plans have car (GT-1) and then as a turbine/electric lab GT/E or electrification might be justified. been made to provide consistency in reli- car (GT-2). Once feasibility was determined, ability reporting by the various transit sys- the next steps were the development, test, tems. This will facilitate the pooling of data and evaluation of revenue service gas tur- LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES AND SYSTEMS at some central location so that any sys- bine/electric (GT/E) cars. Two 4-car gas tur- tem can benefit from the experience of all bine/electric trains were constructed, one Light rail transit (LRT) is defined as modern the other systems. by Garrett AiResearch and the other by rail vehicles operating on predominantly re- General Electric, under contract to the New served, but not necessarily grade-separ- York MTA. The MTA and its consultants are ated, rights-of-way. Electrically propelled COMMUTER RAIL VEHICLES AND implementing an UMTA-developed experi- rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT SYSTEMS mental design to measure the comparative provides a wide range of passenger capa- performance and economics of turbine and cities and performance levels at moderate Commuter rail systems operate generally electric propulsion. A cost/benefit analysis cost. In some European cities, light rail is with railroad equipment on railroad rights- of-way, extending as far as 100 miles from city centers. Commuter rail service presently exists in the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area, Philadelphia, Boston, Chi- cago, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Washington, and San Francisco.

In the commuter rail area, UMTA has concentrated its efforts on the development of a new vehicle and propulsion system suitable for operation on combinations of electrified and nonelectrified trackage. This vehicle, the Gas Turbine Electric or GT/E, is described in the next section. UMTA also directed a study of the feasibility of restructuring and expanding commuter rail service in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.

Dual Power Gas/Turbine/Electric Commuter Rail Cars

This project is an outgrowth of UMTA's previous work under Project IT-06-0015. Under a grant to the Tri-State Transportation Com- mission, a Budd long-distance coach was

28 introduced as "pre-metro" for future upgrading to standard rapid transit. Light rail transit may be considered as an outgrowth of street railway technology.

The light rail area presents a particular challenge to UMTA and the transit industry. There has been no new development in U.S. light rail technology since the President's Conference Committee (PCC) car was introduced in 1935. Existing streetcar fleets, therefore, are obsolete.

Several light rail properties are committed to retaining and modernizing their systems, and the need for a replacement vehicle is of paramount importance. Because of the

limited size of the market, it is to the operators', manufacturers' and UMTA's advantage to produce a nearly standard vehicle while simultaneously using technological advances that have been made elsewhere.

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Au- thority (MBTA), working with the San Fran- cisco municipal Railway, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority and other U.S. transit authorities, developed a standard specification for new light rail vehicles under UMTA funding. As a result, some 275 new Standard Light Rail Vehicles (SLRV's) are now in production for Boston MBTA and San Francisco MUNI. with both fixed and movable steps. In order under development. The prototype will be to assist elderly or handicapped persons designed to operate on any SLRV door; it who are unable or have difficulty climbing will have facilities for self-operation by oc- Wheel Chair Elevator steps, Boeing Vertol is designing and fab- cupant with motorman override controls,

ricating a lift device to carry passengers and will have positive wheelchair restraints The current Standard Light Rail Vehicle from a low street level loading position into to prevent chair movement on the elevator. (SLRV) design provides for both high-level the SLRV and vice versa. A laboratory pro- Deliverables include a final report and platform and street level loading boarding totype using an actual SLRV car shell is specification for the Wheelchair Elevator.

29 Rail and Construction Technologies

rnUUnMIVI 1 1 1 Lt NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Urban Rapid Rail Vehicles and Systems

State-of-the-Art Car IT-06-0026 $6,yb/\000 FY iy/i Boeing Vertol Company; Russell K. McFarland (SOAC) (Completed) St. Louis Car Division of 426-0090 General Steel

nnn rv Advanced Concept Train IT-06-0026 coc Kr\£ iQ7o DOciny Vciiui ^uiiipcJiiy, Russell K. McFarland (ACT) (Continuing) Garrett AiResearch 426-0090

Advanced Subsystems IT-06-0026 $7,663,000 FY-1974 Boeing Vertol Company; Russell K. McFarland Development Program (Continuing) Delco Electronics; 426-0090 (ASDP) Budd Company; WABCO

Stored Energy (Flywheel) NY-06-0006 $1,264,000 Completed New York City Metro- Russell K. McFarland Propulsion for Rapid politan Transit Authority 426-0090 Rail Cars

Railcar IT-06-0131 $835,000 FY-1975- International Research Russell K. McFarland Standardization FY-1979 and Technology Corp.; 426-0090 American Public Transit Association

Urban Rail Supporting Technologies

Urban Rail Supporting CO-06-0001 $50,513,000 FY-1972 TSC; Federal Railroad Russell K. McFarland Technology MA-06-0025 (Continuing) Administration; 426-0090 General Engineering Transportation Test Support Center Facilities Development Test and Evaluation Noise Abatement Technology Track and Wayside Technology Tunneling Technology Safety and Reliability Technology

30 —

Rail and Construction Technologies

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Commuter Rail Vehicles and Systems

Dual-Power Gas NY-06-0005 $7,400,000 FY-1971 New York City Metro- Russell K. McFarland Turbine/Electric FY-1978 politan Transit Authority 426-0090 Commuter Rail Car

Light Rail Vehicles and Systems

Wheelchair Elevator PA-06-0034 $124,000 Nov. 1976- Boeing Vertol Russell K. McFarland Mar. 1978 426-0090

Bibliography Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program- Stored Energy (Flywheel) Propulsion for Rapid Rail Annual Report, July 1975 Cars Proj. IT-06-0026 Proj. NY-06-0006 This list of reports contains those pub- Boeing Vertol Company 1975 — PB 249-063 lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- July, 1975 — PB 254-727/AS Determination of the Optimal Approach to Rail Rapid able. Others are being published continual- SOAC State-of-the-Art Car Development Program- Transit Car Standardization — 2: Repair, Re-test Operational ly, including the majority of those projects Volume and Proj. IT-06-0131 Evaluation reported in this volume. Call or write the International Research & Technology Corporation Proj. IT-06-0026 — Technical person listed after the August, 1976 PB 259-363/AS Contact Boeing Vertol Company project of interest to you to inquire for September, 1975 — PB 254-770/AS SOAC (State-of-the-Art Car) Engineering Tests at the other reports to which he might refer you. Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program- Department of Transportation High Speed Ground Test Annual Report October 1976 Center-Final Test Report- Utilization Planning - Urban Transportation The two numbers shown with most entries Proj. IT-06-0026 Muck Boeing Vertol Company are; first, the project number, and second, Boeing Vertol Company October, 1976 — PB 266-096/AS January, 1975 the National Technical Information Service — (NTIS) document number. Energy Storage Propulsion System for Rapid Transit Volume I: Program Description and Test Summary Cars- PB 244-747/AS System Design and Equipment Description Volume II: Performance Tests — PB 244-748/AS Order blanks are included in the Appendix Proj. NY-06-0006 Volume III: Ride Quality Tests — PB 244-749/AS for your convenience. September, 1975 — PB 249-063/AS Volume IV: Noise Tests — PB 244-750/AS

31 — — — —

Volume V: Structural, Voltage, and Radio Frequency General Vehicle Test Instrumentation Evaluation- Rapid Transit Tunnel Dimensions in the United States Interference Tests — PB 244-751/AS Final Report A Brief Summary Volume VI: SOAC Instrumentation System — Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 PB 244-752/AS Transportation Systems Center July, 1975 Volume VII: Postrepair Tests — PB 252-337/AS March, 1977 — PB 269-598/AS Proceedings: Seminar on Underground Construction (November, 1975) Problems, Techniques and Solutions- General Vehicle Test Instrumentation Manual- Chicago, Illinois, October 20-22, 1975 Engineering Tests for Energy Storage Cars at the Operational Handbook Proj. MA-06-0025 Transportation Test Center Proj. MA-06-0025 Chicago Urban Transportation District Proj. MA-06-0025 Transportation Systems Center December, 1976 — PB 264-027/AS Volume I: Program Description and Test Summary, September, 1977 — PB 274-543/AS A Computer Model for Sizing Rapid Transit Tunnel PB 269-400 Diameters Volume II: Performance Power Consumption and Wheel/Rail Noise and Vibration— Proj. MA-06-0025 Radio Frequency Interference Tests, PB 269-401 Proj. MA-06-0025 January, 1976 Volume III: Noise Tests, PB 269-402 Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. Volume IV: Ride Roughness Tests, PB 269-403 May, 1975 Subsurface Exploration Methods for Soft Ground May, 1977 — Vols. I-IV — PB 269-399 — Volume I: Mechanics of Wheel/Rail Noise Generation Rapid Transit Tunnels — PB 244-51 4/AS Proj. MA-06-0025 Rail Supporting Technology Program, Urban Volume II: Applications to Control of Wheel/Rail Volume I: Sections 1-6 and References

Fiscal Year 1975 Year End Summary Noise — PB 244-51 5/AS Volume II: Appendices A-F Proj. MA-06-0025 Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas and Transportation Systems Center Noise Prediction Models for Elevated Rail Transit Soil and Rock Instrumentation, Inc. December, 1975 — PB 250-447 Structures— April, 1976 — PB 258-342/AS-SET Proj. MA-06-0025 Urban Rail Supporting Technology— Cambridge Collaborative, Inc. Assessment of Disruptive Effects Associated With A Five Year Progress Summary 1971-1976 August, 1975 — PB 244-509/AS Urban Transportation Tunnel Construction Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 Transportation Systems Center ABT Associates, Inc. In-Service Performance and Costs of Methods for June, 1976 — PB 259-090/AS June, 1976 — PB 256-848/AS Control of Urban Rail System Noise - Experimental Rail Transit System Cost Study— Design — Guidelines for Improved Rapid Transit Tunneling Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 Safety and Environmental Impact— Thomas K. Dyer, Inc. DeLeuw, Cather & Co. and Proj. MA-06-0025 January, 1976 — PB 254-627/AS Wilson, Ihrig & Associates Volume I: Safety May, 1976 — PB 257-200/AS January, — 271-047 Rail Transit System Cost Study- 1977 PB

Volume II: Environmental Impact Revision I In-Service Performance and Costs of Methods to Final Report January, 1977 — PB 271-048 Control Urban Rail System Noise- Proj. MA-06-0025 Interim Report Construction Monitoring of Soft Ground Tunnels: Thomas K. Dyer, Inc. Proj. MA-06-0025 A Rational Handbook of Practices for Rapid Transit March, 1977 — PB 266-918/AS Wilson, Ihrig & Assoc., Inc. and System Planners and Managers— Insurance for Urban Transportation Construction— DeLeuw, Cather & Co. Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 April, 1977 — PB 272-521/AS Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc. Cresheim Co., Inc. January, 1977 — PB 264-361/AS June, 1977 — PB 272-108 Data Analysis and Instrumentation Requirements Study of Subway Station Design and Construction- General Vehicle Test Plan (GVTP) for Urban Rail for Evaluating Rail Joints and Rail Fasteners in Final Report Transit Cars— Urban Track— Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 DeLeuw, Cather & Company and Boeing Vertol Company Battelle-Columbus Laboratories Skidmore, Owings & Merrill September, 1975 — PB 251-086/AS February, 1975 — PB 253-1 92/AS March, 1977 — PB 268-894/AS

32 — ——

Muck Utilization Planing - Urban Transportation Comparisons of Computer Model Predictions and Comparisons of Computer Model Predictions and Tunneling: A Handbook of Rational Practices for Field Measurements of Subway Environment in the Field Measurements of Subway Environment in the Planners and Designers— Montreal METRO— Montreal METRO— Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. DC-06-0010 August, 1975 — PB 249-119 Haley & Aldrich, Inc. Transit Development Corporation, Inc. May, 1977 — PB 272-139/AS August, 1975 — PB 249-1 19/AS

MARTA Tunnel Construction in Decatur, Georgia - Subway Environmental Handbook A Case Study of Impacts— Volume II Proj. MA-06-0025 Subway Environment Simulation Computer Program July, 1977 — PB 271-366 (SES)- Proj. DC-06-0010 Transit Development Corporation, Inc. Proceedings - Workshop on Materials Handling for October, 1975 Tunnel Construction — Part I: User's Manual - PB 254-789/AS Proj. MA-06-0025 Part II: Programmer's Manual - PB 254-790/AS Colorado School of Mines August, 1977 — PB 276-602/AS Double Track Porosity Testing Proj. DC-06-0010 Transit Development Corporation, Inc. Muck Utilization in Urban Transportation Tunneling November, 1975 — PB 256-232/AS Process Final Report Underplatform Exhaust Tests in the Toronto Subway— Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. DC-06-0010 Haley & Aldrich, Inc. Transit Development Corporation December, 1977 — PB 278-066/AS December, 1975 — PB 251-728/AS

Handbook, I Crashworthiness Analysis of the UMTA State-of-the Subway Environmental Design Volume Art Cars— Principles and Applications- Proj. MA-06-0025 Second Edition Boeing Vertol Company Proj. DC-06-0010 October, 1975 — PB 247-230/AS Transit Development Corporation, Inc. March, 1976 — PB 254-788/AS

An Assessment of the Crashworthiness of Existing Roster of North American Rapid Transit Cars Urban Rail Vehicles- 1945-1976— Analyses and Assessments of Vehicles Proj. DC-06-0121 Proj. MA-06-0025 American Public Transportation Association January, 1977 — PB 266-620/AS Volume I: Chapters 1 through 7

Volume II: Chapters 8 through 12 and Appendices Test and Evaluation of an Eddy Current Clutch/Brake and References Propulsion System— Calspan Corporation Proj. MA-06-0027 November, 1975 — PB 249-141 SET Mobility Systems & Equipment Company February, 1975 — PB 242-686/AS An Assessment of the Crashworthiness of Existing Urban Rail Vehicles- Flywheel Propulsion Simulation

Volume III: Train-Collision Model User's Manual Final Report Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0044 Calspan Corporation Alexander Kusko, Inc. November, 1975 — PB 254-695/AS May, 1977 — PB 272-259/AS

33 Technology Development and Deployment CHAPTER 4 NEW SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION

r AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT (AGT) ADVANCED GROUP RAPID TRANSIT AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT TECHNOLOGY ACCELERATING WALKWAYS

Under the Automated Guideway Transit Technology Program, Wayside Technologies are Being Studied to Find Low-Cost Construction Methods for Producing Guideways and Stations with Minimum Intrusion and Environmental Impact.

34 During the second half of the 20th Century, airports, Fairlane (Michigan) and Pearl proportional to the minimum spacing in research and development in several fields Ridge (Honolulu) shopping centers and the time (headway) between the passage of has applied highly advanced technology to University of West Virginia (Morgantown). separate vehicles on the same lane. operational systems. It has only been a few Presently, systems are under construction years, however, that high technology has at additional airports and a university Current operational AGT systems achieve been recognized as a potential solution for medical center. relatively modest capacities (3,000 - 5,000 many of the mobility problems in urban seats per lane per hour) as a result of small areas. UMTA's research and development When applied to urban public transporta- vehicle size (6 - 12 seats) and relatively long program has identified several new, uncon- tion needs, AGT systems are capable of im- headways (8 - 18 seconds). While such lane ventional transit systems which promise to proving services and of reducing operating capacities can effectively meet transporta- provide improved solutions to many urban costs. However, like other exclusive guide- tion demand in limited configurations, transportation problems. way systems, they are characterized by greater capacities are required for more ex- high capital investment requirements. The tensive networks in urban areas. The object of the New Systems and Auto- most expensive components of such sys- mation Program is to provide a framework tems are the guideway and station struc- Improved capacity also would assure that for the logical development, test and dem- tures. The cost of vehicles and command AGT systems would realize their potential onstration of new transit concepts. and control generally is a small percentage cost-effectiveness advantages. High capac- of the total system cost. By using small ve- ities permit more revenue passengers to hicles on light guideway structures, AGT use the expensive guideways and stations, AUTOMATED GUI DEWAY TRANSIT may realize significant economies in guide- thus increasing return on investment. (AGT) way and station cost compared with rapid rail. Because of the cost of urban installa- Urban applications of existing AGT technol- Concepts which include the use of vehicles tion, the development of less expensive, ogies will be tested at Morgantown, and on capable of automatic operations on sepa- readily deployed unobtrusive guideway and the Downtown People Mover Program (see rate roads or guideways are classified as station structures for AGT is an important Chapter 5). New developments are man- Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) sys- objective. aged under two major programs; 1) Ad- tems. Systems of this type, often called vanced Group Rapid Transit Systems, and horizontal elevators because of their Another important area where improve- 2) the Automated Guideway Transit Tech- similarity in operation to the elevators in a ments in AGT performance can be achieved nology program. building, have been successfully deployed is in passenger-carrying capacity. Capacity at several activity center locations such as is defined as the number of passengers a

' airports, shopping centers, college cam- system can move past a fixed point per Mvi^i . (y.wup Rapid Transit System puses, and amusement parks. Existing AGT unit time per lane of guideway. The capac- installations in this country include Tampa, ity is proportional to the size of the AGT The goal of the Advanced GRT develop- Seattle, Houston, and Dallas-Forth Worth vehicles (number of seats) and inversely ment is the design and installation of an

35 advanced prototype GRT System in a test opment of critical subsystems, and per- secondary is embedded in the center of the track configuration. The specifications for formed extensive simulation studies of the guideway. Here too, the guideway is an the Advanced GRT include achievement of behavior of their systems on a test network open U-shaped design with an overall exter- a peak capacity of 14,000 seats per lane per provided by UMTA. nal width of 7 feet. The vehicle emergency hour using 12-seat vehicles. The use of braking system uses a skid-type brake pad small vehicles allows the system to provide which drops onto the guideway surface The system designed by Boeing utilizes a a high level of service to dispersed origins under emergency conditions. rubber-tired vehicle steered along a guide- and destinations over various urban areas. way by side mounted steering wheels The system will also be suitable for collec- which guide both the front and rear axles. tion and distribution in central business The Rohr Industries system is a suspended The guideway is U-shaped and is fabricated districts and feeder service to existing line- motorail based on the Monocab design of reinforced concrete. The vehicles are haul systems. Phase I, the concept defini- demonstrated at TRANSPO 72. The system equipped with a radar detection system to tion phase, was completed in August 1975. is magnetically suspended and propelled; provide collision protection. During Phase I, three contractors, Boeing, the magnetic force used for suspension is Otis and Rohr, produced competing prelim- developed by the same linear electric motor inary designs. Phase HA, which commenc- The Otis Elevator Company system uses a that propels the vehicle. The overhead ed in June 1976 and was completed in De- vehicle with an air-cushion suspension guideway cross-section is about 4 feet by 4 cember 1977 continued the Phase I design system and a single-sided linear induction feet and has enclosed sides and top to pro- competition. The three contractors further motor (LIM) propulsion system. The LIM vide protection from adverse weather condi- developed their designs, conducted devel- primary is on-board the vehicle and the LIM tions.

Boeing Aerospace Co. AGRT Vehicle. Rohr Industries AGRT Vehicle. Otis Elevator Company AGRT Vehicle.

36 At the conclusion of Phase MB, the Ad- expanded the scope of these earlier pro- project, a study has been performed to vanced GRT proram will provide a design grams and is focused on three areas; sys- identify the reliability requirements for suitable for a variety of urban applications. tem technology, subsystem and component critical subsystems and components, and Sufficient test data will be produced during technology, and wayside technology. At the to determine the impact of subsystem reli- the engineering evaluation of the program system technology level, the major thrusts ability on service availability. to resolve the outstanding engineering are in the area of system simulations and problems. The simulations will provide a operational analyses, and development of The Subsystem and Component Technol- means of analyzing the system behavior for guidelines and standards. The performance ogy areas treat two key technical areas various urban configurations and demand of system-level operational analyses, and that are common to all AGT systems: vehi- situations. the determination of design guidelines and cle longitudinal control and reliability; and requirements will provide the technical and vehicle lateral control and switching. cost data and the analytical tools (such as Automated Guideway Transit computer simulations) that will permit local The Vehicle Longitudinal Control and Reli- Technology Program urban planners and government officials to ability project is concerned with the im- evaluate expected technical performance provement of performance, reliability, and The Automated Guideway Transit Technol- characteristics and to identify and project maintenance of longitudinal systems, with ogy Program is directed toward the devel- various cost elements of a proposed auto- fail-operational design concepts receiving opment of the critical technologies that mated ground transportation system. particular attention. Redundant imple- provide the foundation for the successful mentation will provide the key to operation deployment of automated, exclusive-guide- The System Operation Studies are address- that permits vehicles suffering single fail- way urban transportation systems. This pro- ing a wide spectrum of different technol- ures to continue to the nearest mainte- gram is not directed toward deployment of ogies ranging from large vehicle shuttles nance area, station, or siding. Fail-opera- complete deployable systems but rather to- to PRT systems. Both single and trained ve- tional design approaches will signficantly ward system elements that may be used in hicle configurations are being considered. improve the mean time between failures a variety of advanced urban transportation Computer simulation progams have been leading to vehicle breakdowns on the systems. developed which will be made available to guideway. The longitudinal control studies assist designers and planners in all facets also are exploring the potential of a variety The goal of the program is to provide infor- of system operations. of control approaches including vehicle- mation to system designers, developers, follower and point-follower strategies, and and planners that will assist them in the se- System Safety and Passenger Security platooning and training to improve system lection of new automated guideway sys- Studies are being conducted and tests are capacity. The longitudinal control system tems for a variety of applications and to re- being performed to develop and evaluate project will include analyses, evaluation, duce the risk involved in the deployment of various methods of minimizing vandalism design and experimental investigations. such systems. and of enhancing passenger security and safety in automated systems. Studies are The Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching Previous non-system oriented activities in also being conducted to determine design project is exploring techniques to improve the new systems research and development guidelines and requirements for automated reliability, reduce costs and improve performance of vehicle electronic wire-follower . program included the Development Engi- systems. Particular emphasis is being plac- neering program and command and control ed on user and non-user impacts, and on and mechanical wall-follower lateral control studies performed by APL. The Automated passenger safety and comfort. Under the and switching systems. Reducing the Guideway Transit Technology program has Systems Hardware and Service Availability guideway length required to execute

37 switching maneuvers and improving ride The output data and analytical tools obtain- AW's hold great promise for improving comfort are two major objectives of this ed from each program element will De ex- transportation around activity centers such program that will include lateral control tensively documented. It is anticipated that as transit terminals, CBD's and shopping and switching system design analyses some of the results will change the scope centers, permitting optimum land-use devel- computer simulations, and vehicle tests at and nature of tasks and the correlation be- opment in these areas and improving the the contractor's facility. tween task areas. Annual reports will be practicability of auto-free zones. prepared to summarize the progress made

All the investigations in the longitudinal in the AGT development program and work- Several different AW concepts have been and lateral control areas will be tied to cost shops will be conducted, where appropri- developed whereby the normal moving walk and performance goals to assure that the ate, to disseminate the collected data to entry speed of 1 - 1.5 mph is gradually in- results of the development reflect practical system designers and urban planners. Data creased by factors of four to five times, re- objectives. The work in this area includes evolving from the program will be applied sulting in speeds about double that of nor- review of the status of existing technology, to a broad spectrum of automated guide- mal walking. Gradual deceleration occurs detailed mathematical modeling, analyses way technologies ranging from simple shut- at the discharge end of these systems to and simulation, development of design con- tles to network applications. provide exit speeds comparable to that of cepts, and experimental validation of those conventional moving walkways. Although designs. The data obtained from the AGT program several prototype systems such as the will be used to decrease the technical and Johns Hopkins Applied Physics A small number of independent study con- cost risks associated with the development Laboratory's AW and Dunlop's Speedaway tracts also have been awarded to assist the and installation of automated guideway have been built, no system has been tested UMTA staff in evaluating technical ap- systems, including the Advanced GRT in an urban environment. proaches, performing cost analyses, devel- system. oping new hardware system concepts, and Before AW's can be readily deployed, ques- evaluating environmental impacts of AGT tions concerning their safety, reliability and systems. operating characteristics must be address- ACCELERATING WALKWAYS ed. The Wayside Technology area is being addressed through the Guideway and Station Technology project. This project includes Accelerating Walkways (AW's) are a promis- Accelerating Walkway Program studies of implementation technologies for ing new means of transporting large num- guideways, stations, power distribution sys- bers of travelers over short distances. The goal of Accelerating Walkway (AW) pro- tems, and weather protection concepts. These systems address the critical problem gram is to determine the practicality, reli- Studies in these areas are emphasizing of providing fast, cost-effective transporta- ability, and safety of accelerating walkway identification (through analyses, modeling, tion in the range between what is consider- systems. The high travel speeds (7 - 10 and tests) of improved approaches in con- ed to be the limit of normal walking dis- mph) achieved by accelerating walkways struction techniques, material selection, tance and the distance at which vehicular- permit deployment over longer distances and installations. Reduction of cost, imple- based transit services are considered nec- than conventional moving walkways since mentation time and environmental impact essary. Because AW's do not have wait they are competitive with other urban tran- of guideways and stations is emphasized. times or operators, these systems are ex- sit modes. The ability to increase walkway Design considerations for all-weather vehi- pected to compare favorably with vehicular length may result in substantial benefits in cle operation (such as guideway heating or transit in terms of operating cost and travel intermodal transfer and terminal expansion protected designs) also is being addressed. time over short distances. applications. The high speeds also offer

38 Providing transit service in areas where conventional transit systems could not be implemented because of cost or environmental impact considerations.

Acting as a connecting link between transit terminals and as a feeder and distributor for transit by connecting with peripheral parking or activity centers, increasing transit convenience and ridership.

Improving the practicality of vehicle-free zones by providing access to zones from peripheral parking as well as transit within the zones.

Improving the development potential of urban property by providing accessibility transit, Dunlop Speedaway Accelerating Walkway. to parking, residential areas, retail store, and activity centers. the potential for application in central bus- ciated cost-benefits, conducted an indepen- iness districts and other major activity cen- dent safety assessment, and provided pre- Improving the convenience of interter- ters. Although several prototype AW's are liminary demonstration planning. minal movement at airports and within in existence, no operational system has cities. been installed. The results of the feasibility study indicated that the potential benefits of acceler- The program provides for The design will AW a phased ating walkways provide substantial justifi- development phase provide demonstration program consisting of feasi- cation for their deployment. The develop- AW hardware design and demonstration im- bility studies (completed), design develop- plementation studies. ment of higher speed accelerating walk- The hardware design ment, hardware design and laboratory test- and laboratory testing phase will include ways operating at 2-3 times normal walking ing, public demonstration, and product detailed hardware design, fabri- speed extending pedestrian range up to equipment qualification. cation, and testing prior to 3,000 feet would permit a large number of demonstration. The public potential urban applications including: demonstration phase will dem- The AW feasibility study provided a com- onstrate an AW approximately 300 feet in prehensive overview of accelerating walk- length. Product qualification will address way technology (including three systems Substituting for other more costly bus or the delivery system issues including prod- developed to the full scale prototype stage), automated guideway systems over short uct improvement and development of AW identified 6 potential applications and asso- routes. standards.

39 — —

New Systems and Automation

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Advanced Group Rapid CA-06-0094 $ 9,700,000 1975-1981 Boeing Aerospace, Otis, Aldo DeSimone Transit System CO-06-0008 Elevator, Rohr Ind. 426-9264 WA-06-0008

Automated Guideway CA-06-0071 $13,500,000 1974-1979 Aerospace Corp.; Duncan MacKinnon Transit Technology CA-06-0088 Battelle; Calif. Inst, 426-4047 CA-06-0089 of Tech./Jet Prop. CA-06-0091 Lab.; DeLeuw Cather; DC-06-0142 Dunlop; Gen'l Motors MD-06-0022 Corp.; Johns Hopkins MA-06-0048 Appl. Physics Lab.; VA-06-0025 MITRE; Mobility Systems VA-06-0041 and Equipment; TSC. IT-06-0148 IT-06-0152 IT-06-0156

Accelerating Walkway IT-06-0126 $ 1,200,000 1976-1982 Tri-State Regional Duncan MacKinnon Program Planning Commission 426-4047

Bibliography Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Development California Institute of Technology Program, Phase HA— Jet Propulsion Laboratory Executive Summary December, 1976 — PB 264-527/AS This list of reports contains those pub- Proj. CA-06-0094 Costs and Energy Efficiency of a Dual-Mode System— lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- Rohr Industries, Inc. Proj. CA-06-0088 able. Others are being published continual- Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Development California Institute of Technology A Jet Propulsion Laboratory Program, Phase 1 1 ly, including the majority of those projects Executive Summary April, 1977 — PB 272-714/AS reported in this volume. Call or write the Proj. CO-06-0008 Automated Mixed Traffic Vehicle AMTV Technology Technical Contact person listed after the Otis Elevator Company and Safety Study project of interest to you to inquire for Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Development Proj. CA-06-0088 other reports to which he might refer you. Program, Phase MA— February, 1978 Executive Summary Point-Follower Automatic Vehicle Control: A Proj. WA-06-0008 Generic Analysis- with entries The two numbers shown most Boeing Aerospace Company Final Report are; first, the project number, and second, Proj. MD-06-0022 Costs and Energy Efficiency of a Dual Mode System— Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory the National Technical Information Service Proj. CA-06-0088 May, 1977 — PB 270-354 (NTIS) document number. April, 1976 A State-Constrained Approach to Vehicle-Follower Automatic Mixed Traffic Vehicle Control and Control for Short-Headway AGT Systems- Order blanks are included in the Appendix Scheduling Study— Final Report for your convenience. Proj. CA-06-0088 Proj. MD-06-0022

40 —— — — — — — —

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Vehicle Operating Strategies for Small Automated Power and Propulsion Characteristics of the Dulles August, 1977 — PB 272-239/AS Guideway Transit Network— Transpo '72 Personal Rapid Transit Vehicles— Proj. VA-06-0025 Guideline for Ride-Quality Specifications Based on Proj. MA-06-0031 The MITRE Corporation Transpo '72 Data Transportation Systems Center August, 1976 - PB 262-480/AS Final Report July, 1975 — PB 254-027/AS Proj. MD-06-0022 AGT Guideway and Station Technology, Volume 2, Network Model Studies for Automated Guideway Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Weather Protection Review Transit: Advanced Group Rapid Transit Models— October, 1977 — PB 273-272/AS Proj. IT-06-0152 Proj. MD-06-0018 The Availability Simulation of AGT Systems— March, 1978 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Proj. MA-06-0048 Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching Technology February, 1976 — PB 251 -881 /AS Transportation Systems Center — 247-061 Review— February, 1975 PB /AS Analysis of Multiple Party Vehicle Occupancy in an Proj. IT-06-0156 for High Capacity Automated Guideway System— A Survey of Propulsion Systems March, 1978 Personal Rapid Transit— Proj. MD-06-0018 Proj. MA-06-0048 Accelerating Moving Walkway System Safety and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Alexander Kusko, Inc. Human Factors March, 1976 — PB 251-930/AS July, 1975 — PB 250-581/AS Proj. IT-06-0126 Models for Assessing Trip Dependability in Automated Guideway Ground Transportation Network March, 1978 Automated Guideway Transit Networks— Simulation — Accelerating Moving Walkway System Market Proj. MD-06-0018 Proj. MA-06-0048 Attributes, Applications, Benefits— Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Transportation Systems Center Proj. IT-06-0126 August, 1975 — PB 246-758/AS August, 1976 — PB 258-1 29/AS March, 1978 Longitudinal Vehicle-Follower Controls for Short Headway AGT Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit Accelerating Moving Walkway System Safety Control System Design Summary— Systems-Functional Analysis and Conceptual Proceedings Proj. MA-06-0048 Designs— Proj. IT-06-0126 Boeing Aerospace Company Proj. MD-06-0018 March, 1978 December, 1975 — PB 256-1 39/AS Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Accelerating Moving Walkway System Technology Analysis of Short Ramps for Dual Mode and PRT December, 1976 — PB 266-272/AS Stations— Assessment— Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Development Proj. MA-06-0048 Proj. IT-06-0126

Program, I Executive July, 1977 — PB 272-351 April, 1978 Phase Summary Proj. PA-06-0032 Proceedings of Workshop on Methodology for Automated Guideway Transit Workshop on Boeing Vertol Company Evaluating the Effectiveness of Transit Crime Performance Measures, Evaluation Techniques and Reduction Measures in Automated Guideway Transit Goals— Performance Evaluation of an Air-Levitated, Air- Systems— Proj. MA-06-0022 Propelled, Passive Vehicle Personal Rapid Transit Proj. MA-06-0048 August, 1976 — PB 277-046/AS System— July, 1977 - PB 273-695/AS Advanced Group Rapid Transit System, Executive Proj. MA-06-0031 Effects of Deceleration and Rate of Deceleration Summary, Phase I, High Performance Personal Rapid Uniflo Systems Company on Live Seated Human Subjects Transit (HPPRT) System Design— June, 1975 — PB 255-844/AS Proj. MA-06-0048 Proj. CA-06-0078 Headway Separation Assurance Subsystem (HSAS)— October, 1977 Rohr Industries, Inc. Proj. MA-06-0031 Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing Automated Guideway Transit Service Availability AGT and Alden Self-Transit Systems Corporation Conventional Transit Alternatives Workshop— July, 1975 — PB 244-667/AS Proj. MA-0048-77-4 Proj. CA-06-0090 February, 1978 General Research Corporation Personal Rapid Transit Research Conducted at the February, 1976 — PB 259-529/AS Aerospace Corporation— Environmental Impact Issues for Automated Guideway Proj. CA-06-0071 Transit Systems Executive Summary Report, High Performance The Aerospace Corporation Proj. VA-06-0025 Personal Rapid Transit (HPPRT)— March, 1976 — PB 256-846/AS The MITRE Corporation Proj. CO-06-0007 July, 1976 — PB 263-640/AS Otis Elevator Co.

41 Technology Development and Deployment CHAPTER 5 AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT (AGT) APPLICATIONS

DOWNTOWN PEOPLE MOVERS AIRTRANS URBAN TECHNOLOGY MORGANTOWN PEOPLE MOVER

Superimposed Photograph Showing What a Downtown People Mover System Could Look Like in an Urban Area.

42 Automation of transit systems is one of the several urban sites with capital assistance the DPM cities in the planning, implementa- most promising approaches for increasing for the preliminary engineering, construction, and documentation of their proposed service levels while at the same time reduction, and initial public operation of fully DPM systems. ing costs through increased system produc- automated guideway transit systems in tivity. The Office of Automated Guideway downtown environments. The program is in- By May 1977, Cleveland, Los Angeles, and Transit (AGT) Applications was established tended to show that fully automated, rela- St. Paul had submitted their final capital to expedite the use of AGT research and tively simple Shuttle and Loop Transit (SLT) grant applications for Preliminary Engineer- development products. The Office develops type systems can be reliable urban transit ing (PE) to UMTA. PE grants were awarded and implements demonstration programs of alternatives that provide adequate service to St. Paul in September 1977, Houston in promising existing AGT systems in urban at a reasonable cost. December 1977, and Los Angeles in Jan- areas. It also pursues research and devel- uary 1978. (Because of a conflict opment efforts by supporting: This program also responds to one of the between broader goals of UMTA, which is to support Cleveland's legislative and executive bran- Urban installations of proven AGT the effective economic functioning of our ches, action on the Cleveland PE grant ap- systems (operating in sheltered central cities. The DPM program will pro- plication has been suspended). Miami and environments, such as airports and vide operating data, planning tools, and ex- Detroit have elected to proceed with their recreational parks), that promise perience that other cities can use in solving DPM projects; PE grants were awarded to significant benefits such as increas- their transportation needs for downtown Miami in May, 1978 and Detroit in June, ed productivity and reduced operating 1978. circulation systems. If such systems can be costs through the introduction of auto- proven reliable, safe, and economical, they mated transit operations; and National could become imaginative solutions to the In June, 1977 the Department received di- priorities such as central city revitaliza- local circulation problems in congested rection from Congress to consider four ad- tion, accessibility to public transit for downtown areas and serve as a revitalizing ditional cities, Baltimore, Indianapolis, elderly and handicapped people, and force for urban centers. Jacksonville, and St. Louis as part of the energy conservation and environmental DPM program. In response to this direction On April 5, 1976, proposals for DPM proj- protection. and upon further review of the original DPM ects were solicited nationwide and, of the To meet these objectives, the Office cur- finalists' proposals, the Department estab- 38 cities responding, four, Cleveland, rently provides the necessary planning, lished a two-tier DPM program in which the Houston, Los Angeles, and St. Paul were in- management, and technical guidance to first-tier cities, Cleveland, Houston, Los An- itially chosen by the Department in Decem- City and State officials as well as to the geles, St. Paul, Detroit, and Miami, would ber 1976 as demonstration sites. In addition transportation industry involved be provided capital funds to perform the with the to these, the Department indicated to the implementation of first phase preliminary engineering efforts AGT systems in urban cities of Baltimore, Detroit, and Miami that applications. and environmental impact studies. they might divert funds from existing tran- Upon the successful review of these design ef- sit commitments for their proposed DPM DOWNTOWN PEOPLE MOVER (DPM) forts and the potential environmental im- systems. PROGRAM pacts, these cities would proceed with the In March 1977, UMTA issued the DPM Pro- construction of their DPM systems. The se- Under the DPM program, UMTA will provide gram Implementation Guidelines to assist cond-tier cities, Baltimore, Indianapolis,

43 Jacksonville, Norfolk, and St. Louis, would be provided technical study funds to perform feasibility analyses and further refine-

ment of their proposed projects. If the re-

sults of these studies so warrant and if sufficient Federal funds are available, these cities may be provided capital funds for their first-phase preliminary engineering efforts. Any other city besides these eleven would be required to undergo an analysis of transportation alternatives prior to sub- mitting an application for capital grant assistance and must in addition await the successful operation of at least one of these initial demonstration projects.

An illustrated brochure, People Mover Pro- file, (Revised-May, 1977) describing a number of existing AGT systems and several under construction, is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20401 (Stock Number 050-014-00013-4) or the UMTA Office of Public Affairs (Area Code 202-426-4043).

AIRTRANS URBAN TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM At the Dallas-Ft. Worth (DFW) Airport, the AIRTRANS system provides vital transportation service for passengers and employees. The system operates fully automatically 24 hours a day serving 53 stations, which are connected by 13 miles of guideway and uses a fleet of 68 vehicles. AIR- TRANS carries both passengers and employees between parking lots and the air- lines' terminals, and also operates utility vehicles for baggage, supplies, mail, and refuse in containers between utility stations. The AIRTRANS Guideway and Sta- tion layout is shown below.

44 Since its opening in January 1974, AIR- TRANS operational performance has steadily improved. During the first four years of

operation, it carried over 16 million riders CENTER and accumulated 13 million vehicle miles without any major accidents.

AIRTRANS was the subject of an intensive assessment study sponsored by UMTA in 1975. The study performed by the U.S. De- partment of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, identified a number of areas where further technical development was necessary to make AIRTRANS suitable TEXAS for urban application. INTERNATIONAL

In 1976, Congress also expressed a growing interest in applying the technology of AGT systems to solving urban transportation needs. Since airports represent a different AIRTRANS Guideway and Station Layout. environment than that of urban areas, the AIRTRANS Urban Technology Program (AUTP) was designed to improve the technology of AIRTRANS to be more suitable for urban use.

The principal objectives of the AUTP include development and demonstration of higher speeds for increased productivity, higher subsystem reliability, and lower capital and operating costs. The AUTP com- prises two phases with the following se- quence of steps:

1. characterization of baseline AIR- TRANS system,

2. identification and analyses of the components and subsystems requiring change,

3. re-design and testing improved sub- The AIRTRANS System Provides Transportation for Passengers and Employees at the Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport. systems,

45 4. integration of improved subsystems prototype hardware into test vehicle,

5. demonstration of prototype hardware at DFW Airport.

Phase I of the program covers the period, December 1976 through December 1977. During this phase an AIRTRANS utility vehicle was converted to a test vehicle and instrumented for test purposes. Measure- ments have been made and tests performed on a portion of the AIRTRANS system guideway at speeds up to 30 miles per hour to characterize the present vehicle and guideway subsystems. The analysis of the data has been used to support the design of upgraded subsystems including vehicle control electronics, mechanical and servo- actuated steering, and collectors for way- A Morgantown Station. side power and control signals. Under con- MORGANTOWN PEOPLE MOVER The Morgantown vehicles, small by mass tract to the Dallas-Ft. Worth Regional Air- (MPM) DEMONSTRATION PROJECT transit standards, carry up to 21 passen- port Board, Vought Corporation is develop- gers-eight seated and 13 standing. The ve- ing the hardware and conducting the tests. hicle has been designed to provide eco- A vehicle propulsion system to provide nomical service during both peak and low speeds up to 45 miles per hour and a pro- The Morgantown system is an automated demand periods. The vehicle is 15.5 feet pulsion control system with regenerative self-service transit system operating a fleet long and six feet wide; it weighs 8600 braking to reduce energy consumption and of electrically powered, rubber-tired vehi- pounds empty. Speeds of up to 30 mph are extend brake lining life has been devel- cles on a dedicated guideway at 15-second provided by a DC motor powered by a oped. Under Phase I, improved propulsion, separations either scheduled or on de- three-phase, 575-volt AC distribution sys- steering, power and signal collector, and mand. The system provides a safe, comfor- tem. Rubber tires and an air-bag suspen- controls were developed. These improved table, and reliable means of transportation sion system provide a quiet and comfor- subsystems were installed in a test vehicle with a high level of availability for passen- table ride. Unique features include a heated for evaluation and demonstration on the ger service while alleviating congestion and guideway for operation during icing condi- AIRTRANS system in November 1977. The air and noise pollution. The system is tions, onboard steering, and a synchronous Phase II program is a 24-month effort build- capable of transporting 1100 passengers in point-follower control system to manage all ing on the results of Phase I. Further sub- 20 minutes between two stations 1.5 miles system operations via computers. Fail-safe system development and testing will take apart. It can operate 24 hours a day and design and redundant safety-critical sys- place and a final demonstration is planned provides nonstop origin-to-destination ser- tems enhance reliability and assure pas- for November 1979. vice by the use of off-line stations. senger safety at all times.

46 Compared with conventional transit systems, the Morgantown system provides increased frequency of service and demand- responsive schedule flexibility. The transportation technology that has been developed for Morgantown also will be applicable to the transportation problems of urban core areas. In addition, such systems also will be capable of being integrated with existing transit systems.

Since its opening for regular revenue service in October 1975, for West Virginia Uni- versity students, the Morgantown system

has been a great success. It demonstrated both its reliability and its acceptability as a modern transit alternative to increasing automobile use in a high density urban corridor. In its first year of operation, MPM registered a total of almost 600,000 vehicle- miles and almost 800,000 passengers.

Improvements made during the first year of operations resulted in significantly greater reliability and greater ridership. During its second year of operation, the system carried more than 1.85 million passengers and operated almost 600,000 vehicle miles. In September 1977, the system carried 308,000 passengers; average system availability was 97.9%. Perhaps most importantly, there were no serious passenger injuries associated with system operations during the entire first 2 years.

Since the system has demonstrated compli- ance with its specifications and has been accepted by the university, UMTA has ap- View from Within a Morgantown Vehicle. proved a capital grant to the West Virginia Walnut Station The Morgantown Guideway Layout

Board of Regents for the Phase II expan- operations. Phase II construction activity mous help in making future automated sion. It will extend the system another 1.1 is scheduled for completion late in 1978, guideway transit (AGT) systems more reli- miles, add two and one half new stations, and revenue operations are expected to able. It has shown the technical feasibility, 28 cars, and a small maintenance facility begin in late Spring of 1979. operational practicality, and transportation below the Engineering Station. The present benefits of the AGT concepts for the future, vehicle fleet will refurbished a for things to come. be and new The knowledge gained from building and paving the way heated power rail installed to complement operating the MPM system will be of enor- the heated guideway for better winter

48 — —

Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) Applications

PPOfiRAM TITI P rnUOnMM 1 1 1 LL NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ GRANTEE CONTACT

Downtown People Mover CA-06-0012 $ 4,100,000* April 1976- Los Angeles, St. Paul, Vincent R. DeMarco MN -06-0009 Dec. 1984 Cleveland, Houston 426-2896 Un-U0-UU*i4 TX-06-0024

AIRTRANS Urban TX-06-0020 $ 2,000,000 Jan. 1977- Dallas-Ft. Worth John J. Marino Technology Program Jan. 1978 Airport Board (Vought Corp.)

Morgantown People MA-06-0026 $133,600,000 June 1969- Cal. Inst, of Tech., John J. Marino Mover Demonstration WV-03-0006 April 1980 Jet Propulsion Lab; 426-2896 Project** WV-06-0005 The Boeing Company & WV-06-0006 subcontractors WV-06-0007

'Since the end of FY-77 fourteen additional projects have been initiated. The funding shown here reflects all eighteen projects.

* 'Renamed "Morgantown People Mover" in stead of Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) based on development of uniform definitions.

Bibliography Order blanks are included in the Appendi Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit System— Proj. WV-06-0005 for your convenience. Boeing Aerospace Company This list of reports contains those pub- PRT Impact Study Pre-PRT Phase— Automated Transportation Systems lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- Proj. MA-06-0026 November, 1975 — PB 263-673/AS able. Others are being published continual- West Virginia University

ly, including the majority of those projects March, 1976

Volume I: Travel Analysis — PB 254-481/AS reported in this volume. Call or write the MPRT O&M Phase Operating, Availability and Volume II: Data Collection Procedure and Coding Maintenance History— Technical Contact person listed after the Manual — PB 254-482/AS Proj. WV-06-0005 project of interest to you to inquire for Volume III: Frequency Tabulations from Four Boeing Aerospace Company other reports to which he might refer you. Transportation-Related Surveys — PB 24-483/AS Surface Transportation Systems

Impact Evaluation of Morgantown PRT 1975-1976 January, 1977 — PB 266-994/AS The two numbers shown with most entries Ridership: Interim Analysis Final Report People Mover Profile are; first, the project number, and second, Proj. MA-06-0026 Proj. MA-06-0081 the National Technical Information Service Transportation Systems Center Urban Mass Transportation Administration (NTIS) number. document June, 1977 — PB 270-916 May, 1977 — PB 268-335/AS

49 Technology Development and Deployment CHAPTER 6 SAFETY AND PRODUCT QUALIFICATION

SAFETY AND PRODUCT QUALIFICATION SAFETY PROGRAM PLAN SAFETY AND SYSTEM ASSURANCE TRAINING SAFETY AND SYSTEM ASSURANCE SUPPORT

50 ' In mid-1976 UMTA established the Office of Educational programs in management which can be applied to development Safety and Product Qualification to assure and the technical aspects of safety, se- and acquisition contracts. increased emphasis on safety and reliabil- curity, reliability, quality assurance, etc. ity characteristics of systems being funded Development of qualification and accept- through UMTA under the Urban Mass A project to accelerate the interchange ance test policies. Transportation Acts. The basic approach of experience in procedures, standards, used by this Office is similar to that of cor- organization, and management practices Technical support to ongoing UMTA porate-level product assurance offices in among transit operators. RD&D programs and regulatory programs many industries. The Office assists transit of the Federal Highway Administration developers and operators to plan and im- Direct assistance by consultation and by and National Highway Traffic Safety Ad- plement safety and system assurance pro- the on-site safety and system assurance ministration.

grams. It encourages the establishment of reviews. general performance objectives for pro- Safety and system assurance activities be- grams, and then conducts on-site reviews Research on common or critical safety come more important as systems become to make sure that individual programs are and reliability problems. more complex and as the quantity of new appropriate for the kinds of transportation transit equipment increases. The projects services being provided and acquired, and At the other end of the development cycle, described in this chapter provide UMTA that the programs are being implemented the Office works within development pro- with the expertise necessary to help and to adequately to meet their objectives. This grams to assure adequate attention to safe- oversee development of safety and system approach allows operating agencies suffi- ty and systems assurance considerations assurance functions within the urban trans- cient flexibility to design detailed organi- and opportunities for standardization in the portation industry. zations and procedures which accommo- design of equipment which will obtain date the unique characteristics of their sys- widespread use. Efforts in this area in- tems and communities. clude: Mass Transit System Safety and Product Qualification A transit reliability information program While it is important that safety and system to accumulate knowledge which can be The U.S. Department of Transportation's assurance programs be planned and exe- used to improve equipment reliability Transportation Systems Center (TSC) sup- cuted at the local level, it is not necessary and reduce maintenance costs. port to this program was initiated in July for each operator to start from scratch. The 1974. Its primary purpose is to apply in- Office conducts a number of projects house technical and managerial resources which are designed to minimize the amount Development of materials fire safety to the planning, conduct, and evaluation of of re-invention needed by transit providers. standards supported by the data bank. safety, system assurance, and product These include: qualification activities.

Program plans, standards, and guidelines Preparation of procurement policies, The activities performed at TSC during FY which can be adapted for local use specifications, and contract clauses 1977 included developing guidelines for

51 system reviews, procedures for safety and se- and classify hazards and recommend amel- analyzed in terms of UMTA's needs for tran curity of elderly and handicapped riders, in- iorating lines of research. These recom- sit safety statistics. A literature search for itiation of the development of a transit re- mendations are to be tempered by a con- safety research projects is another signifi- liability data bank, participation in system sideration of UMTA's statutory and regula- cant task. The results of this search are to safety reviews, and a project to upgrade the tory authority as well as the responsibilities be used in identifying on-going research quality of vehicles being funded by UMTA's of other DOT Administrations such as the relevant to the remedy of urban transporta- 16 (b)(2) program. These vehicles are pro- Federal Railroad Administration, the Na- tion safety problems. cured by State agencies for use by local tional Highway Traffic Safety Administra- non-profit organizations to transport elderly tion, and the Federal Highway Administra- Safety and System Assurance and handicapped people. tion. An essential task of the project is the Training Program assessment and critique of existing transit Future activities will include participation accident reporting systems. The informa- This project is designed to use the re- in the reliability data bank, standardization tion content of these data systems is to be sources of the Transportation Safety of transit equipment, technical qualification requirements for Federally funded transit hardware procurements, and research toward product improvement of both bus and rail. TSC will be instrumental in safety program planning, developing Downtown Peo- ple Mover (DPM) safety requirements, and performing technical reviews of vehicle and automatic train controls for rapid rail systems. TSC will also continue work with other projects in the Office of Safety and Product Qualification, such as education courses at the Transportation Safety Insti- tute (TSI) and safety and system assurance support from the American Public Transit Association (APTA).

Development of a Safety Program Plan

The Office is develping a Safety Program Plan in an effort to allocate its resources in an optional and most effective manner. This project initiated in FY 1977 is to develop information on the characteristics of transit safety and accidents to aid in establishing this plan. The Institute of Safety and Systems Management at USC will assess Establishment and use of an associate staff equipped to handle highly technical Safety and System Assurance Training Program subjects;

When Provision of consultant services as need- Course Designed for Duration Frequency Location Implemented ed by staff and local agencies with re- gard to transit safety; accident and inci- Intro, to Mass Transit Transit management 5 days quarterly Oklahoma Sept. 1976 dent investigation policy, procedures and Safety and System personnel and those City techniques; hosting of meetings; sem- Assurance entering management, consultants, manufact. inars, and symposiums to exchange in- suppliers formation about safety and system assurance; accident and incident investiga- Quality Assurance Transit staff and 5 days quarterly Oklahoma Nov. 1976 tion procedures and analysis; and line managers City

Conduct of special projects or reviews in System Safety Transit staff and 5 days quarterly Oklahoma Jan. 1977 line managers City the area of safety and systems assurance as requested by UMTA. System Security Transit staff and 5 days Oklahoma Nov. 1977 line managers City The target group for the training courses in- Reliability Maintenance, Transit staff and 5 days Oklahoma Nov. 1977 cludes personnel from transit operators, Availability, Dependability, line managers City consultants, supplier organizations, state RMAD departments of transportation, and the Fed- eral Government. Transit consultants, Safety and System Transit management 1-4 hr. when where Jan. 1977 Assurance personnel and those called for required manufacturers, and suppliers also are eli- Executive Briefing entering management, gible to attend the TSI courses, as are oper- consultants, manufact. ators of private transit and commuter lines. suppliers, Federal, Instructional costs, including the cost of ref- local, State transit are people erence materials and training supplies, waived for Federal, State, and local employees. Personnel from private organizations are charged a fee for these costs.

Further information on the safety and sys- Institute (TSI) and to assist UMTA in planning and operation the planning, development, tem assurance courses may be obtained organizing, and conducting safety and sys- this of mass transit systems. Tasks under from: tems assurance educational courses, acti- project include: vities, and programs for transit industry and Mr. Robert F. Creson governmental personnel. UMTA continues Planning, development, and conduct of Director, Transportation Safety Institute to encourage, stimulate, and improve the training programs in safety and system Department of Transportation application of system-oriented technical assurance which are responsive to the 8500 South MacArthur Boulevard management programs and processes to needs of the transit industry (see chart); Oklahoma City, OK 73125

53 Safety and System Assurance Support- Fire Safety in Transit Systems APTA This is a project to assess the overall fire Managed through the American Public hazard in transit systems and to identify (APTA), this project Transit Association and recommend remedial techniques and draws upon the operational experience and procedures. These recommendations will expertise of transit managers to support be directed towards all methods of fire pro- UMTA in its safety and product qualifica- tection - from basic design standards and In addition the support tion programs. to materials standards to operational prac- in project furnished, participation this tices. should aid in the stimulation of transit to address safety and system management A significant component of this project is project assurance issues. Representative the information data bank on various struc- tasks include: tural and non-structural materials used in transit systems. This data bank was developed at TSC and contains information on Identification of safety priorities in bus flammability, smoke generation, toxic gas and rapid rail systems; production, and other characteristics relative to fire safety. The data bank will be up- Compilation and documentation of exist- dated and kept current as part of the proj- ing rapid rail system safety programs; ect and the data will be made available for public use, as appropriate. An important objective of this project is the development Development and documentation of the of materials fire safety standards for use by scope and cost of a data system that will UMTA grantees. Information in the data maintain pertinent transit safety, secur- bank will be used to support the develop- ity, reliability, maintainability, and ser- ment of these standards. vice dependability data; and Under this project TSC will maintain liaison with all other Government agencies invol- Provision of support to UMTA in its safe- ved in similar projects as well as with the ty and system assurance activities, to in- American Public Transit Association (APTA) clude program reviews, accident and in- and the National Fire Protection Associa- cident investigations, development of tion (NGPA). TSC serves as a consultant to safety and system assurance training, UMTA on transit materials characteristics and the acquisition of responses to spe- and supports the investigation and analy- cial queries. It is important to have tran- ses of transit fires as required by UMTA. sit industry participation in the UMTA safety and product qualification program, and this project will insure their participation.

54 Safety and Product Qualification

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Mass. Transit System Safety MA-06-0060 $1,344,000 July 1975- TSC William J. Rhine and Product Qualification continuing 426-9545

Development of a Safety CA-06-0105 $ 96,000 July 1977- University of Southern William J. Rhine Program Plan Sept. 1978 California, Institute 426-9545 of Safety and Systems Management

Safety and System Assur- DC-06-0139 $ 359,500 Sept. 1975- Transportation Safety Edward J. Boyle ance Training Program continuing Institute 426-9545

Safety and System DC-06-0123 $ 270,000 Dec. 1976- American Public Edward J. Boyle

Assurance Support - APTA continuing Transit Association 426-9545

Fire Safety in Transit MA-06-0051 $ 495,000 1973- TSC Robert I. Haught Systems continuing 426-0545

Bibliography

This list of reports contains those pub- the National Technical Information Service Safety in Urban Mass Transportation: Research Report— lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- (NTIS) document number. Proj. R I -06-0005-75-3 able. Others are being published continual- Battelle Columbus Laboratories ly, including the majority of those projects Order blanks are included in the Appendix March, 1976 reported in this volume. Call or write the for your convenience. Development of a Safety Program Plan for the Technical Contact person listed after i the Office of Safety and Product Qualification — project of interest to you to inquire for Proj. CA-06-0105

other reports to which he might refer you. Safety in Urban Mass Transportation: Guidelines Institute of Safety and Systems Management Manual — University of Southern California

Proj. R I -06-0005-75-2 September 1, 1977 The two numbers shown with entries most Battelle Columbus Laboratories Volume I: PB 279-331 are; first, the project number, and second, May, 1975 — PB 245-413 Volume II: PB 279-332

55 Technology Development and Deployment CHAPTER 7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH AND SPECIAL PROJECTS

SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH GENERIC ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS ASSESSMENTS TECHNOLOGICAL QUALIFICATIONS AND OPERATIONAL CERTIFICATION ALTERNATIVE METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT METRIC CONVERSION PLANNING ACCOMMODATION OF ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED RIDERS SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND EVALUATION TECHNOLOGY SHARING AND COMMUNICATION

56 There are several topics susceptible to or This research program seeks answers to will seek local expression of views about requiring research that are common to many of the following types of basic ques- AGT. several or, in some cases, all of the other tions regarding automated guideway transit projects encompassed by UMTA's research, systems:(1) Where and under what condi- Generic Alternatives Analysis development, and demonstration program. tions will AGT service characteristics One, for example, is safety which is of satisfy the travel needs and socio- This is evaluating such paramount importance that the work economic requirements of U.S. urban areas program the modes of transportation available to urban residents of an entire separate Office is devoted to it. in a manner competitive with or superior to including bus, rail, paratransit, private Most of the other across-the-board areas of other transportation alternatives? (2) What automobile, as well as automated guideway inquiry are involved with human factors; is the role of AGT in providing a balanced systems in hypothetical applications. It is social, economic, psychological, and total transportation service, and how does also examining the social, economic, en- political. Projects in these areas are con- it integrate with existing service? (3) What vironmental, and performance considera- ducted by UMTA's Office of Socio- are the costs of development, construction, tions associated with each mode. The pro- Economic and Special Projects, where they and operation of AGT systems, and how do gram will identify which modes are the are grouped under two broad categories: these costs compare with those of other most appropriate for each hypothetical ap- Socio-Economic Research and Systems transportation alternatives? (4) Where and plication and under what conditions AGT Studies, Support and Development. under what conditions will the public ac- would best meet the needs and re- cept automated over conventional transpor- quirements of a particular urban area. tation systems? (5) Will American cities accept the intrusion of AGT guideways? (6) Is SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH there a potential market for transportation The program encompasses three major technology with the characteristics of AGT activities - comparative trade-off analyses, Socio-economic research has concentrated systems? an Advanced Group Rapid Transit System heavily on the estimated effects of in- planning report, and a review of local alter- troducing automated guideway transit natives analyses. The report on com- systems in the central business districts The program contains five activities. parative trade-off analyses will summarize and other major activity centers of the "Generic alternatives analyses" will com- the findings of the hypothetical alternatives cities. pare AGT systems with other forms of ur- analyses and address such issues as the ban transportation. "Assessments" will potential impact and probable acceptance The information obtained through the AGT study how well existing systems work. of AGT systems relative to urban travel pat- Socio-Economic Research Program will be "Cost" research will determine life-cycle terns, land use configurations, socio- valuable to local governments in undertak- costs of AGT systems. "Market" studies economic and environmental impacts, and ing their local "alternatives analysis" proc- will discover how many communities want costs. The program will also review ess, an UMTA requirement to qualify for and can use AGT systems. "Communica- transportation planning studies done at the federal capital assistance for a major tions" activity will disseminate information local level which consider AGT as an op- public transportation investment. about AGT to all interested audiences and tion.

57 Morgantown Independent Assessment

The Morgantown People Mover System is the only AGT installation that operates in

an urban environment. For that reason, it was subjected to an independent and especially detailed scrutiny. The findings of the study will be a valuable resource for planners of AGT systems for the cities participating in UMTA'S Downtown People Mover (DPM) Program. They will learn, literally, from the foundation up, how to build and operate a successful people mover system. The Morgantown Assess- ment contains information on the construction of guideways, the fabrication of vehicles, the costs of each element, the technical performance of the systems and subsystems, operating costs, and attitudes of the public.

Assessment of Existing Foreign AGT Systems

An UMTA assessment team, working jointly with a foreign team is examining a number of foreign AGT systems with the same objectives and activities as the assessments of the domestic systems. These foreign teams are also taking part in the review of Assessments systems in this country. Successful systems in this country to obtain informa- negotiations have so far been conducted Domestic and foreign AGT systems are be- tion that will help in planning future AGT and projects initiated with France and Ger- ing evaluated in terms of social, economic, systems. This information includes many for conducting joint assessments of financial, and performance characteristics. economic, system performance, engineer- existing foreign and domestic systems. A Three major projects are being undertaken ing, and operating data, as well as public program of information exchange on urban for this research. response. The teams will also review the transportation research on the social, en- design, development, and implementation vironmental, and other implications of new Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems experience of each system to determine transportation systems for metropolitan what was learned and how future urban in- areas has also been arranged with France, UMTA assessment teams are studying a stallations can be most effectively carried Germany, and the Organization for number of the seventeen existing AGT out. Economic Cooperation and Development.

58 Costs

The cost analyses will be conducted as integral parts of Generic Alternatives Analyses and Assessments.

Capital, operating, maintenance, and life- cycle cost ranges for the various classes of AGT will be indentified for the hypothetical application in this program activity. Infor- mation gained in this study will serve as in- put to the Comparative Trade-off Alter- natives Analysis. Capital costs will include right-of-way acquisition, construction of facilities (stations, guideways, maintenance yards), command and control, vehicles and vehicle subsystems, and O&M costs will include maintenance, parts, labor, administration, etc. cost data will be collected from existing sources to estimate AGT industry cost reduction potential as the technology matures. Life cycle cost analyses of alternative modes will be undertaken to examine the comparative economic potential of AGT under various ranges of possible future inflation and in- Germany's Cabinentaxi has been Evaluated. terest rates. This study should also determine those peripheral aspects of AGT systems which might be more economically Markets munications activity described immediately operated by automation (e.g., fare collec- below and also from the plentiful data tion, surveillance). Estimates will be made of the potential available from local technical studies, The economic costs of various physical market for AGT systems in selected cities. public hearings, and studies related to structures that may be incorporated into The cities chosen for market analyses will Federal grant applications. Some private AGT sytems to accommodate social, safe- be selected primarily for their physical, market surveys may be available and may ty, environmental, and energy requirements social, and economic characteristics and contain information that would be ap- (i.e., elevators, closed circuit television, the availability of essential data; they are plicable. noise minimization, regenerative braking, not necessarily considering future AGT etc.) will be developed under the AGT deployment. Communications Technology Program. These results will also be used in undertaking the Com- Standard market survey techniques will be Research dissemination is a major part of parative Trade-off Alternatives Analyses. used. Data will be derived from the com- AGT Socio-Economic Research Program

59 and will assemble and synthesize the disposition. An ability to predict life-cycle Effects of Alternative Metropolitan results from the other project activities. A costs would permit wiser choices in plan- Development

central information repository will be ning and implementing improvements. If established which will provide technical practical techniques can be developed to Several Federal agencies concerned with analysis and information needed for the take into account estimated life-cycle costs various aspects of urban life are jointly design and development of the program of ownership and operation, rather then sponsoring, and the Council on En- support activity. In addition to just initial price more cost-effective selec- vironmental Quality is administering, a disseminating research results and other tion could be made in buying equipment comprehensive project which will con- data, information will be collected from with UMTA capital assistance. tribute to an understanding of the effects local sources such as citizens, local of- of urban mass transportaiton. The project ficials, planners and organized interest The purposes of this study are to examine is assembling and analyzing the existing groups to determine public attitudes and historical experience and current knowledge about the way metropolitan concerns. developments in the concept of procure- development patterns affect economic ment based on estimates of life-cycle cost, costs, environmental quality, and natural to identify UMTA program activities that resource consumption, as well as the way might benefit from its applications, to SYSTEMS STUDIES, SUPPORT, AND in which these development patterns are af- DEVELOPMEN1 estimate the effect of such application, to fected by varying transportaion policies and develop a methodology for purchasing tran- programs and by other Federal, State, and This program extends to five disparate sit equipment on the basis of lowest life local programs, policies, and regulation. areas: technology studies in support of costs, and to formulate a plan for a pilot policy; improved access to transit service experiment applying the methodology. for the elderly and handicapped; systems Metric Conversion Planning development; experimental design and evaluation; and technology sharing and A strategy will be devised enabling UMTA communication. Guidelines for Technological Qualifica- to plan timely and effective action to help tions and Operational Certification the transit industry convert to the metric system. The contractor will develop a plan This project recommended general of action which will be review by transit in- SYSTEMS STUDIES guidelines for technological qualification of dustry operators and manufacturers so that

new transit system or equipment for it will reflect their concerns and timetables eligibility for UMTA capital assistance, and for conversion. guidelines for operational certification new- Life-Cycle Costing ly installed transit system. ACCOMMODATION OF ELDERLY AND Although one of UMTA's basic respon- Guideline documents for technological HANDICAPPED TRAVELERS sibilities is to study ways to improve mass qualifications and operational certification

transportation at minimum costs, it is dif- were prepared for bus, rail, and AGT There is a national policy, established by ficult, when developing new capital alter- systems. These guidelines, in working Congress in 1973 that "no otherwise natives, to determine the real total costs in- paper form, have been forwarded to the Of- qualified handicapped individual in the curred by the user during the full life of a fice of Safety and Product Qualification for United States. ..shall solely by reason of his system from initial delivery through final refinement and possible implementation. handicap, be excluded from participation

60 in, be denied the benefits of, or be sub- fastening systems for their ease of use, The project is a continuation of an earlier jected to discrimination under any program cost, and acceptability to the user, and (4) project "Safety of Wheelchair Loading and or activity receiving Federal financial establish the cost-effectiveness of fasten- Securement Systems," discussed above. In assistance." ing systems. that project, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is conducting UMTA issued regulations describing Preliminary safety guidelines for lifts were static and dynamic tests to learn where minimum requirements that transit developed during FY 1977, and review and best to attach securement systems to the facilities and vehicles must meet to qualify comments will be solicited from transit wheelchair to cause the least deformation for the use of Federal funds to purchase or authorities and manufacturers of lift equip- and still hold the wheelchair and its user construct such facilities and vehicles. ment during FY 1978. safely in place during emergency conditions. The follow-on effort with NHTSA will Within the Office of Technology Develop- Under the crash-testing program, wheel- use the information of the Caltrans project ment and Deployment, all new system and chairs and generic fastening systems were as well as real accident and injury data to vehicle developments are providing for the tested with the wheelchair both facing and develop an optimum seating-protection elderly and handicapped travellers. UTD is at right angle to the direction of travel. Ad- system. also undertaking special studies or ditional tests will be conducted with development efforts that address individual wheelchairs secured only by wheelchair problems or barriers that transit poses for brakes to determine their behavior in transit Assessment of Stockholm Inclined the elderly and handicapped. vehicles under normal operating condition, Elevator such as emergency stops, quick starts, and Research to improve use of transit by the while negotiating curves. Additional crash One of the major difficulties encountered elderly and handicapped traveller crosses tests will include secure wheelchairs facing by elderly and handicapped travelers using modal lines and can therefore be found in backwards. transit systems is the problem of changing every UTD office. Responsibility for plan- from one floor-level to another. In ning and coordinating the Elderly and Han- Stockholm, Sweden, in 20 transit stations dicapped program resides with the Office Crash-Protection Systems for Han- the level-change problem is solved with in- of Socio-Economic and Special Projects. dicapped Transit and School Bus clined elevators. There are 36 inclined The Office also sponsors some specific Occupants elevators which travel at the same angle as projects as described below. escalators and usually alongside them; UMTA is joining with the Veterans Ad- each carries up to 12 people. ministration and the National Highway Traf- Elderly and Handicapped Technology- fic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in this In September 1977, a five-man team travel- Safety of Wheelchair Loading and project to develop and demonstrate (1) a ed to Stockholm under UMTA sponsorship Securement Systems seating protection system that protects the to evaluate the inclined elevator. One

handicapped passenger and (2) an entry member of the team uses a wheelchair. The

, The purpose of this project is to (1) develop system to buses that is not hazardous in its team was (1) to determine whether the in- safety guidelines for wheelchair loading storage position during an emergency stop clined elevator would be useful for helping

equipment, (2) test wheelchair fastening or crash. The project is concerned with pro- the elderly and handicapped in transit sta- systems to determine their effectiveness tection for handicapped passengers in tran- tions in the United States and (2) to obtain and crashworthiness when secured at dif- sit and school buses, both those who use factual engineering, architectural, opera-

ferent points on the chair, (3) evaluate and those who do not use wheelchairs. tional, and user data about the equipment,

61 which— if the inclined elevator is evaluated automated transit information system EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND EVALUA- as having potential for this country-can (ATIS). TION be used in planning and designing future stations and future transit systems. The The contractors supporting the demonstra- project report is expected to be completed tion have developed performance specifica- Each technology development and deploy- in the spring of 1978. tions for ATIS, and have developed a ment project is formulated in terms of an methodology to evaluate various forms of experimental design which establishes the ATIS, and their software requirements. A objectives, formalizes the test and evalua- demonstration of an operational ATIS is tion activities to be conducted, and struc- SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT planned which will handle inquiries about tures the form of the final report. A report bus and rail transit service in Washington, based on the expermental design Systems development, in the program of D.C. contains the Office of Socio-Economic and Special the project objectives, the project results in ji Projects, designates the development of terms of these objectives, and other related new auxiliary systems, or improvements of information developed during the course of existing ones, which are applicable to more Time-Calibrated, Self-Cancelling Ticket the project. This yields a structural evalua- than one mode of transit, or which tion or objective assessment of a project facilitate the movement of people or goods presented in such a manner as to provide If drivers of private automobiles were on cities by means other than public guidance for those planning similar proj- charged for the time they occupy space in vehicles. During FY 1977 work was in pro- ects. An effective Experimental Design is traffic-congested areas, it is probable that on projects gress two of this nature: an many would either avoid entering such characterized by: automated transit information system, and areas, or would remain in them for the a self-cancelling ticket for limiting the time Well defined project objectives; minimum time required by their purpose in of use of congreted highways, streets, or being there. The "self-cancelling" ticket is parking areas. An analytical framework with necessary a device that could be used to control pric- statistical support; and ed areas.

Presentation of results in a form which is Automated Transit Information System This project has developed an operational easily assimilated by all of the audiences prototype of a time-calibrated, self- concerned with the demonstration pro- Telephone information specialists in a cancelling ticket which is being further ject. large, complex transit system sometimes refined. The self-cancelling ticket relies on a chemical reaction trigger have to spend an undesirable amount of to a precipitous By the end of FY 1977 initial experimental color change on the face of the ticket after time looking up information in responding designs had been prepared for nearly all to inquiries about schedules, routes, and a predetermined length of time. Such a projects conducted by the Office of fares. With computer assistance these can ticket will provide new options for enfor- Technology Development and Deployment. cing traffic or parking be handled accurately. Operator training controls. This tech- Particularly important, because of its rela- nology time and cost can be reduced. development project directly sup- tion to major UMTA Technology Deploy- ports the planned congestion pricing dem- ment initiative, was an Experimental Design onstration The objective of this project is to develop, by UMTA's Office of Planning, Plan for the Downtown People Mover demonstrate, and evaluate a prototype Service and Methods Demonstrations. Demonstration Projects.

62 The evaluation of the DPM deployments other means of conveying to particular user Viewpoints on UMTA's R&D priorities focuses on the extent to which DPM's: (a) groups the essential information derived from spokesmen for transit operators, meet stated objectives, (b) resolve from UMTA's work. State, and local governments; demonstration issues, and (c) represent technically, operationally, and economically Needs and priorities in policy-related research and development; feasible innovations. The Experimental Improved Communication Design Plan is a detailed, step-by-step set of procedures to be used by each of the Needs and priorities in technology During FY 1977 a contract was awarded to cities in evaluating the installation development and deployment; DPM obtain expert services intended to improve and performance of the DPM system. UMTA communication about the Office of will monitor the evaluation activity and Technology Development and Deployment Implementation of non-hardware innova- provide technical assistance to the cities to tions; and its work. Initial efforts include an assure the accuracy of data and validity of analysis of present practice in technical in- analysis. The evaluation begins with the Technology delivery formation dissemination; a recommended systems; and site selection process, continues through general approach for strengthening com- the system design, construction, and Information exchange. munication; analysis of the effectiveness of testing phases and ends at the conclusion specific information exchange mechanisms of operation in revenue service. Use of the and their relevance to the Office's re- identical experimental design by all DPM quirements; preparation of a summary cities will ensure comparability of results. document for reference by prospective con- The design was constructed to be compati- tractors and other interested in the work of ble also with the AGT assessments. the Office, and preparation of detailed fact sheets listing key information about ongoing projects. TECHNOLOGY SHARING AND COM- MUNICATION

Technology sharing is intended to improve the communication of UMTA's plans, cur- R&D Priorities Conferences rent effort, and accomplishments in Technology Development and Deployment. An important event during FY 1977 was the Participants in two UMTA R&D Priorities Second UMTA R&D Priorities Conference in Conferences concluded that the need for Arlington, Virginia November 30 and

more effective communication was critical. December 1, 1976 (an earlier conference Projects include sponsorship of R&D took place at the same site during FY 1976. priorities conferences, identification of The agenda for the conference, developed unmet needs for technical information and jointly by UMTA. the American Public Tran- methods of meeting those needs, and sit Association and the Urban Consortium preparation of special Technology Sharing for Technology Initiatives, included ad- products, including reports, summaries, dresses, resource papers, and workshop workshops, conferences, briefings, and discussion on the following topics:

63 Socio-Economic Research and Special Projects

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Socio-Economic Research

Generic Alternatives IT-06-0168 $601,000 Dec. 1975 W.V. Rouse & Assoc.; Howard D. Evoy Analysis NY-06-0057 General Research Corp.; 426-4022 CA-06-0090 URBITRAN Assoc.

Assessment of Domestic IT-06-0135 $450,000 June 1975- Stanford Research Howard D. Evoy AGT Systems MA-06-0067 April 1978 Institute; TSC 426-4022

Morgantown Independent IT-06-0157 $201,000 Feb. 1977- N.D. Lea & Associates, Howard D. Evoy Assessment Jan. 1978 Inc. 426-4022

Assessment of Existing MA-06-0157 $325,000 July 1976- TSC Howard D. Evoy Foreign AGT Systems Jan. 1978 426-4022

Markets IT-06-0165 $450,000 Oct. 1977- Cambridge Systematics, Howard D. Evoy y 1Q7R au I ivi d y i / o n c 426-4022

Communications IT-06-0167 $223,644 Sept. 1977- Transportation Robert J. McCown March 1979 Assistance, Inc. 426-4022

Systems Studies

Life Cycle Costing R I -06-0007 $137,000 May 1975- Naval Underwater Patricia E. Simpich Feasibility Study May 1978 Systems Center, Dudley 426-4022 W. Gill & Associates

Technological Qualifications MA-06-0064 $195,000 Oct. 1974- TSC John S. Durham and Operational Oct. 1976 426-4022 Certification Guidelines

Effects of Alternative IT-06-0129 $10,000-UMTA; June 1975- The Urban institute John S. Durham Metropolitan Development $ 10,000-FRA; March 1978 426-4022 $ 75 000-DOT- Environmental Affairs; $225,000-HUD, FEA & Council on Environ- mental Quality

64 m

Socio-Economic Research and Special Projects

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Systems Studies (Continued)

Inhn Q Durha Metric Conversion IT-06-0209 $ 55,000 Dec. 1977- Automated Management J W I I I I O . LJ U I I I CI I I I Planning Project Aug. 1978 Systems 426-4022

Accommodation of Elderly and Handicapped Travelers

Safety of Wheelchair CA-06-0098 $160,000 Oct. 1976- California Department Patricia E. Simpich Loading and Securement Sept. 1978 of Transportation System

Crash Protection Systems DC-06-0200 $150,000 Nov. 1977- NHTSA; Subcontractor, Patricia E. Simpich for Handicapped Transit and Jan 1979 Minicars, Inc. A OA A noo School Bus Occupants

Assessment of Stockholm IT-06-0172 $ 39,000 Sept. 1977- Public Building Services, Patricia E. Simpich Inclined Elevator DC-06-0167 March 1978 General Services Admin.; DeLeuw Cather Co.

Systems Development

Automated Transit DC-06-0154 $645,000 - Sept. 1975- Washington Metropolitan John S. Durham Information System VA-06-0038 grant Sept. 1979 Area Transit Authority 426-4022 MD-06-0013 $210,000 - MD-06-0037 contract MITRED Corp.; National Bureau of Standards

Time-Calibrated Self IT-06-0125 $ 82,000 June 1976- Arthur D. Little, Inc. John S. Durhsm Cancelling Ticket RI-06-0009 June 1978 426-4022

Experimental Design and Evaluation

Experimental Design and IT-06-0130 $ 90,000 Aug. 1976- SYSTAN, Inc.; Peat John S. Durham Analysis Support DC-06-0162 March 1978 Marwick, Mitchell & Co.; 426-4022 Canyon Research Associates

Experimental Design for DC-06-0153 $ 24,000 Sept. 1976- Mariscal & Co. John S. Durham Pneumatic Transport System March 1977 426-4022 in Tunneling

65 — — —

Socio-Economic Research and Special Projects

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Technology Sharing and Communication

Technical Assistance in IT-06-0162 $104,199 March 1977- Mariscal and Co. (via Henry Nejako Technology Sharing and IT-06-0179 July 1978 the Small Business 426-9261 Technical Information Administration) Management

Second UMTA R&D DC-06-0157 $ 37,000 Nov. 1976- American Public Transit Henry Nejako Priorities Conference Association

Bibliography Path Finding Algorithms and Data Structures for Experimental Design Plan for the Pneumatic Point-to-Point Trip Management— Transport of Muck in Tunneling— Proj. MD-06-0013 Proj. DC-06-0153 This list of reports contains those pub- National Bureau of Standards Mariscal and Co. lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- January, 1975 — COM-75-10697 March, 1977 able. Others are being published continual- Point-to-Point Trip Management Program Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing AGT and ly, including the majority of those projects Preliminary Analysis Conventional Transit Alternatives- reported in this volume. Call or write the Proj. MD-06-0013 Proj. CA-06-0090 Technical Contact National Bureau of Standards person listed after the Assessment of Operational Automated Guideway February, 1975 — COM-75-10421 project of interest to you to inquire for Systems-Airtrans (Phase I) other reports to which he might refer you. Comparison of the Performance of Three Algorithms Proj. MA-06-0067 for Use in an Automated Transit Information System Transportation Systems Center Proj. MD-06-0013-01, MD-06-0037 September, 1976 — PB 261-339/AS The two numbers shown with most entries National Bureau of Standards Assessment of Operational Automated Guideway are; first, the project number, and second, August, 1977 Systems - Jetrail — the National Technical Information Service Cost/Benefit Analysis of Automated Transit Final Report (NTIS) document number. Information Systems— Proj. MA-06-0067 Proj. MD-06-0013, MD-06-0037 Transportation Systems Center Order blanks are included in the Appendix National Bureau of Standards December, 1977 — PB 278-521/AS February, 1977 — NBSIR 77-1235 for your convenience. Development/Deployment Investigation of Cabintaxi/ Experimental Design Plan for the Downtown People Cabinlift Systems- Mover Demonstration Projects- Final Report An Automated Information Directory System (AIDS)— Final Report Review and Specifications Proj. MA-06-0067 Proj. DC-06-0162 Proj. VA-06-0038 Transportation Systems Center and Peat, Marwick, Mitchell The MITRE Corporation & Co. SNV Studiengesellschaft Nahverkehr mbH April, 1977 — PB 270-614 July, 1977 — PB 272-253/AS December, 1977 — PB 277-1 84/AS

66 —

Technological Qualification Guidelines for AGT Joint Strategies for Urban Transportation, Air Quality Systems, 1976— and Energy Conservation — Proj. MA-06-0064 Proj. RI-06-0005 Interplan Corporation Technological Qualification Guidelines for Shuttle January, 1975 — PB 244-473/AS Loop Transit Systems— Proj. MA-06-0064 Life Cycle Costing for Current Rohr and AM General 1976 Buses and General Motors RTS-II Bus Proj. VA-06-0039 Technological Qualification Guidelines for Bus Advanced Management Systems, Inc. Vehicles— July, 1976 — PB 255-091 /AS Proj. MA-06-0064 1976

Proceedings of the Second Urban Mass Transportation Administration/American Public Transit Association Research and Development Priorities Conference,

1976 Arlington, Virginia Nov. 30 - Dec. 1, 1976— Proj. DC-06-0157 American Public Transit Association March, 1977 — PB 266-1 58/AS

Proceedings of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration/American Public Transit Research and Development Priorities Conference, 1976— Proj. DC-06-0136 American Public Transit Association May, 1976 — PB 255-898/AS

Analysis of Urban Transportation Needs with Implication for AGT Systems— Proj. MD-1 1-0001 July, 1975

A Study on Making Transportation Facilities Accessible to the Handicapped and Elderly— Proj. PA-06-0031 Franklin Institute Research Laboratories June, 1975 — PB 248-597/AS

A Directory of Vehicles and Related System Components for the Elderly and Handicapped— Proj. PA-06-0031 The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories June, 1975 — PB 244-474/AS

Future Scenarios for Urban Transportation— Proj. RDD-9 Urban Mass Transportation Administration August, 1975 — PB 255-349/AS

67 Service and Methods Demonstrations CHAPTER 8 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES FOR SPECIAL USER GROUPS

TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSPORTATION HANDICAPPED ACCESSIBILITY DEMONSTRATIONS SPECIAL SERVICES FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED USERS IN MEDIUM SIZE CITIES COORDINATED SERVICES FOR SPECIAL USERS COMMUNITY BROKER SERVICE FOR THE ELDERLY RIDE SHARING PARATRANSIT USER SUBSIDIES WEST VIRIGINIA TRIP PROGRAM INNER CITY TRANSPORTATION 1 * , HSBSm

Almost Seven and One Half Million Urban Americans Have Trouble With or Cannot use Regular Public Transportation Because of Age or a Handicap.

68 Special user groups generally refers to Research on the Transportation Expansion of a Transit System for those persons who, because of age, in- Problems of the Transportation Elderly and Handicapped Persons come, or disabilities, do not have use of an Handicapped automobile, and are therefore dependent on The transportation system of an entire area public transportation or special arrange- was expanded to provide services for elder- The overall objective of this research is to ments to meet their mobility needs. The determine what can be done to provide ly and handicapped riders as well as to in- economic constraints on this population transportation for those who have difficulty crease the geographical service area, which will benefit generally mean that they have no auto- with or cannot use conventional transit the general population under mobile because of the high costs of owner- because of age or a handicap. The central one UMTA demonstration program. The ship and operation. Taxis, too, are normally question is: which would be more cost- demonstration was established in the lower too expensive for regular travel. If disabled, effective and beneficial; modifying existing Naugatuck Valley area of Connecticut and includes the of these individuals may face the separate and new transportation systems to make towns Seymour, Derby, An- sonia, problem of having physical difficulty using them accessible to handicapped people or and Shelton. An additional objective most forms of auto transportation. Even if designing specialized transportation? of the demonstration is to provide public the individuals are able to make use of transportation to meet the needs of health automobile rides furnished by others, the and social service agencies. degree to which they can rely upon such This project is characterizing the transportation handicapped, how they travel and services being available when needed is Currently the project transports 3800 peo- what they need. Alternative approaches for still another factor limiting their indepen- ple weekly, of whom 2600 are elderly and meeting those needs are being dence. evaluated handicapped riders, at an average cost of and demonstrations are being designed to less that $2 per trip, with productivity levels or implement test proposed solutions. A of nearly seven passengers per vehicle manual presenting minimum standards and hour. guidelines for urban transportaion planning for special users is being well produced as Phase One of the project developed One of the objectives of the UMTA as a report giving a national perspective SMD on specialized transportation services to serve Program is to improve the mobility of 7.5 current developments in transportation for the needs of health and social service million urban Americans are transpor- the Several transit who handicapped. systems clients using six specially equipped tation handicapped. Special equipment for will be investigated to determine the prin- vehicles which provided barrier-free these people has been designed and is in cipal issues in the off-peak, half-fare pro- features for elderly and handicapped riders. use on regular transportation routes in a gram for the transportation handicapped. In Also introduced were flexible service few cities; in addition, and more commonly addition, attitude surveys will be taken of modes, including demand responsive and a variety of special transportation services both handicapped and non-handicapped agency contract, and a deferred payment are provided. Continuing studies are also people in cities transportation which have credit card fare-collection system. defining who the special user groups are, programs for the handicapped people to the nature of their transportation needs, help develop planned demonstration proj- Under the second phase of the demonstra- and the best ways to meet them. ects. tion, these concepts have been applied and

69 tested in a full public system when eight additional vehicles were added to the system with the assistance of an UMTA capital grant. A revised fare and payment structure was intitiated as well as fixed- route service in and among the four towns in the demonstration area.

During the entire demonstration, the Lower Naugatuck Valley Community Council has acted as a broker and has coordinated several social service agency funding sources to support the system.

ACCESSIBILITY PROGRAMS

Accessible Full-Size Bus Services

The Secretary of Transportation's landmark decision requiring all buses purchased after September 30, 1979 using Federal Funds to be accessible to handicapped people, will have major ramifications in the transit industry. Yet practically no one has any operating experience using full-size accessible transit buses in regular fixed route service. There is an immediate need to collect data and disseminate information about the actual implementation process, experiences, and use of such service by handicapped persons. Most Buses in Regular Service Are Not Accessible to Those Contined to Wheelchairs.

This research will be based on results from two sets of projects. The first are two to semi-and non-ambulatory passengers. regular service. Such transit systems are in- demonstration, one in Palm Beach County, These projects will be discussed later. itiating conversion of segments of their bus Florida, and the other in Champaign- fleet through the capital grant program. Urbana, Illinois. In these demonstrations The second set of projects for obtaining From 5 to 200 accessible buses are being existing buses have been retrofitted with data on accessible bus service involves put into service in St. Louis, San Diego, lifts to accomodate wheelchair users and locally sponsored efforts in major urban Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Los Angeles, the entire system will be made accessible areas to introduce accessible buses into and Santa Clara County, California.

70 These projects entail the first large scale Total Accessibility Demonstration; and a retractable lower step. The public use of wheelchair-accessible, full-size tran- Champaign-Urbana, IL and Palm Beach transit agency, Tri-Metropolitan Transporta- sit buses, and as such, the experience County, FL tion District of Oregon, is operating the ser- gained will be of great interest to many vice. other transit systems planning similar pro- These two demonstrations are designed to grams. Specific aspects to be studied in- evaluate the impact of a fully retrofitted Coordination of special transportation ser- clude: handicapped riders market penetra- fleet of buses as an alternative for meeting vices with public agencies and social ser- tion; trip and rider characteristics; opera- the transportation needs of elderly and hand- vice organizations which serve the handi- tional and maintenance cost increments; icapped people. Fifteen and thirty buses, capped is a central feature of the LIFT equipment suitability and reliability; impact respectively, have been retrofitted with project. (The next section details the advan- on general service; special driver as well as wheelchair lifts. In addition, each tages of coordinated transportation ser- user training; interfaces with complemen- demonstration will include a number of vices.) Under the current arrangement, the tary specialized services for elderly and new smaller. (18-passenger), specially LIFT serves as a central source of rides; handicapped people, such as, user equipped buses. agencies contract with LIFT for their subisdies and demand responsive services; clients' trips at $3 per trip. Other elligible the planning process for route selection, A number of areas will be evaluated in both riders pay $0.50 per trip. Three out of four head-ways, as well as some local aspects demonstrations, such as, the cost of of the 4276 registered riders are clients of in each demonstration. retrofitting, the utility and durability of the various social services. technology, the level of accessibility in fact The use of fully accessible buses will cer- provided, the effect on maintenance costs, tainly improve the mobility of handicapped driver responsibility, the nature of the travel persons. However, due to the limitations of characteristics of the transportation hand-

transit area coverage, it is obvious that a icapped, and, in the case of Champaign- fully accessible fixed-route system will not Urbana, the effect of severe weather condi- meet all of the travel needs of handicapped tions. people. The evaluations will identify which travel needs are not being met and determine appropriate services to supplement Special Elderly and Handicapped Ser- fixed-route service in order to meet these vices for a Medium-Size City 1 needs.

In Portland, Oregon, LIFT, a special needs Initial ridership on the accessible bus ser- transportation demonstration, provides vices to date has been low, however the demand-responsive bus service to mobility- level of service has also been low. A major limited people who cannot use regular tran- issue is whether wheelchair-handicapped sit service and cannot afford alternate ridership totals will increase substantially means of private transportation. LIFT pro- as more accessible service is provided and vides service on an immediate-request and as sufficient time passes to allow for ad- advance reservation basis from 7AM to fleet of 15 Mercedes . justments in travel patterns and travel 7PM daily using a Benz diesel buses which are specially modes. The accessible-bus evaluations will Portland, Oregon's LIFT Program Features Demand- supply answers to this question. equipped with wheelchair lifts, tiedowns, Responsive Buses Equipped with Wheelchair Lifts.

71 In addition to testing coordinated services, Elderly and Handicapped Social Service barrier-free transportaion for the elderly and the project will test credit card fare collec- Transportation Coordination handicapped people of large metropolitan tion and computerized billing for their cost Demonstration, Mercer County, NJ areas. effectiveness and general feasibility. A The very size of the cities makes special special survey taken before the project was In Mercer County, New Jersey planners are problems, e.g., the complexity of existing implemented helped plan the requirements setting up a pilot program to coordinate the transportation, funding mechanisms, and for transporting handicapped people and transportation services of various social institutional considerations. The studies will be published for use by planners in service agencies, public transit agencies, will determine the social agencies and their other cities. and private transportation firms. It is hoped locations; the location, number, and needs that this pilot project will provide a founda- of the elderly and handicapped population; tion for a program that will provide trans- and the present transportation. Plans will portation services to all elderly and hand- then be developed to effectively meet the icapped people of the region, by setting transportation needs. In the case of New COORDINATED SERVICES FOR THE up an effective multi-modal network. ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED York, this will involve an attempt to arrange a cooperative or consortium arrangement of Six local government and social service taxi and livery services, if institutionally agencies will participate in the program. An In many areas, a number of social service feasible, e.g., can funds, existing equip- information and referral office will be ment, and staff be pooled. organizations provide special, sometimes established to take reservations, coordinate overlapping, transportation services for service, and dispatch vehicles. The fleet their elderly and handicapped riders, will consist of 15 twelve-passenger vans, Planning and Analysis for Special Ser- whereas many other elderly and handicap- and 2 six-passenger station wagons; five of vice Transportation Coordination, ped people are still unable to get about. the vehicles will be radio equipped. In addi- Dallas County, TX This kind of uncoordinated service is costly tion a private taxicab company will be con- and inefficient and a coordinated program tracted to provide a fixed number of round In Dallas County a similar study is also be- using public transportation and private trips within the service area during the ing conducted to plan the coordination of transportation firms in conjunction with the demonstration period. Two free taxi trips social service transportation, thereby social service transportation could provide will be available to eligible elderly and hand- eliminating redundant service, improving a partial solution to the problem of im- icapped participants in the program every vehicle productivity, and reducing costs mobility experienced millions of by Ameri- month during off-peak periods. Operational through centralized dispatching. HEW has cans living in cities. data collected will be analyzed and the pro- been conducting similar projects in non- gram will be evaluated in the final phase of urban areas and small cities and this study, UMTA has been studying ways to bring the project. along with the New York evaluation will about coordinated transportation services complement their work. in a number of localities of various sizes and needs, including New York City, Coordinated Services for the Handicap- The main tasks in this particular project are Brockton, Massachusetts, and two counties ped, New York and Chicago first to define the role of the transit and in New Jersey and Texas. These projects paratransit operators, develop an account- vary from planning studies to actual These projects, although slightly different ing service, and a plan an operational and demonstration projects of coordinated ser- in detail, have the same broad objective, management structure for the implementa- vices. i.e., to study and develop plans to provide tion of the model. The final phase of the

72 study is to design a detailed plan for a proj- Vera Institute Experimental Transporta- This has been attributed to a number of ect to demonstrate innovative solutions to tion for the Elderly and Disabled causes, including the necessity for the transportation problems of elderly, hand- scheduling trips far away from the Lower icapped, and transportation disadvantag- This demonstration provides door-to-door East Side, the time consumed in waiting or ed persons served by social service agen- transportation for elderly and handicapped escorting clients into homes or facilities,

cies. Specific steps in preparing the plan people of an inner city area - the Lower and a delay in receiving radio communica- include; analyses of the current system of East Side of New York. Service is provided tions equipment. The information to date providers, developing consolidaton options, 12 hours per day, Monday through Friday, indicates that the human service agencies studying administrative implications, and the project, which has 10 fifteen-passenger operating only in the Lower East Side do coordinating the transportation system. vans (5 are lift equipped), began pilot opera- not have any transportation budget, but rely tions by the summer of 1977. A unique on their clients to provide their own aspect of the operation is the hiring of transportation to agency services. The rehabilitated ex-offenders and ex-addicts to potential for obtaining agency funds for drive the vans. The project has received these transportation services will depend Coordination of Human Service major funding from HEW, as well as UMTA, upon whether this is true for other local Transportation Brockton, to determine impacts of mobility im- agencies as well. Massachusetts provements on the quality of life and health care costs of the target population. The grantee has obtained a waiver from HEW to Community Broker Transportation Ser- re- In the small city of Brockton, allow elderly persons on Medicare to vice for the Elderly Massachusetts, the Brockton Area Transit ceive transportation services paid for by is only In View, California, authority has also been planning for the HEW (Medicare) funds. This the Mountain UMTA is solely related to transporta- demonstrated a community broker transpor- coordination of transportation among thirty waiver which tion that has granted to date. tation service that provided transportation different agencies in the Brockton area HEW to a small target market of elderly and low- which provide specialized transportation significant issues to be addressed in income people located in a low-income, el- services to their clients. The coordination The the demonstration include the costs and derly-housing project. A single community of transportation and resources will provide in housing work- improved service and cost efficiencies by performance of high quality transportation broker located the project service in an inner city area, the impacts of ed directly with the residents to plan and ' controlling expenditures which are derived individual and the in from a wide variety of Federal, state, and the service on the users organize trips on a pre-scheduled basis a local sources. agencies that serve the target group, the twelve-passenger van. The broker, who also potential for cost savings through coordina- drove a van, was an employee of the taxi tion or consolidation of agency transporta- company providing the service under con- The planning study will centralize ad- tion services, and the performance of the tract with the grantee. The key issues in ministration of the transportation programs, drivers. the demonstration concerned the economic

I analyze any additional demand for special- viability of this concept and its acceptabil-

ized transportation services, design a Most of the approximately 150 trips per day ity to the client group. It was expected that paratransit system to meet the needs of the are for medical, nutritional, or recreational the project would lower the cost of door-to agencies and the transit dependent popula- purposes. The project operations have not door taxi service and be economically self- tions, and coordinate operations with inter- achieved a high level of vehicle utilization sufficient because of the pre-scheduled, city transportation providers. to date (2.26 passengers per vehicle hour). shared-ride operation. The completed

73 evaluation has revealed that approximately ed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, will exam- user subsidies, determining whether elderly 30 percent of the target group living in the ine the institutional and regulatory frame- and handicapped people are able to take elderly housing complexes joined the work into which the ride-sharing brokerage more and different kinds of trips than be- cooperative from which group trips were will be introduced, design the specific func- fore the subsidy began, and the effects of scheduled. Between one-fourth and one- tions, services, and management structure the subsidies on the services themselves in third of the riders relied exclusively on the for the brokerage and outline a marketing terms of transportation supply and level of van service. An average of 6 passengers approach. service. per trip was achieved and the most popular trip purposes were shopping, travel to the Preliminary findings are as follows: nutrition program center, and restaurants. USER SUBSIDY DEMONSTRATIONS The concept is a workable one. In gen- Broker activities related to scheduling trips Another way UMTA is attempting to bring eral, taxi operators are interested in par- required a high level of contact with mem- about better transportation for the elderly ticipating, perceiving that they benefit bers and restricted the time available for re- and handicapped people in various cities is from such a program. venue producing trips. Revenues generated through a subsidy to the elderly and handi- were less than ten percent of the total capped transportation user. This subsidy is User subsidies appear significantly less operating cost. For the site tested, econom- usually in the form of reduced ticket prices costly than alternative demand-respon- ic analyses indicated that even under the or fares on buses or in taxis which the bus sive systems. No capital outlay is re- most optimistic demand and revenue as- or taxi owner can later redeem at full fare quired. sumptions, a subsidy of $2 to $3 per pas- value. The concept is now being tested and senger trip would be required. Major factors demonstrated in Montgomery, Alabama; The approach appears well suited to affecting the deficit include the amount of Kinston, North Carolina; Danville, Illinois; small volume, scattered demand. time the broker must spend on outreach and Lawrence, Massachusetts. (Please see and scheduling functions and the impact of the chart.) The percentage of the total eligible popu- available transportation alternatives upon lation (65 years and over and the handi- the demand for community broker services. These cities represent a variety of popula- capped people) which register ranges be- tion sizes and transportation needs, and, tween 30 and 40 percent. Actual usage is consequently, the subsidies are tailored to much lower.

Ride-Sharing Paratransit Agency Study fit the specific conditions of the various cities. Assessing how well the user subsidy Administrative costs are manageable. This study is designed to determine the works under a variety of circumstances is Taxis are willing to absorb administrative feasibility of using a ride-sharing broker to one purpose of the demonstrations. Some burden without raising prices. stimulate the demand and supply of para- think a user subsidy will make transporta- transit services by consolidating trips that tion services more responsive to the needs The amount of shared-riding is minimal, are currently made by private auto. The of elderly and handicapped people than a despite the requirement that participat- study will result in a demonstration broker- direct subsidy to the service itself, and this ing taxis must offer this type of service. age project of social service transportation theory is being tested by the user subsidy which will begin in fiscal year 1978 and, demonstration program. Specific findings in Danville, the longest consequently, much of the groundwork for operating project, indicate that 2/5 of the the demonstration is being set through this Other objectives include evaluating the op- eligible population registered for the ser- project. The study, which is being conduct- erational and administrative feasibilities of vice. One-fifth of the eligible population use

74 inter-city carriers, taxi operations, and public and private transit operations. New tran- User Subsidy Demonstrations sit services will be initiated to augment existing facilities. Five transportation regions, ELDERLY & based on existing planning and develop- POPULA- HANDICAPPED HOW PROGRAM IS PERCENT CITY TION POPULATION TYPE OF SERVICE IS ADMINISTERED SUBSIDY ment councils, will be established.

Montgomery, 135,000 21,000 shared ride taxi; voucher 50 Within each region, a TRIP primary network Alabama local bus beginning fare-free in off-peak of conventional fixed-route bus service, util- periods 100 izing mini and mid-size vehicles, will be de- in 1978. veloped. The primary routes are to be established between small towns and outly- Lawrence, 66,915 14,700 shared-ride taxi subsidized tickets re- 50 ing points and the county or regional cen- Massachusetts bus deemed by taxi companies 33 ters. The base rate for fares will be 5$ per Kinston, 22,000 about 3,000 shared-ride taxi advance sale tickets 50 North Carolina

Danville, 42,600 7,500 shared-ride taxi voucher 75 then 50

the service during any one month. The prove public transportation services across mean use for all users is four trips per per- the state for all persons. Proposed as an in- son per month. Three fourths of those who novative solution to transportation needs, did not register for the project cited avail- the TRIP program is composed of a ticket ability of alternative transportation re- subsidy program and the development of a sources. During the first year the price to transportation network in pilot regions of the user averaged $0.31 per trip, out of an the state. average total fare per passenger trip of $1.16. The administrative cost per passen- The ticket subsidy program provides low in- ger trip was $0.18. come elderly and handicapped persons with an $8.00 (face value) transportation ticket book each month, while the actual cost to the user averages $1.18. TRIP tick- West Virginia TRIP Program ets can be used to purchase transportation from participating providers in the state. The Transportation Remuneration Incentive Program of West Virginia has two major ob- The other element of the TRIP program is jectives: to help meet the transportation the development of a multi-faceted state- The West Virginia TRIP Progam is Striving to Improve needs of the low income elderly and handi- wide network of primary and feeder trans- Transportation All Across the State for the General capped citizens; and to develop im- portation systems. The network will include and Public, as well as Elderly and Handicapped Riders.

75 mile. The TRIP feeder system, overlaid on the regional primary network, will consist of demand-routed minibuses (two equipped with wheelchair lifts) to take trip reservations on a long lead-time basis, for pick-up and drop-off in specified areas. Different areas will be served on particular days of the week.

Study of Inner-City Transportation

The objective of this study is to determine the travel desires and mobility needs of inner-city residents, and to develop appropriate transit operating services, techniques, institutional frameworks, and financial arrangements to satisfy those transportation needs and desires.

The major features of this project include a literature search of inner-city transportation experiences, data collection on the transportation characteristics of inner city residents, and an analysis of inner-city transportation deficiencies by trip purpose. Alternative inner-city transportation solutions will be developed including type of transportation services, financial plans, and institutional arrangements. Three demonstration concepts, representing the most promising alternatives, will be selected and developed into site-specific project designs. 1

Service for Special User Groups

PROGRAM1 it \_y vj n i vi TITli i i llE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTRACT

Research on the Transporta- NY-06-0054 $1,800,000 April 1976- Grey Advertising, Inc. Patricia Cass tic^n Prnhlomc of tho Tranc- liui i n uuici i lo ui 1 1 ic i i alio Jan. 1979 portation Handicapped

Expansion of a Transit Sys- CT-06-0003 $1,187,250 June 1971- Valley Transit District TSC & Cam- Lynn Sahaj tem for the Elderly and June 1977 (Connecticut); bridge 426-4984 Handicapped RRC International, Systematics, Inc., Inc. J. Ferrigno contrartnr 203-735-6824

Accessibility Programs

1 w n n Qaha i L_ValUdUUM Ul HLtcoolUlc rUM MA-06-0049 $ 275,000 Feb. 1977- 1 O v_/ i_y 1 1 1 1 Oal idj Size Bus Services (est.) Jan. 1980 426-4984

Total Accessibility Demon- FL-06-0015 $ 689,000 June 1977- Palm Beach County TSC & Multi- Lynn Sahaj stration, Palm Beach County Jan. 1980 Transportation systems, Inc. 426-4984 Florida Authority; J. Pippin 305-686-4555

Total Accessibility Demon- IL-06-0039 $ 502,404 July 1977- Champaign-Urbana TSC Larry Bruno stration, Champaign-Urbana, Sept. 1979 Mass Transit District, 494-4984

1 1 L William Vok 217-284-8188

An Elderly and Handicapped OR-06-0004 $ 916,768 June 1975- Tri-County Metropoli- TSC; Lynn Sahaj Service Approach for a June 1978 tan Transp., District Crain Assoc. 426-4984 Medium-Size City of Oregon

Coordinated Services

Elderly and Handicapped NJ-06-0008 $ 195,960 Mercer County, NJ, TSC Lynn Sahaj Social Service Coordination D. Chapman 426-4984 Demonstration 503-238-4379

77 ,

Service for Special User Groups

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ FVAIr_vnLUnNATIONI lull TFP.HNir.AI GRANTEE CONTRACT

Coordinated Services (Continued)

Coordinated Services for the IT-06-0154 $ 109,340 Oct. 1976- Tri-State Regional Larry Bruno Handicapped, New York City Oct. 1978 Planning Com.; City 426-4984

v Planninni i ct i 1 i 1 1 1 1 Comill. NYOi i — y *

1. Widawsky

Large City Demonstration IL-06-0033 $ 65,956 July 1975- City of Chicago, Lynn Sahaj Planning for the Mobility Nov. 1976 Dept. of Public Limited Works

Planning and Analysis for TX-06-0025 $ 79,306 Sept. 1977- City of Dallas, TSC Lynn Sahaj Special Service Transporta- Sept. 1978 J. Gonzalez 4^D-4yo4 tion Coordination 214-741-5851

Coordination of Human MA-06-0078 $ 40,000 March 1977- Brockton Area TSC Larry Bruno Service Transportation July 1977 Transit, 426-4984 M. Padnos

Vera Institute Experimental NY-06-0053 $ 175,000 Jan. 1977 Vera Institute of TSC, Lynn Sahaj Transportation for the Elderly Dec. 1978 Justice, ARI, Inc. 426-4984

and Disabled C\j, HanaY lay a 212-986-6910

Community Broker Transpor- CA-06-0002 $ 152,675 July 1975- Stanford Un., Dept. TSC, Ronald Fisher tation Service for the Elderly (UMTA&HUD) Feb. 1977 of Engineering-Econo- Crain & Assoc. 426-4995 metric Systems

Ride-Sharing Paratransit PA-06-0035 $ 139,980 May 1976- Carnegie-Mellon James Bautz Agency Study Dec. 1978 University, 426-4984 A. Blumstein 412-578-2175

78 j

Service for Special User Groups

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTRACT

User Subsidies

Tor o User-Side Subsidy IL-06-0034 $ 977,000 June 1975- City of Danville, IL prain Lyllll OUIldJ Demonstration July 1979 Associates 426-4984 (contractor)

User-Side Subsidy for the AL-06-0003 $ 965,449 Nov. 1976- City of Montgomery, TSC Lynn Sahaj Elderly and Handicapped April 1979 AL 426-4984

User Subsidy for the Elderly MA-06-0076 $ 422,061 Oct. 1976- City of Lawrence, MA TCP Z Pharloc Lynn odiidj River Assoc. 426-4984 (contractor)

User Subsidy for the Elderly NC-06-0063 $ 213,529 May 1977- City of Kinston, NC TSC & Charles Lynn Sahaj and Handicapped May 1979 River Assoc. 426-4984 (contractor) Other Projects

o TCp Hrain 1 unn Qahai West Virginia TRIP Program WV-06-0008 $ 720,000 Aug. 1976- West Virginia Dept. 1 OO (X VI a 1 1 1 i_y 1 1 1 1 oca 1 1 d Aug. 1977 of Welfare Associates 426-4984 (contractor)

Study of Inner City IT-06-0153 $ 150,000 Feb. 1976- Transportation TSC Larry Bruno Transportation Aug. 1976 Assistance, Inc. 426-4984

79 Bibliography Service and Methods Demonstration Program Annual Handicapped and Elderly Vertical Movement Reports— Assessment Study— Proj. MA-06-0049 Proj. MA-06-0047 This list of reports contains those pub- Transportation Systems Center Transportation Systems Center lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- November, 1975 — PB 251-325/AS February, 1976 — PB 252-51 6/AS able. Others are being published continual- April, 1977 — PB 270-673 Fort Berthold Indian Reservation Bus Demonstration ly, including the majority of those projects Evaluation Guidelines for Service and Methods Project— reported in this volume. Call or write the Demonstation Projects— Proj. ND-06-0001 Technical Contact person listed after the Proj. MA-06-0049 Crain & Associates Transportation Systems Center and CACI, Inc. January, 1975 — PB 245-21 1/AS project of interest to you to inquire for February, 1976 — PB 251-891/AS other reports to which he might refer you. Lincoln Experimental Transportation Demonstration Incidence Rates and Travel Characteristics of the Project- Transportation Handicapped in Portland, Oregon- Final Evaluation Report The two numbers shown with most entries Final Report Proj. NE-06-0002 are; first, the project number, and second, Proj. OR-06-0004 Applied Planning and Management & Associates the National Technical Information Service Crain Associates October, 1975 — PB 248-735/AS April, 1977 — PB 269-859 (NTIS) document number. City of Cleveland Neighborhood Elderly Transportation TRI-MET: Automated Fare Billing System— (N.E.T.) Project- Order blanks are included in the Appendix Proj. OR-06-0004 Quarterly Report The MITRE Corporation/METREK Division Proj. OH-06-0018 for your convenience. December, 1977 — PB 275-661/AS City of Cleveland March-May, 1975 — PB 248-903/AS Transportation Problems of the Transportation Handicapped— City of Cleveland Neighborhood Elderly Transportation Study of the Transportation Problems of the Proj. CA-06-0092 Project - Dial-A-Bus— Transportation Handicapped - Off-Peak Half-Fare Crain and Associates Interim Report Study- August, 1976 Proj. OH-06-0018 Inventory Report Volume I: The Transportation Handicapped Population City of Cleveland Proj. NY-06-0054 Definition and Counts — PB 258-579/AS January, 1976 — PB 253-237/AS July, 1976 — PB 268-867/AS II: Private Volume The Roles of Government and the Cleveland Neighborhood Elderly Transportation Study of the Transportation Problems of the Sector in the Provision of Mobility Systems for the Demonstration Project- - Transportation — 258-580/AS Transportation Handicapped Off-Peak Half-Fare Handicapped PB Final Report Volume III: Alternative Planning Methodologies — Study- Proj. OH-06-0018 258-581 /AS Ten Case Studies PB Crain & Associates Proj. NY-06-0054 Volume IV: Transportation Solutions for the April, 1977 — PB 269-860 Grey Advertising, Inc. Handicapped — PB 258-582/AS October, 1976 — PB 263-868/AS Cranston Transvan— Coordinating Transportation for the Elderly and Proj. RI-06-0006 Valley Transit District: Operations, Fare System Handicapped - A State of the Art Report — Duffy & Shanley, Inc. and Vehicle Design— Proj. DC-06-0106 February, 1975 — PB 244-639/AS Proj. CT-06-0003 The Institute of Public Administration RRC International, Inc. November, 1976 — PB 265-079/AS September, 1975 — PB 252-668/AS Special Transportation Services for the Elderly and

Proceedings: TSC Workshop on Attitudinal Surveys Handicapped Demonstration Project - Baton Rouge, for Transportation Planning and Evaluation— Louisiana— Proj. MA-06-0049 Proj. LA-06-0001 Transportation Systems Center CACI, Inc. November, 1975 — PB 248-898/AS November, 1976 — PB 263-904/AS

80 Service and Methods Demonstrations CHAPTER 9 FARE AND PRICING POLICIES

TRANSIT FARE AND SERVICE INNOVATIONS STUDIES FARE PREPAYMENT FARE-FREE TRANSIT TRANSFER POLICY AND COST STUDY ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT

FARE-FREE DEMONSTRATION • FARE PREPAYMENT Distribution of Fare-Free and Fare Prepayment Demonstrations

81 Adjusting fares and providing special ser- transit pricing and service policies and the Prepayment With Reduced Fare vice options are two ways transportation relative cost-effectiveness of low fares as a Promotion planners can increase public transportation ridership stimulant. A report presenting ridership. UMTA is demonstrating a number case studies of the recent experience of 35 UMTA is demonstrating several different of special fare plans to determine their ef- transit agencies operating low-fare or fare- prepayment programs. (Please see the fect on the number of people using public free services has also been developed. chart.) In Austin, Texas and Phoenix, Ari- transportation and to provide better service zona, transit fare prepayment is being pro-

"»: - 'i! [people. 1 hese plans include fare Another outgrowth of the study is the fare- moted through a reduced fare plan. In Aus prepayment, subscription bus service, and free, off-peak experiment in Trenton, NJ tin, discounts of twenty and forty percent even fare-free transit service. which will begin a one-year operation in are being offered during 2 one-month sale 1978 and is discussed next. periods. At the same time, the number of sales outlets is being expanded and a mar Overall the program tried to assess many of keting campaign is being conducted to in- Transit Fare and Service Innovations the factors that affect ridership including crease awareness of the transit system and Studies reduced fares, expanded service hours, encourage experimentation with the dis- shortened headways, greater marketing and counted transit fare prepayment plans. Underlying much of the work done in the promotion, and expanded seating capacity. transit fare prepayment field was a study These and other factors were balanced Austin conducted its first advance sale of completed early in the fiscal year. The Tran- against the costs associated with these discounted tickets in October 1977. Dis- sit Fare and Service Innovations project de- changes so that transit operators can as- counts of about forty percent were offered veloped the transit fare prepayment and re- sess the relative cost-effectiveness of dif- on monthly passes and twenty-trip punch duced price promotion campaigns which ferent policy options for increasing patron- cards. Sales of the prepaid tickets that are now being tested in Austin, Texas and age. month were almost four times what they Phoenix, Arizona. The study also did much had been in the previous, non-discount of the groundwork for the fare-prepayment- month. Now Austin is analyzing the data to through-employers concept that is being see if the discount promotion increased demonstrated in Sacramento and Jackson- FARE PREPAYMENT PROGRAMS ridership. The second discount sale, offer- ville. ing a twenty percent discount, is scheduled Fare prepayment offers a number of advan- for February 1978. In the spring of 1977, the Urban Institute tages both to the passenger and to the assisted UMTA in soliciting local commu- operator of a public transportation system. Phoenix, a rapidly growing, low-density, nities for their interest in participating in It is easier, for example, for the passenger auto-oriented urban area is also beginning the pricing demonstration program. About not to have to hunt for change; the extra to experiment with the reduced price pro- 70 cities submitted statements of interest. convenience might encourage the regular motion in the sale of monthly passes, These responses will be used to develop rider to use public transit more often and twenty-trip punch cards, and a ten-trip, tear- program plans and assist in budget re- provide an incentive to people who do not off ticket. Although the first reduced-price quests for future funding for fare-free tran- usually travel by public transportation. Pre- tickets will not go on sale until February of sit and other fare and service innovations. payment also gives the transit operator a 1978, Phoenix worked hard last year to plan cash flow advantage and even a better pub- and aeveiop a marKeting campaign. The city This project has prepared two documents lic image as a modern, efficient business subcontracted with a data collection firm on the current understanding of general using up-to-date marketing techniques. and received technical assistance in the

82 tion of the present services. The existing transit system in the area consists of 53 Transit Fare Prepayment Programs routes covering 840 square miles and serving people on POPULATION 50,000 an average weekday. CITY AFFECTED HOW OFFERED VARIETIES OFFERED The major work on this project includes the preparation for the data collection and con- Austin, Texas general population reduced price promotion for 1 unlimited monthly passes one month periods: and 20-trip punch card tacting employers. Later, surveys will be tak- Oct. 1977 - 40% unlimited commuter pass en of the employees of various companies Mar. 1978 - 20% unlimited off-peak shopper and finally passes will be distributed with pass an emphasis on a payroll deduction plan. Data on travel behavior and on any operat- Phoenix, Arizona general population reduced price promotion for 2 20-trip punch card ing information will be collected by the one-month periods: 10-trip tear-off ticket Jacksonville Transportation Authority. Feb. 1978 - 20% unlimited monthly pass

Oct. 1978 - 40%

Sacramento, employees of parti- through employers with 1 monthly passes Fare-Free Transit Service

California cipating firms month price promotion - a 25% discount Another way that UMTA is attempting to increase ridership in the public transit is to Jacksonville, employees of parti- through employers; 1 month monthly commuter pass offer fare-free transit service in off-peak Florida cipating firms price promotion at 50% unlimited weekly pass discount single-ride tickets hours. In Trenton, NJ where this concept annual pass will be demonstrated beginning in March 1978, a half-fare program is already in effect from 10 AM to 2 PM and after 6 PM Monday through Saturday and all day Sun- day and holidays. Senior citizens ride at preparation of survey instruments so that it the development of a stronger relationship half-fare for a slightly longer time period. In can evaluate the results of the reduced between the transit agency and the busi- most cases the fare will be reduced from price promotion in transit fare prepayment ness community. Much of the work of the fifteen cents to no fare. sales. project is to gain the support of a large number of Sacramento area employers and During 1977, data were collected on'the ex- then evaluating the results of the joint ven- isting fare structure and the New Jersey Prepayment Through Employers ture as well as any problems that may de- Department of Transportation will begin velop. testing the impact of the fare-free system In Sacramento, California, UMTA is testing even before the completion of the demon- the sale of monthly transit passes through Jacksonville, Florida employers are also stration. The hypothesized impacts are in- employers. It is hoped that by making the selling prepaid transit passes. A one-month ceased use of transit by those who might passes more easily available to a greater discount will be offered. The intent in Jack- not otherwise have traveled and those who number of people, transit ridership will be sonville is to increase ridership on the ex- would have used another way to travel, in- increased. An additional benefit could be isting bus service without major modifica- cluding those who would have walked;

83 shifts to off-peak travel periods; decreases and attitudes towards transportation im- thereby designating the range of applica- in average trip length; decreases in board- provements and demonstrations. The study tions in which these procedures are useful. ing times; and increased activity in the cen- will have two final products. The first is a ters being served. To the extent that these manual describing attitude measurement impacts are or are not observed this dem- techniques for transportation planning and onstration will serve as a planning guide evaluation with enough information so that for fare-free projects in other areas of the people unskilled in social science tech- country. niques could conduct attitudinal evaluations. The second is a technical report on the validity of attitude measurement tech- Transfer Policy and Cost Study niques based on integration of information from a literature search, field experience, Transit agencies across the country use a and analyses. wide variety of transfer strategies and charges. This study is examining the rea- In order to develop these two final prod- sons for implementation of the chosen ucts, an interview literature search report transfer policies in the various areas, the has been prepared which documents the advantages and disadvantages of the var- range of current applications of attitude ious policies, the rationale for selecting measurement techniques with a transporta- transfer charges, and the impacts on rider- tion focus and suggests attitude research ship and revenues and some alternatives areas with potential transportation appli- such as routing, passes, and route simplifi- cability. Additionally a second interim re- cation among others. port has been prepared which is a plan for a multi-stage, non-site specific field data Data will be assembled from published re- collection and analysis of attitudes and ports, contacts with government agencies travel behavior. Guided by these two re- and industrial associations, and case stud- ports, this study began acquiring attitudinal ies of selected transit agencies. This proj- data from on-going Service and Methods ect will also produce a report on current Demonstation site evaluations. It is ex- practices and analyses of experiences with pected that in 1978 additional data will be different transfer policies and charges. A acquired and that the several sets will be planning manual will be written offering extensively analyzed. guidelines on the cost-benefit factors, impacts and implementation issues resulting This study will have a two-fold impact. It from any transfer policy chosen. will recommend to transportation planners and systems operators specific attitudinal Attitude Measurement Techniques for measurement techniques which can be Transportation Planning and Evaluation used to evaluate reponses to planned or implemented transportation innovations, and

This study is developing better analytical it also will validate the methodological techniques for measuring public responses bases of attitude measurement techniques,

84 Fare and Pricing Policies

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTRACT

Transit Fare and Service DC-06-0120 July 1975- The Urban Institute Bert Arrillega Innovations Studies *OlCO i U.O^Ory ooc MayII.,, 1977-4 C\~7~7 4^b-4yo4a oc a no a

Fare Prepayment

Transit Fare Prepayment MD-06-0031 $ 64,133 August 1977- Ecosometrics Inc. Ecosometrics Bert Arrillega Oct. 1978 (contractor) TSC Inc. (contractor); 426-4984 TSC

Transit Fare Prepayment TX-06-0021 $ 82,022 May 1977- City of Austin, TX TSC & Crain Bert Arrillega with Reduced Price Promotion July 1978 Associates 426-4984 (contractor)

Transit Fare Prepayment AZ-06-0002 $159,471 July 1977- City of Phoenix, AZ TSC & Crain Bert Arrillega with Reduced Price Promotion Jan. 1979 Associates 426-4984 (contractor)

Transit Fare Prepayment CA-06-0102 $101,800 May 1977- Sacramento Regional TSC & SYSTAN Bert Arrillega Through Employers Nov. 1978 Transit Inc. (contractor) 426-4984

Demonstration of Various FL-06-0016 $148,000 Sept. 1977- Jacksonville TSC Bert Arrillega Transit Fare Prepayment March 1979 Transp. Auth. 426-4984 Instruments Through Employers

Fare-Free Off-Peak Transit NJ-52-0001 $500,026 Nov. 1977- NJ Dept. of TSC & DeLeuw Bert Arrillega Service Oct. 1979 Transportation Cather 426-4984 (contractor)

Transfer Policy and MA-06-0049 $ 50,000 Nov. 1977- TSC & Charles Bert Arrillega Cost Study Nov. 1978 River Assoc. 426-4984 (contractors)

Attitude Measurement Tech- DOT-TSC- $177,456 july 1976- Abt Assoc. Inc., Vincent Milione niques for Transportation 1168 July 1978 TSC 426-4984 Planning and Evaluation

85 Bibliography

This list of reports contains those pub- Transit Fare Prepayment— lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- Proj. MA-06-0049 The Huron River Group, Inc. able. Others are being published continual- August, 1976 — PB 265-227/AS ly, including the majority of those projects reported in this volume. Call or write the Service and Methods Demonstration Program Annual Technical Contact person listed after the Report-

Pro j. MA-06-0049 project of interest to you to inquire for Transportation Systems Center other reports to which he might refer you. November, 1975 — PB 251-325/AS April, 1977 — PB 270-673 The two numbers shown with most entries are; first, the project number, and second, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) document number.

Order blanks are included in the Appendix for your convenience.

The Consequences of Transit Fare and Service

Policies - A Classified Bibliography— Proj. DC-06-0120 The Urban Institute April, 1976 — PB 253-101/AS

Low Fare and Fare-Free Transit: Some Recent Application by U.S. Transit Systems- Interim Report Proj. DC-52-0002 The Urban Institute February, 1977 — PB 271-077

The San Diego Transit Corporation: The Impact of Fare and Service Changes on Ridership and Deficits, 1972-1975— Proj. DC-52-0002 The Urban Institute May, 1977 — PB 275-009/AS

The San Diego Transit Study Data Base: Reference Manual — Proj. DC-52-0002 The Urban Institute June, 1977 — PB 275-010/AS

86 Service and Methods Demonstrations CHAPTER 10 CONVENTIONAL TRANSIT SERVICE INNOVATIONS

87 The Conventional Transit Service Innova- Between August 1974 and February 1976, lanes. In addition, the Southern California tions are intended to provide more efficient five different bus operating techniques Rapid Transit District (SCRTD) and the San-

transit service and to promote transit rider- were tested on NW 7th Avenue and are il- ta Monica Municipal Bus Lines (SMMBL) ship in lieu of auto travel. By encouraging lustrated with their average travel times in operated 11 new bus routes between the more people to leave their automobiles at the accompanying table. west side of Los Angeles and Santa Mon- home and use public transportation, scarce ica, and the Los Angeles Central Business energy resources will be conserved, new Express bus operations moved from N.W. District (CBD). Three of these routes were and costly facilities for the automobile will 7th Avenue to the exclusive lanes on I-95 in from three newly established park-and-ride not have to be built, and the urban environ- March 1976. Bus ridership has increased lots on the west side of Los Angeles and ment will be improved. slightly since the changeover, from around Santa Monica which could accommodate 1600 daily passengers in the fall to over up to 1,300 automobiles. 1750 passengers in September 1976. PRIORITY TREATMENTS FOR TRANSIT Preferential treatment began on March 15, AND OTHER HIGH-OCCUPANCY 1976. On April 9, a lawsuit against the pre- VEHICLES Santa Monica Freeway Concurrent ferential lane treatment was filed, claiming Flow, Reserved Bus, and Carpool Lane - that the sponsors had failed to prepare en- Los Angeles, California vironmental impact statements. On August 9, the U.S. District Court ruled that an en- Miami l-95/Northwest 7th Avenue Bus- This project investigated the feasibility of vironmental impact report must be filed un- Carpool Priority System reserving a concurrent flow freeway lane der both national and state environmental for the exclusive use of buses and other laws. As a result the lane restrictions were This two-phase project demonstrates a bus high-occupancy vehicles such as carpools. cancelled after 21 weeks of operation. and carpool priority system in the Miami Besides reducing travel time for present area. In Phase I, which was completed in transit and carpool travelers, the project During the last seven weeks of the project, February 1976, express commuter bus ser- was designed to improve the schedule reli- the freeway carried 1.8% fewer people in vice was operated under four different com- ability of the bus service and to increase 10.1% fewer automobiles. The number of binations of mixed mode or reserved lane transit productivity by more efficient use of carpools increased by 65% and bus rider- and signal preemption. Under Phase II, two buses with higher occupancies in uncon- ship more than tripled. Carpool speeds lanes were added to the adjacent I-95 free- gested lanes. were both faster and more consistent than way and are reserved for buses and car- before the demonstration. Freeway acci- pools for about 10 miles to and from down- Under this project, the lanes next to the dents were 2.5 times the preproject aver- town Miami. Additional bus service was median shoulders in both directions of a age. Freeway speeds for non-carpoolers added in the corridor to test the extent to 12.6 mile length of the Santa Monica Free- were both slower and less predictable and which this type of bus preference will en- way (1-10) were reserved for buses and high- delays at many of the metered ramps in- courage both carpool formation and a occupancy vehicles (3 or more persons) creased. modal shift to buses. Express bus service during seven peak hours. Access to and is running from the Golden Glades Inter- egress from the reserved lanes was ac- The media and public opinion however change park-ride lots to the Miami central complished by weaving across the unre- were opposed to the taking of a lane for business district, airport, and Civic Center. served lanes to or from the normal entry high-occupancy vehicle use but favored and exit ramps. Ramp meters were used to ramp metering and increased bus service. limit the congestion in the unreserved Eighty-six percent of the corridor drivers

88 surveyed, including the majority of carpoolers, felt that the Diamond Lanes were either harmful or of no benefit whatsoever.

Corridor Improvements in Houston, Texas

This project is being implemented by the city of Houston as one of a number of improvements in the city's transportation system. These improvements are being funded from a variety of sources including the UM- TA demonstration program, capital grant program and Section 5 operating funds; Fe- deral Highway Administration programs and State and local funds.

These funds are also supporting an equipment acquisition program to refurbish and update the bus fleet, the development of new transit facilities, a carpooling program, a downtown circulation system, and an express bus service. The program of corridor improvements funded through this demonstration is being closely coordinated with Transit Malls Retain Roadways for Public Transit Vehicles While Providing Expanded Areas for Pedestrian Use. Above is Chestnut Mall in Philadelphia. other elements of the program funded by FHWA, State, and local funds.

The North Freeway contraflow lane is scription service has been started for hand- downtown areas more attractive and con- scheduled to begin operation in the fall of icapped and elderly riders. venient for shoppers, more competitive with 1978. A park-and-ride lot capable of accom- the suburban shopping malls, and, at the modating 750 automobiles and generating same time, made transit easier in the us- 26 to 30 bus trips per peak period is plan- TRANSIT MALLS ually auto-congested downtown areas. ned for the facility. Feasibility studies are Transit malls have become increasingly underway for the implementation of transit A transit mall is a street which has been popular in the United States and at least preferential treatment along the Katy and improved for pedestrian use, but retains a three are now operational in major centers Southwest Freeways. Planning for a major roadway for transit vehicles integrated with and many more are planned or are under park-and-ride program along five freeways the city-wide or regional transit system. construction. has begun. A demand-responsive and sub- These malls in many cases have made

89 Transit Mall Study Broadway Plaza Transit Mall INNOVATION STUDIES

Simulation for Traffic Management

In this study the feasibility and cost-effec- Times Square, among the most famous and Analyses tiveness of transit malls are being eval- busiest urban areas in the U.S., is the site uated based on the experience and plans of of this proposed transit mall, pedestrian Projects involving priority treatment for several cities. The cities being studied are plaza, transit-priority street demonstration transit and other high occupancy vehicles Madison, Wl; Minneapolis, MN: Philadel- project. Broadway, an anomalous link in must consider their effect on the other traf- phia, PA; Portland, OR; Denver, CO; New Manhattan's grid street pattern, will be re- fic on the roadways. Techniques are need- York, NY; and St. Louis, MO. designed for the improvement of transit ed that increase the people moving value of service and for more socially and environ- the roadway without causing inconvenience mentally desirable pedestrian purposes. to low-occupancy users beyond some toler- Transit malls are generally planned as part ance level. Computer simulation of priority of of redevelopment, schemes can improve their chances of suc- a scheme downtown The redesign of Broadway into Broadway often including transit improvements focus- cess by predicting their behavior before ac- Plaza will include complete street closings, ing on the mall, auto restrictions, and park- tual implementation in time to modify them progressive sidewalk widenings and a tran- before possible adverse public reaction is ing modifications. Major issues regarding sitway on Broadway between 59th and 45th triggered or large capital investments are transit malls include the environmental, Streets. As streets are closed and private made. aesthetic, and safety problems of mixing vehicles diverted, an open pedestrian plaza transit and pedestrian uses, the best physi- will be created, free of all but emergency cal designs for transit operations, the ef- vehicles and a transitway approaching and A computer model, STRAP (Simulation of fects on automobile traffic, and the eco- abutting the plaza. nomic impacts on businesses located on or Traffic for Analysis and Planning), was de- near the mall. veloped to evaluate control strategies prior Several benefits will be realized through the to field demonstration. Performance mea- development of the Plaza and the transit sures are computed for each street, bus and paratransit facilities. People coming in- stop, and bus route, as well as the entire The evaluation relates the cost-effective- to and moving through the area will be di- network, from trajectories generated for ness of the projects to explanatory factors rectly served by the transit and paratransit each car, truck, and bus moving through in order to give guidance in the planning (mostly taxi) passenger loading areas at the the urban grid or freeway corridor. Bus ta- and design of future malls. Results are be- Plaza. A Transit Information Center, with a jectories can be shown by computer in gra- ing examined against the following objec- coordinated transit graphics system will phic form. tives of transit malls; improving transit ser- serve to make the Plaza a center for transit vice; increasing efficiency of transit oper- service and attract new patrons to the tran- STRAP and its predecessor SCOT have ations; encouraging transit ridership; dis- sit system. Tourists will especially benefit. been used to model reserved lane bus ser- couraging auto use; reducing conflicts The market for shops, services, and other vice in the Minneapolis, MN, CBD, and among autos, transit, pedestrians, and business in the district will expand due to predicted little change in resulting trip trucks; creating or improving an environ- the pedestrian Plaza. The efficiency of all times. This was confirmed when the re- ment for pedestrian and street activity; and the transportation systems in the area will served lanes were subsequently installed promoting economic growth and activity. be increased. although most bus riders did perceive a

90 faster, smoother trip. Fixed time traffic sig- cies in demand models used for travel fore- through the use of parking restrictions, bar- nal progressions and a control strategy that casting. riers to through traffic, or prohibition of all preempts a fixed-time control in favor of ap- automobile traffic. proaching buses have also been simulated Transit operators typically have a different and benefits compared. Studies to deter- view of service reliability than users, one A multi-user vehicle system can be des- mine to what extent re-routing of general that is related to schedule adherence rather cribed as a user-operated taxi in which traffic can reduce the adverse impact of than predictability of arrival. Thus, transit automobiles, electric autos, electric golf bus priority on it is underway. operators, in attempting to operate a cost- carts, bicycles and motor scooters, for ex- efficient service often do not account for ample, can be used to transport people Transit Reliability Study the variation in the needs of travelers. within a specific area. The type of system to be used depends on the number and lo- of transit reliability both Studies have shown that reliable transit The importance to cation of access points and the types of travelers and operators indicates the need service is even more important to travelers trips permitted; there may be one of several to identify and develop meaningful mea- than mean travel time and travel cost. Ser- specified terminals where users pick up sures of transit reliability. Different mea- off vice reliability is crucial in both demand and drop vehicles or alternately they sures are recommended for degrees of se- and the cost of providing service and thus may be picked up and left at curbside any- verity of the reliability problem. has a major impact on ridership and reve- where throughout the service area (called ubiquitous access). nues. Simply, fewer people will use unreli- Several causes of unreliability and strate- able service and will use other more reli- gies for improving reliability have been This project included analyses of auto res- able forms of transportation, if available, identified. Causes are primarily related to tricted zones and multi-user vehicles plus even if the other forms cost more. the configuration of the physical network, an analysis of the multi-user vehicle system congestion effects, and the system con- operating within an restricted zone. An in-depth analytical study is being con- auto initial deviation occurred ducted on service reliability and travel be- cept. Once an has The multi-user vehicle system concept was the havior, reliability from the transit operator's the problem becomes magnified as bus not found to be feasible from a cost/benefit further the route, resulting perspective, measures of reliability, causes proceeds down and operational standpoint and is, there- in bunching. Priority, control, and operating of poor reliability, strategies to improve re- fore, no longer being considered. have identified to treat dif- liability, and future studies needed to gain strategies been ferent of the reliability problem. a better understanding of the impact of re- aspects The following tasks were performed: analy- liability on travel operations and behavior. sis of the factors that help or hinder imple- Auto-Restricted Zone, Multi-User mentation and operation of these innova- An important finding of this study is that Vehicle Systems Study tions; and development of site selection cri- reliability is likely to be an important deter- teria and selection of potential demonstra- minant of both mode choice and trip de- Auto-restricted zones are areas in con- tion sites for auto-restricted zones. Auto- parture times behavior. In addition, it ap- gested portions of cities, such as the cen- restricted zone demonstration designs have pears i that traveler behavior is based on the tral business or shopping districts, where been completed for Boston, MA; Provi- user's preference for travel speed and reli- auto traffic is prohibited or restricted. A dence, Rl; Memphis, TN; and New York, NY. ability. This implies that failure to treat the zone may range in size from a few blocks During 1978 and 1979 UMTA will provide fi-

• variability of service attributes in demand along adjacent streets to large portions of nancial support for the implementation of model formulation will result in deficien- major activity centers and can be created auto-restricted zones at these sites.

91 was boarding time per passenger. Passen- ger reaction was overwhelmingly positive.

New York City Waterborne Mass Transportation

The use of the nation's waterways, particularly to transport commuters, could serve to reduce the pressures on existing highways and mass transit facilities. This waterborne demonstration project will determine consumer and general community acceptance of such service in the New York City area. In addition, information will be provided on the economics of the service, operational problems, and recommendations for improvements in the design of the craft.

Double-Deck Bus Service Was Enthusiastically Received by the Public in Los Angeles and New York Where it was Demonstrated. Three high speed Hovercraft-type vessels will be used to provide a variety of services. VEHICLE INNOVATIONS ial service with heavy ridership, frequent These services include: boarding and exiting, and relatively short spacing between stops. In Los Angeles, the Night Ferry Service — The substitution Double-Deck Bus Project buses were used in express service with of smaller high-speed vessels for large high average speeds, infrequent stops and ferries will substantially reduce operating The Double-Deck Bus Project demonstrated a high level of passenger amenities in com- costs for the City. the UMTA objective of increased transit ve- muter and special service on the El Monte hicle productivity. This project was de- Busway and Los Angeles area freeways. Peak Period Commuter Service — The signed to evaluate double-deck buses oper- demonstation will provide service be- ating in daily revenue service in terms of The project was hampered and delayed by tween several locations and Manhattan. public acceptance, rider safety, economic problems related to the purchase of foreign and service benefits. The project involved vehicles. The problems caused by the pro- Airport Service — Mid-day service will be the purchase and operation of contempor- totypical nature of the vehicles have been furnished between Manhattan and La ary double-deck buses, eight in New York solved, and it does not appear that repair Guardia Airport. City and two in Los Angeles. and maintenance costs and reliability will differ significantly between bus types. Recreational Service — Summertime ser- Two types of service were demonstrated. In Operating costs for the double-deck and vice between several recreation areas in New York the buses were operated in arter- conventional bus were nearly the same, as New York and New Jersey is planned.

92 Conventional Transit Service Innovations

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTRACT

Priority Treatments

Miami l/95-Northwest 7th Ave. FL-06-0006 UMTA R&D Jan. 1972- Florida DOT, Metropolitan Joseph Goodman Bus-Carpool Priority System $1,407,000 Dec. 1976 R. Lassiter Dade Co. 426-4984 UMTA other 904-488-1586 Transit Auth- $1,400,000 ority; Univ. FHWA of Florida $13,176,000 Local $2,030,000

Santa Monica Freeway CA-06-0083 UMTA June 1975- Southern Calif.' TSC Joseph Goodman Concurrent Flow Reserved CA-06-0086 $927,800 June 1977 Rapid Transit District, 426-4984

Bus and Carpool Lane - LA, FHWA G. McDonald California $137,000 213-972-6990 Local Subcontractors $2,300,000 SYSTAN, Inc.; CA DOT; Santa Monica Muni- cipal Bus Lines

Corridor Improvements in TX-06-0018 $680,396 July 1975- City of Houston, TX; TSC; Multisys- Marvin Futrell Houston, Texas June 1977 Multisystems, Inc., ems, Inc. (con- 426-4984 R. Taube tractor) 713-222-5541

Transit Malls

Broadway Plaza Transit Mall NY-06-0056 $500,000 Administration & Man- TSC Joseph Goodman agement Research 426-4984 Associates of New York, Inc. (AMRA)

Transit Mall Study DOT-TSC- $111,000 April 1976- TSC; Crain Assoc., Howard Simkowitz 0181 July 1977 R. Flahive 617-494-2552 212-233-7954

93 Conventional Transit Service Innovations

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Innovation Studies

Simulation for Traffic MA-06-0049 $450,000 May 1974- TSC Joseph Goodman Management Analyses Sept. 1978 426-4984

Transit Reliability Study MA-06-0049 $ 75,000 May 1976- TSC, Multisystems, Joseph Goodman April 1978 Inc. 426-4984

Auto Restricted Zone/Multi- VA-06-0042 $600,000 July 1975- Alan M. Voorhees & Joseph Goodman User Vehicle Systems Study June 1977 Associates, 426-4984 Moore-Heder, Cambridge System- atics, Inc. (subcontractors) Vehicle Innovations

Double Deck Bus CA-06-0069 LA June 1974- S. Calif. Rapid TSC, NY-06-0044 $334,375 June 1977 Transit District, NY CACI, Inc. NY Metropolitan Transit (contractor) $415,984 Authority

New York City Waterborne NY-06-0055 $995,000 Sept. 1976- Tri-State Regional TSC James Bautz Mass Transportation Sept. 1978 Planning Comm. 426-4984

94 — — — — —

Bibliography Urban Goods Movement Demonstration Project Design — Proj. IL-06-0030 This list of reports contains those pub- AT. Kearney, Inc. and Alan M. Voorhees & Assoc., Inc. lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- December, 1975 — PB 249-318 SET able. Others are being published continual- Urban Goods Movement Demonstration Project ly, including the majority of those projects I — Design Phases and II reported in this volume. Call or write the Executive Summary Technical Contact person listed after the Proj. IL-06-0030 proj.ect of interest to you to inquire for AT. Kearney, Inc. May, 1976 — PB 254-854/AS other reports to which he might refer you. The Shirley Highway Express Bus-on-Freeway Demonstration Project/A Study of Park-and-Ride— The two numbers shown with most entries Proj. IT-06-0024 are; first, the project number, and second, National Bureau of Standards the National Technical Information Service March, 1975 — PB 253-1 23/AS (NTIS) document number. The Operation and Management of the Shirley Highway Express Bus-on-Freeway Demonstration Order blanks are included in the Appendix Project for your convenience. Final Report Proj. IT-06-0024 The Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Service and Methods Demonstration Program September, 1976 — PB 260-540/AS Annual Report— Unconditionally Preemptive Bus Priority System: Proj. MA-06-0049 Summary of Simulation Results Transportation Systems Center Proj. VA-06-0026 November, 1975 — PB 251-325/AS The MITRE Corporation April, 1977 — PB 270-673 July, 1975 — PB 247-976/AS Streets for Pedestrians and Transit: Examples of Simplified Estimators for Benefit Assessment of Transit Malls in the United States- Bus Priority Systems — - Final Report Phase I Proj. VA-06-0026 Proj. MA-06-0049 Crain & Associates The MITRE Corporation August, 1977 — PB 278-487/AS August, 1975 — PB 247-795/AS Priority Systems: Simulation and Analysis Final Report for the I-35W Urban Corridor Bus Proj. VA-06-0026 Demonstration Project The MITRE Corporation Proj. DC-06-0062 February, 1976 — PB 251-246/AS Metropolitan Council, St. Paul, MN August, 1975 — PB 247-663/AS Overview of Experimental Bus Priority Systems— Proj. VA-06-0027 The Evaluation of the Shirley Highway Express-Bus- The MITRE Corporation on-Freeway Demonstration Project March, 1975 — PB 247-742/AS Final Report Proj. DC-06-0110 National Bureau of Standards August, 1975 — PB 247-637/AS

95 Service and Methods Demonstrations CHAPTER 11 PARATRANSIT

PARATRANSIT INNOVATIONS INTEGRATED PARATRANSIT FIXED-ROUTE SYSTEMS COMMUNITY BASED TRANSIT SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE DEMONSTRATION VANPOOLS SUBSCRIPTION BUS SHARED RIDE AUTO FEASIBILITY JITNEY OPERATIONS

A INTEGRATED PARATRANSIT TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE • VANPOOLS

Distribution of Paratransit Demonstrations

96 With greater public concern about air pollu feeder services to line-haul transit, and jit- part of this project. In this evaluation, ser- tion, traffic congestion, energy consump- ney service. Since considerable uncertainty vice quality is being monitored and rider- tion, and handicapped citizens, policy- exists about the benefits and potential dif- ship response to the feeder service in dif- makers have been looking more closely at ficulties of implementing these types of ferent socio-economic sub-areas is being the potential offered by paratransit ser- services, they are unlikely to be considered examined. vices. These services are all those that fall by policy-makers, planners, or regulators between the private automobile and fixed- until their potential is much better under- route, scheduled transit such as bus, trol- stood. ley, and rapid rail service. In other words, INTEGRATED PARATRANSIT— FIXED the term, paratransit, refers to taxicabs, Two comprehensive reports on home-to- ROUTE SYSTEMS jitneys, carpools, vanpools, subscription work travel describing current experience buses, and dial-a-ride services. with commuter vanpools have been pre- One of the advantages of paratransit is its pared. Based on an analysis of more than flexibility to provide transportation to peo- Paratransit services are still another way 30 operations, these documents describe ple when and where they want to go. An in- planners can attempt to deal with many of the planning, organization, and operation of tegration of paratransit service with regular the transportation problems facing urban this type of service and how to set up and fixed route transit can help expand trans- areas today. UMTA is testing a number of administer employer-based programs. Two portation services into areas that are too ways paratransit can supplement and com- vanpool demonstration projects are des- sparsely populated to support coverage by plement regular transit service or even pro- cribed later in the chapter. regular transportation systems. UMTA is vide service where none would otherwise now demonstrating the concept in three exist. Paratransit is still, however, a rela- Reports are being developed on innovative areas, i.e., in suburbs of Rochester, New tively new area for research and study and services provided by taxi and limousine York, in Westport, Connecticut and in St. the Service and Methods Demonstrations operators and will describe and illustrate Bernard Parish, Louisiana. The Rochester- office is striving to form a more complete new types of services, travel markets, and area demonstration is integrating dial-a-ride picture of what paratransit can do to im- implementation issues. Particular attention bus service with fixed-route bus service, prove transportation in our cities. is being paid to existing applications of while the other two demonstrations are us- shared-ride taxicabs for low-density travel ing shared-ride taxicabs with regular bus in small towns or suburban areas and as service. feeders to conventional transit. Paratransit Service Innovations The results of these demonstrations are be- The project developed experimental demon- ing closely monitored; the successes as This project assessed and documented prom- strations to investigate the effectiveness of well as the difficulties encountered in ising applications of paratransit services integrating taxis with fixed-route bus ser- these demonstrations will help transporta- such as dial-a-ride using shared-ride taxis, vice. One experiment in St. Bernard, Louisi- tion planners evaluate the potential for use subscription bus or commuter van services, ana, described later, is being evaluated as in other areas.

97 Integrated Demand-Responsive, Fixed- PERT (PERsonalized Transit) service in the The demonstration will be extended to al- Route Transit System Rochester suburb of Greece predated the low for testing of modified demand respon- demonstration by more than a year and a sive services in two other suburban com- half. PERT service was expanded to the munities in addition to the continued oper- The Rochester Integrated Transit Demon- suburb of Irondequoit on April 1, 1976 with ation in Greece and Irondequoit. stration (RITD) was a comprehensive proj- a mixture of fixed and flexible-route bus ect to demonstrate the integrated opera- services. In September, 1976, PERT service tion of fixed-route service with bus demand in Greece underwent a significant redesign. responsive and other personalized bus ser- The many-to-many, (m-m) dial-a-bus zone Integrated Taxi and Fixed-Route vices to provide improved transit service. was reduced in size by substituting a route Transit System Significant integration innovations included deviation service into parts of the former (i.e., providing fixed- route rationalization m-m zone. A fixed-route shuttle service was route or demand-responsive service where instituted to connect high transit demand Public transit was initiated in Westport, and when each is most effective and effi- Connecticut four years with the imple- corridors with major retail facilities and fix- ago cient), and transfer coordination between loop ed route transfer points. PERT introduced a mentation of a series of fixed-route demand-responsive and fixed-route ser- which meet at a timed transfer point zonal fare structure in both Greece and buses vices. Special prearranged services were in center of town. Westport residents Irondequoit to coincide with the redesign of the available for workers, school children, and the service the Greece service. have heavily patronized and elderly and handicapped residents. Comput- demands for new and expanded services erized scheduling and dispatching, in addi- prompted this demonstration which pro- tion to digital communications equipment, There were serious problems facing the dem- vides integrated transit services to the com- were tested to determine their impact on onstration; for instance, it was contin- munity. service levels and productivities. ually plagued by vehicle failure and institutional problems. These problems, however, With the Westport Transit District acting as were rectified in early 1977, resulting in the broker in negotiating and implementing more efficient operations and better service the integrated services, the major features quality. Dial-a-ride productivity, averaging of the project include expanded fixed-route around five passengers per vehicle hour, service, development of a shared-ride taxi was far below the anticipated level. In addi- service, implementation of a special ad- tion, route rationalization and transfer coor- vance-request, demand-responsive service dination were not particularly successful in for Westport's elderly and handicapped citi- attracting new ridership or reducing travel zens and package delivery service for West- or unit times. port businesses.

On a more positive note, subscription ser- The Westport Transit District is contracting vice and special services for elderly and with a local taxi operator to provide para- handicapped riders were quite successful. transit services. Unfortunately, during the Use of Computer in Dispatching and Scheduling Oper- of developing shared-ride service, le- ations in the Rochester PERT Demonstration Has Computer dispatching was also implement- course Been Effective and Feasible. In Greece, NY, a ed successfully and apparently provided a gal proceedings were initiated by another Rochester Suburb, a Number of Fixed-Route Service level of service comparable to manual dis- local taxi operator. Tnese matters are still Variations Were Experimented With in Order to Pro- patching. being resolved in court. vide the Most Cost Effective Service.

98 Demonstration services began in April 1977. and shared-ride taxi ridership has been increasing steadily since then, with productivities of over 4 passengers per vehicle hour as of September 1977. An important finding has been that shared-ride taxi operation is providing a complementary rather than competing service to the fixed route service. Vehicle and service reliability have been exceptional. The demand for the package delivery service has also been increasing. In the future, the Westport Transit District plans to branch out and identify other special transportation markets which they can serve within the community.

Taxicab Feeder to Bus Service

A demonstration was begun earlier in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, (a suburban area of 100,000 people near New Orleans.) Like the Westport demonstration, this is an attempt to expand transportation service into sedans. During the second year of the proj- tween the two systems will also be docu- a suburban area using shared-ride taxi ser- ect a subscription taxi and bus service for mented. vices. The taxis act as a feeder service to New Orleans commuters will be introduced. line-haul bus transit and commuter subscription bus service. The feeder service is The evaluation of this project will measure Community-Based Transit System coordinated with bus schedules to mini- the level of service and the costs of the in- mize passenger waiting time. Other conven- tegrated services and compare them to A small city transit demonstration was es- ient features are provided such as joint other systems that could be implemented tablished as an integral part of a commu- fares and sheltered bus stops. such as expanded fixed-route service or nity redevelopment program following the dial-a-ride bus services. The economic im- April 3, 1974 tornado disaster in Xenia, A prototype taxi feeder service that has pact on the bus and taxi operations will be Ohio. The project provides an example of been privately operated in a portion of the determined, including whether the bus sys- how a typical Midwestern city of a 20,000 project area since 1974 is being expanded tem is able to increase productivity or re- to 50,000 population range can provide re- to cover the remaining areas along two duce costs because of the taxicab feeders, sponsive transit service for the entire com- parallel bus routes that extend from New and whether regular taxicab revenue or munity. Orleans. Two buses were added to the ser- operating costs are affected by the transfer vice as well as expanding the 21-vehicle service. The operational procedures that Shortly after the tornado, UMTA Service taxi fleet by as many as 9 seven-passenger are developed for efficient coordination be- and Methods Demonstration funding plus a

99 capital grant allowed the city to establish a events has caused the net cost of service services, and a more general demonstration transit department, purchase vehicles, and per passenger carried to increase from in Knoxville, Tennessee. operate a fixed route service known as the slightly over one dollar to nearly two dol- X-line. In July 1975, the city of Xenia re- lars even though the total monthly subsidy ceived an UMTA demonstration grant to required is much less. Recently a county Commuter Services Brokerage supplement fixed-route transit service with transportation board has been created to Demonstration paratransit services; Sunday and holiday organize and implement a more regionally demand-responsive service has been oper- oriented transportation system. In this demonstration the Minneapolis-St. ating since that time. However, other para- Paul Metropolitan Transit Commission is transit services did not begin until January acting as a broker to coordinate a variety of 1976, when jitney service replaced the fixed ride-sharing services at each of three sepa- route service. TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE rate multi-employer work centers in the South Hennepin area of Minneapolis. The The fixed route service proved to be very The Transportation Broker concept is a Share-A-Ride Commuter Services project, popular; it carries some 1000 riders daily. technique for managing existing transporta- as it is called, structures, coordinates, and The City Commissioners, however, believed tion resources in a more efficient manner. promotes carpooling, vanpooling, and sub- that the already strained city budget could The function of the broker is to identify the scription bus services as well as existing not cover the cost of the system. transportation needs of various market seg- public transit at these sites in order to de- ments in an urban area and then match velop and implement a comprehensive ride-

On March 1, 1976, the Xenia Taxi Company these needs with the most appropriate sharing program which will reduce the num- began operating the jitney service under transportation resources available. For ex- ber of single-occupancy automobile work contract to the city; full demand responsive ample, a broker might modify existing tran- trips. service was substituted for the jitney ser- sit service, coordinate social service agen- vice two months later. New taxi vehicles cy transportation, contract with private bus, Before the demonstration, most of the par- were introduced in July 1976 and the com- taxi or limousine operators, or arrange car- ticipants of ride-sharing programs had been plete package of paratransit services, in- pools, vanpools, or buspools. The broker the employees of a few large firms because cluding the new fare schedule, was imple- will act in a coordinating role as far as pro- smaller firms simply do not have the num- mented at the end of February 1977. viding service is concerned but will take an ber of people or the resources to support a active role in removing barriers to the more significant number of matches and to parti-

The prime objective of the paratransit efficient use of existing vehicles. It appears cipate individually in ride-sharing programs. phase of the demonstration was to develop that the main barriers to increased efficien- This project makes ride-sharing services a system which provided transportation ser- cy are not operational but legal and institu- available collectively to employees of vice to the community with a minimum sub- tional. By clearing away these barriers the small, medium, and large companies, thus sidy level. The introduction of higher fares way will be open to providing improved considerably expanding the market poten- and the present form of service has im- transportation to the public and better use tial. proved the financial situation markedly with of community resources at minimum cost the current deficit less than half of the for- to the public. One feature of this demonstration which mer fixed-route service. Ridership however, distinguishes it from other brokerage proj- has suffered a severe decline with recent UMTA is conducting two brokerage demon- ects is that the vanpool service will be monthly totals reaching only 25 percent of strations - one in the Minneapolis-St. Paul operated by a single vanpool provider under the fixed-route levels. This combination of area which is concentrating on commuter contract to MTC. The provider will operate

100 services and in achieving more efficient use of available transportation in meeting community needs.

The principal functions of the Knoxville brokerage system and its commuter arm, the Knoxville Commuter Pool during the two years of its existence have included survey- ing employers to identify prospective ride- sharers, matching riders, promoting vanpooling by making available a fleet of 51 seed vans and actively intervening to overcome institutional barriers to ride-sharing. A comprehensive program of incentives to encourage ride-sharing to and within the downtown area has also been initiated. In addition, assistance was provided to social service agencies to lower transportation costs. At present, 46 seed vans are in operation, transporting approximately 460 individuals to and from work daily. Ridesharing

information (i.e., match lists) has been distributed to over 18,000 commuters, a small percentage of whom are estimated to have begun ridesharing. While the modal shift impacts of the project may not yet be large, the institutional accomplishments are judg- ed significant for the future of paratransit both in Knoxville and the nation. Project all elements of the vanpool service includ- Transportation Brokerage leaders were instrumental in the passage of ing insurance, maintenance, and driver Demonstration Project State legislation which reduced regulatory training. The vanpool provider would be of- barriers to ridesharing, most notably the fered public financial support to mitigate The City of Knoxville, Tennessee is acting piece of legislation exempting frdm Public the risks of the program and to cover start- as a transportation broker to coordinate the Service Commission regulation, vehicles up costs. travel demands of social service agency cli- carrying 15 or fewer persons to and from ents and other individuals, in addition to work. In addition, they convinced the In- The evaluation for this demonstration will those of commuters, with public and private surance Services Office to publish a spec- focus on both employer and employee im- transportation providers. A major objective ific rate structure for vanpools. This re- pacts as well as assessing the performance of the demonstration is to determine the ef- sulted in significantly lower rates in many of the demonstration in light of its key de- fectiveness of transportation brokerage in cases, and presumably increased the na- sign elements. stimulating the development of paratransit tionwide availability of vanpool insurance.

101 VANPOOL DEMONSTRATIONS operation of the pool. The original van them with the objective of shifting auto dri- would then be leased to another interested vers into multiple occupant vehicles. Sup- Vanpools, like carpools, can reduce the group also for a limited time period. The port to the private operators will be pro- number of single-occupant vehicles and in- District will provide assistance to a pool vided by the formation of an association crease transportation service in areas group in arranging for the purchase or which will endeavor to provide them with where expansion of regular transit service lease of its own van for the long-term con- reduced-cost equipment, parts, gasoline, would be too expensive or impractical for tinuation of the pool. The program began and insurance. the operation of in 1977. the number of potential users. UMTA is vanpools October conducting two vanpool demonstration proj- The program began this operation of van- in ects • one along a major corridor leading to pools September, 1977, and is working at San Francisco, California, and the other in Vanpool Demonstration Program marketing to fill the remaining vans. Norfolk, Virginia. Tidewater Transportation Commission (Norfolk, VA) OTHER PARATRANSIT DEMON- Vanpool Demonstration Program Subscription van service is one way of pro- STRATIONS Golden Gate, Bridge, Highway and viding transportation in areas where popu- Transportation District lation densities are not sufficient to sup- Subscription Service port fixed-route, fixed-schedule transit ser- Faced with increasing congestion on the vice. Although this type of service has been A subscription bus service is now being or- Golden Gate Bridge and U.S. Highway 101 successfully implemented in the past, parti- ganized for the El Segundo employment north of San Francisco, an increasing need cularly through employer-sponsored pro- area of Los Angeles (please see map). In for the construction of additional bridge grams, these programs have limitations in addition to signing up potential passengers and highway facilities, the Golden Gate the number of riders they can attract. and interested employers in the area, a spec- Bridge, Highway and Transportation District ial bus system involving 15 different has decided to stimulate increased van- This project provides a publicly operated, routes is being established. Previous re- pooling to increase vehicle occupancy and self-financed (after initial start-up costs) search found the El Segundo region to be ease the congestion. subscription van program which comple- especially suited for this service, which is ments and is integrated into existing transit short-haul bus service to a non-central busi- Under the project, the District has pur- services. The Tidewater Transportation Dis- ness district with little or no existing transportation. chased 35 vans and is leasing them to com- trict Commission of Norfolk, Virginia, work- Although past uses of a sub- panies or groups of individuals interested ing in conjunction with the U.S. Navy, ad- scription bus service have necessitated a in commuter van service. The District is ministers a vanpool program which leases relatively long trip distance in order to use conducting a promotion campaign to inter- vans to drivers who carry commuters to the the driver and the bus economically while est employers and individuals and is assist- area's naval facilities. At present, the only charging a reasonable fare, the scheduling of this service will it ing in matching riders and drivers into pool transit service to the naval base is provided make cost effective. groups. One particularly innovative feature by small private operators, generally using Multiple trips will be made in peak periods of the Golden Gate project is the seed van old school or intercity buses driven by an based on staggered work shifts among the concept. After a limited time period of ap- employee of the naval facility. Consequent- employees. proximately six months, the leased van will ly, most travel is by auto. The subscription be returned to the District and the group is service is not intended to compete with the Service will be provided along 15 routes of expected to secure its own van to continue existing services, but will complement various lengths by 7 standard transit buses.

102 join. Each bus in the project will make sev- in addition to and in lieu of conventional eral prearranged pickup stops to serve transit in some areas. Very little is known

walking or park-and-ride customers and about jitney operation, however, because it then travel express to the employment cen- is an unregulated industry. Jitneys, which ter. The bus will then travel empty to a sec- usually carry fewer than 12 passengers, fol- ond pick-up point and repeat the operation. low fairly regular routes and make stops along their routes as they are hailed by Shared Ride Auto Feasibility Study prospective passengers. Jitney services are operating in many inner city areas, appar- One rather unusual idea that UMTA is in- ently as neighborhood oriented transporta- vestigating involves licensing commuters to tion. Knowledge of the underlying factors carry passengers for a fee on the trip from inherent in jitney service is necessary to home to work and back. Shared-ride auto determine the impact of the jitney on an in- transit (SRAT) has the potential of increas- ner city transportation system. ing auto occupancy in both urban and rural areas. The concept, however, is laden with The purpose of this study is to research potential operational, legal, institutional, and analyze an on-going inner city para- and behavioral difficulties which this proj- transit operation in a specific site. The project investigated. ect has three primary objectives: supply and demand analysis; alternate fare pricing SRAT has several possible applications in and range of services analysis; and recom- urban and rural areas. It can provide suffi- mendations and preliminary analysis for fu- ciently high service levels that moderate ture research. Four types of jitney service driver and rider participation is possible. will be analyzed; jitney bus and airport ter- However, concerns over personal security, minal service, jitney station service, (call reliability, and social acceptability will have taking and dispatching center), flexible and to be met. Legal and regulatory problems fixed route jitney service, and jitney super- can be overcome or avoided in most areas. market service. Although a number of potentially serious institutional barriers to SRAT exist, by designing the system to reflect a site's partic-

ular institutional setting, it appears that in many cases these barriers can be overcome. The El Segundo Employment Center Subscription Bus Demonstration. An Analysis of the Jitney Operation: An Example of An Inner City Para- The routes are designed to serve, princi- transit Service pally the employees of two large firms with various work locations although other em- Jitney service is still another paratransit ployers in the area are being encouraged to operation which is meeting travel demands

103 Paratransit

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

rai all alloll uCI VIOC $248,333 juiy iy/o- lilt- U! Udl I UlolllUSc JdlMfcrb DdULZ

Innovations May iy/ 1 426-4984

Integrated Paratransit, Fixed-Route Systems

Integrated Demand Respon- NY-06-0048 $298,000 April 1975- Regional Transit TSC; Paul Fish sive, Fixed Route Transit May 1979 Service, Inc., MIT; SYSTAN, 426-4984 Systems J. Silien Inc. (contractor) 716-546-7310

Integrated Taxi/Fixed Route CT-06-0007-1 $610,000 July 1976- Westport Transit TSC; M. Churchman Transit Systems Dec. 1978 District, CACI, Inc. 426-4984 H. bradley (contractor) 203-226-0422

Taxicab Feeder to Bus LA-06-0002 $325,350 June 1976- St. Bernard Parish The Urban Paul Fish Service Sept. 1979 Planning Commission Institute 426-4984 R. Courillon 504-279-5557

Community-Based Transit OH -06-0022 $655,000 July 1974- City of Xenia, OH TSC; Lynn Sahaj System Dec. 1977 MultiSystems 426-4984

IMC, ^dlllui iuy t? Systematics Inc. Transportation Brokerage (contractors)

Commuter Services MN-06-0008 UMTA April 1977- Metropolitan Transit TSC; M. Churchman Brokerage Demonstration $335,000 April 1979 Commission, Cambridge 426-4984 O Poarcnn FAUS n. real oUl 1 OyblCfllClllCb, $560,000 612-221-0939 Inc. (contractor)

Transportation Brokerage TN -06-0006 $997,959 June 1975- City of Knoxville, TN Paul Fish Demonstration Project June 1978 426-4984

104 Paratransit

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Vanpool Demonstrations

Vanpool Demonstration CA-06-0095 $684,096 Oct. 1976- Golden Gate Bridge TSC; Paul Fish Program, Golden Gate Sept. 1978 Highway & Transp. Crain Assoc. 426-4984 District, (contractor)

J. Shellenberger 415-456-0977

Vanpool Demonstration VA-06-0033 $490,000 Sept. 1976- Tidewater Transporta- TSC; Lynn Sahaj Program, Norfolk Aug. 1978 Commission CACI, Inc. 426-4984 (contractor)

Other Paratransit Innovations

Employment Center CA-06-0109 $538,100 Nov. 1977- Southern CA Systems TSC; Multi- Paul Fish Subscription Service Oct. 1979 Rapid Transit Systems Inc; 426-4984 District Cambridge Systematics Inc.

Shared Ride Auto IT-06-0144 $100,000 Oct. 1976- Cambridge James Bautz Feasibility Study Sept. 1977 Systematics, Inc. 426-4984

Analysis of the Jitney PA-06-0041 $ 59,750 Jan. 1977- Carnegie-Mellon Univ. James Bautz Operation: An Example of an Jan. 1978 A. Blumstein 426-4984 Inner City Paratransit 412-578-2175 Service

105 — —

Bibliography An Analysis of Taxicab Operating Characteristics— A Transit Service for a Rebuilding City - Xenia, Ohio - Proj. IL-06-0029 PB 251-514/AS

International Taxicab Association Summary of State Aid Programs - PB 251-515/AS This list of reports contains those pub- August, 1975 — 251-147/AS PB Service and Methods Demonstration Program Annual lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- Reports— able. Others are being published continual- A Compendium of Provisions for a Model Ordinance Proj. MA-06-0049 ly, including the majority of those projects for the Regulation of Public Paratransit— Transportation Systems Center reported in this volume. Call or write the Proj. IL-06-0029 November, 1975 - PB 251-325/AS International Taxicab Association - Technical Contact person listed after the April, 1977 PB 270-673 February, 1976 — PB 253-1 82/AS project of interest to you to inquire for Evolution and Operations of the Reston Virginia Commuter Bus Service other reports to which he might refer you. Program Taxistats: A Computerized System for Final Report Processing and Analyzing Taxicab Company Proj. MA-06-0049 The two numbers shown with most entries Statistics— CACI, Inc. are; first, the project number, and second, Proj. IL-06-0029 August, 1977 — PB 275-792/AS International Taxicab Association the National Technical Information Service Pre-Demonstration Activities of the Westport June, 1975 — PB 250-997/AS (NTIS) document number. Integrated Transit System- Interim Report Small City Transit — Proj. MA-06-0049 Order blanks are included in the Appendix Proj. MA-06-0049 CACI, Inc. for your convenience. Transportation Systems Center July, 1977 — PB 271-998/AS March, 1976

Characteristics: An Overview - PB 251-501/AS Corn-Bus: A Southern California Subscription Bus Guidelines for the Organization of Commuter Van Free-Fare, Student-Operated Transit in a University Service- Program— Community - Amherst, Massachusetts - Final Report Proj. DC-06-0120 PB 251-502/AS Proj. MA-06-0049 The Urban Institute Pilot Dial-A-Ride Project in a Sector of the City - Ann CACI, Inc. February, 1976 — PB 252-305/AS Arbor, Michigan - PB 251-503/AS May, 1977 — PB 272-470/AS Evolution of the Knoxville Transportation Brokerage Privately Operated Subscription Bus Service to an

System- Industrial Site - Bremerton, Washington - Interim Report PB 251-504/AS

Proj. TN-06-0006 Public Transit Serving a University and Town - Chapel

CACI, Inc. Hill, North Carolina - PB 251-505/AS October, 1976 — PB 270-103 Free-Fare Transit in a High Density, Industrialized

- Chicago, Indiana - 251-506/AS Feasibility Study of the Employment Center Bus Area East PB - El Cajon, Service Concept — City-Wide Shared Ride Taxi Service California - PB 251-507/AS Proj. CA-06-0084 The Aerospace Corporation Extensive County-Wide Transit Coverage - Eugene/ August, 1976 — PB 259-941/AS Springfield, Oregon - PB 251-508/AS A Low Subsidy Transit Service - Evansville, Indiana - Implementing Shared Taxicab Services: Case Study A PB 251-509/AS in Arlington, Virginia Dial-A-Ride Transit in an Agricultural Community - Proj. DC-06-0093 Merced, California - PB 251-510/AS The Urban Institute Point Deviation Service in a Rural Community - February, 1975 — PB 245-645/AS Merrill, Wisconsin - PB 251-51 1/AS

An Analysis of Commuter Van Experience— A Short-Lined Suburban Transit Service - Sudbury,

Proj. DC-06-0120 Massachusetts - PB 251-512/AS The Urban Institute Comprehensive Transit in an Affluent Suburban

February, 1976 — PB 252-304/AS Community - Westport, Connecticut - PB 251-513/AS

106 CHAPTER 12 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

PLANNING METHODS AND SUPPORT SPECIAL PLANNING STUDIES

RAIL RAPID TRANSIT IMPACT STUDIES PLANNING FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PERSONS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PLANNING TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT

Interactive Graphics Makes Using the Computerized Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) Easier and Faster.

107 Urban transit in America is largely provided support, and for dissemination of local ex- Transit corridor analysis by new, public-sector agencies. These pro- periences. viders must create organizational struc- Estimating fringe-parking site require- tures and management systems, develop ments programs for major capital investments, PLANNING METHODS AND SUPPORT

plan and introduce new services, and at the Transit demand, system design, and fi- same time, maintain day-to-day operations This work is conducted jointly with the Fed- nancial analyses for small cities

with obsolete equipment and aging facil- eral Highway Administration. It responds to ities. Experienced transit management the problem area which is consistently re- Estimating annual ridership and operat- teams are in short supply, yet are badly ported as the highest priority near-term ing expense for fixed-route bus systems needed. Unfortunately, the risk of error is need of State and local agencies; that is, in small urban areas. high. for people and tools which can come to grips with the highly complex variables and The UTPS computer-based package is a

In this critical area, UMTA sponsors re- constraints involved in transportation plan- simulation model that makes it possible to

search and development aimed at improv- ning. The information and information answer "what would happen if..." about ing both the return on capital investments handling requirements for estimating de- changes to the highway or transit environ- and the productivity of day-to-day opera- mand, evaluating alternatives, and assessment. The package was originally designed tions. Practical assistance from the Federal ing energy, environmental, and economic to do long-range transit planning, but sub-

government includes: impacts have grown to the point that, for sequent additions make it possible to do metropolitan areas, computer aids are be- highway and short-range planning. The ini- Planning and management tools which coming essential. tial time and cost required to install the have a common utility but which no package is far greater than for a hand anal- single transit operator can afford or has The collection of desk-top and computer- ysis, but the resulting information is much expertise, to develop. aided planning techniques being developed more detailed. by UMTA and FHWA is called the Urban Systems and approaches which are new Transportation Planning System (UTPS). Capabilities of the computer package in- to the transit industry or are needed to clude estimation of long-range land devel- implement new Federal policies. UTPS desk-top techniques can be used for opment impacts, transportation system quick-response approximations and for less costs, travel demand forecasts, major facil- Information about practical solutions de- complex planning problems. They consist ity and corridor travel volumes, energy use, veloped at the local level but which can of equations, graphs, and curves to fore- major air quality effects, and accidents. be applied nationally. cast or estimate impacts. The aids include: The package can also be employed fo answer questions at a detailed street-by- In the fields of planning and management, Methodology for transit route evaluation street level for short-range problems, but at smooth implementation and successful a much greater level of effort and increased adoption of innovations is as important as Methodology for estimating parking ac- cost. development of the methods themselves. cumulation UMTA's programs include, therefore, sub- The computer package is made up of a stantial components for preparation of Derivation and use of automobile avail- number of integrally-linked programs. Each manuals and training aids, for technical ability for estimating travel demand program represents a separate step in the

108 standard transportation planning process Dr. Robert B. Dial, Director (UPM-20) Planning for Transportation for Elderly of network preparation, travel demand es- Office of Planning Methods and Support and Handicapped Persons timation, and assignment of travel to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration network. At each step modifications can be U.S. Department of Transportation Transportation System Management made to model the change that is to be Washington, DC 20590 Planning. tested. For example, roads or transit lines might be or added deleted from the net- Materials are provided without charge to During FY77, more than half of the studies work in the first step, land use changed to non-profit organizations. were undertaken by local transportation generate more trips in the second, and planning agencies. These projects were highway capacities changed in the third. conducted under grants supplementing the There are also several programs which can funds normally received from the Section 9 be used to prepare plots, tables, or graphs SPECIAL PLANNING STUDIES program, to allow for the study of local is- to compare results from different alterna- sues with national significance or for the tives. Authorized by Section 9 of the Urban Mass development of procedures and methods Transportation Act of 1964, the Technical with general utility. Results of research and development of Studies program is designed to assist local UTPS fall into three general categories: areas in conducting a wide range of trans- training for local professionals, manuals to portation planning studies. This program is RAIL RAPID TRANSIT IMPACT STUDIES aid planners and operators, and the compu- administered by UMTA's Office of Planning ter programs with accompanying documen- Assistance. Each year, a portion of the The Urban Mass Transportation has provided an increasing tation. To date, over 50 courses in UTPS funds available for Section 9 grants is set amount of funds for the usage have been conducted by UMTA and aside for use in a variety of Special Studies development of new rail rapid transit sys- FHWA. Numerous manuals and reports designed to address key issues in the im- tems. A key issue for this part of the Capi- have been published and new or improved plementation of the Technical Studies plan- tal Grant program is the extent to which modules of the computer-package are be- ning program. the benefits anticipated for these new sys- ing written continually and tested in the tems are actually realized. This also im- field. At the present time, there are over 300 Priorities of the planning program form the pacts on the requirement for an Analysis of users of the computer programs. basis for the choice of Special Studies re- Alternatives prior to the approval of further search program areas. Major UMTA policy new systems and the planning methods nec- Because of the large number of individual directions, such as transportation for elder- essary to meet this requirement. In order tasks and products involved in this pro- ly and handicapped persons and Transpor- to address these issues and to provide in- gram, a special communications network tation System Management have played a put for future UMTA decisions and local has been established for users and devel- large role in setting program priorities. planning in this area, a program of new-system Rail Transit opers of the system. R&D projects under- Large capital requirements for new rail ra- Rapid Impact Studies has way are too numerous and would be most pid transit systems suggest the need for been initiated. difficult to meaningfully synopsize here. better information on the effects of such However, introductory information, a variety systems. These three key areas which com- Bay Area Rapid Trainisaii (BART) Impact of manual planning method handbooks, prise the bulk of the Special Studies Pro- Program and the computer readable programs (with gram, are to be reported on here, installation manual) may be obtained by In 1962, the San Francisco Bay Area em- writing Rail to: Rapid Transit Impact Studies barked upon the development of the first Styles. Work was also concluded on the study of the impacts on Economics and Fi- nance. Finally, work was initiated on the analysis of impacts of BART on Bay Area Public Policy.

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (METRO) Impact Study

This study has several special features due to the institutional environment and nature of the implementation of METRO itself. Among these is the incremental opening of METRO. The effects of this will be carefully monitored to detect changes at each stage of opening. In addition, the impact study effort will be integrated to the extent possible with the ongoing regional transportation process. The contractor (grantee) is in fact the agency responsible for this process in the Washington area. The study thus will be able to use secondary data sources in order to minimize cost and data collection efforts.

During FY 77, three major impact assessments were begun. The Travel Behavior stud- new rail rapid transit system in quite some Efforts during FY77 concentrated on con- ies are designed to make short range es- time. During the later stages of system con- cluding work in most of the impact areas timates of changes in commuting patterns struction, it became apparent that a com- studied. Efforts in studying Transportation as well as to compare the results with plete assessment of the impacts of BART System and Travel Behavior impacts con- those derived from existing forecast mo- on the Bay Area could prove useful for a centrated on completing study of the ef- dels. Mid-Day travel changes and "in- variety of purposes. Hence, during 1972, the fects of full system operation. Work during duced" travel are also to be addressed. The Urban Mass Transportation Administration FY77 on Environmental impacts looked pri- Activity and Development study will mon- (UMTA), the Office of the Secretary of marily at the responses of residents to the itor changes in such indicators as pop- Transportation (OST), and the Department impacts identified earlier. Research plan- ulation and employment, retail sales, prop- of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) ning completed earlier allowed for signifi- erty transfers, and value and land devel- first contracted with the Metropolitan cant progress on studies of Land Use and opment with an eye towards relating these Transportation Commission (MTC) to initi- Urban Development. Work was concluded changes to the presence of METRO. Fin- ate the BART Impact Program. on the assessment of Institutions and Life ally, the Policy Interpretation study will

110 attempt to goals catalogue and expectations Program, a set of three small contracts approaches to the collection of data re- for transit in the minds of citizens, plan- were awarded to provide an assessment of quired for adequate planning in this area, 2) ners, and local elected officials. the potential costs and transferability of development of procedures for accomplish- the studies and to provide an independent ing the coordination of services, and 3) as- recommendation on the proper course for sessment of the effectiveness of various the future of the program. existing transportation service strategies. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) Implementation Use of Existing Data in Elderly and Management Experience PLANNING FOR TRANSPORTATION Handicapped Transportation Planning FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED The purpose of this study is to analyze and PERSONS Regulations covering accessibility for elder- document significant elements of MARTA's ly and handicapped people recommend that experience in planning, financing, engineer- Section 16(a) of the Urban Mass Transporta- existing and secondary sources of planning ing, constructing, and administering the de- tion Act declares that it is "national policy data be used in identifying the location and velopment of its rail rapid transit system. that elderly and handicapped persons have transportation needs of wheelchair users the same right as other persons to utilize and semi-ambulatory handicapped persons. Topics to be covered include the relation- mass transportation services (and) that spe- Such data sources include private organiza- ship of MARTA to its Board, to Labor, its cial efforts shall be made in the planning tions which serve or represent specific organizational structure, to local govern- and design of mass transportation facilities groups of handicapped persons and public ments, to EEO requirements, to the Busi- and services so that the availability to el- agencies which are sponsored by Federal, ness Community, and to its engineering derly and handicapped persons of mass State, and local programs, as well as public consultants. In addition, the way in which transportation which they can effectively transportation providers. MARTA dealt with the construction phase, utilize will be assured." with utility relocation, with its and own bus Objectives of this project include 1) identifi- system will also be covered. Finally, the Despite the issuance of implementing plan- cation and description of specific sources problems involved in ensuring adequate fi- ning regulations, several issues vital to ef- of useable data; 2) delineation of steps re- nancing will be discussed. fective planning remain for which little in- quired to correct problems prior to use of formation is available. Problems include such data; 3) identification of planning data It is expected that a series of reports, each data which are expensive or inadequate for required not likely to be obtainable through addressing one of the subject areas noted, effective planning, existing services which existing services and 4) development of a will be produced. are redundant or have serious gaps, a lack manual for use of secondary sources for of a clear understanding of the effective- planning services for elderly and handi- ness of various types of services foe elderly capped persons. Strategies for Conduct of the Rail and handicapped people and a need for fur- Rapid Transit Impact Program ther information on progress in planning and implementing such transportation ser- Planning for the Coordination of Elderly As originally conceived, the Impact Studies vices. Objectives for studies begun in FY-77 and Handicapped Transportation Program was to involve the conduct of indi- are described below. Services vidual studies in each city by local planning agencies. In order to provide an as- Objectives identified for FY 77 studies in- In many urban areas, a wide range of trans- sessment of the future direction for the clude: 1) the identification of cost-effective portation services exist to serve elderly and

111 handicapped persons. Yet, because these The approach will consist of an assess- Portland, Oregon TSM Prototype services have not in the past been operated ment of 20 urbanized areas in which signifi- Planning Study in a coordinated manner, the level of ser- cant improvements have been made. Ser- vice provided is not commensurate with the vice changes will be described in detail, The purpose of the TSM Prototype Planning resources being applied. Services in some and an estimate of the consequences on Study in Portland is to formulate, apply and cases are duplicative; elsewhere, gaps in cost, street traffic, fares, organizational ar- evaluate procedures for systematic TSM service area or clientele mean that some rangements, financing and service levels, Planning in an urban area and provide a ba- persons are not served. Clearly, better coor- will be made. The response of user groups sis for the ongoing process. Specifically, dination would go a long way in many to the implemented services will also be the TSM process to be developed is to in- areas toward providing much improved ser- described. clude a clear statement of goals and objec- vice at little additional cost. tives, evaluation of existing conditions, a set of proposed actions, and justification This project will be conducted by HEW to for inclusion of those actions in the area's provide case studies and a summary analy- TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Transportation Improvement Program. Work sis of five demonstrations which are cur- MANAGEMENT PLANNING tasks include rigorous technical analyses rently underway under HEW sponsorship. of a wide variety of transportation prob- Coordination concepts will be examained Transportation System Management (TSM) lems. to assess their feasibility, potential impact is a concept which calls for the planning, on productivity and implementation tech- programming, and implementation for low- niques. capital, short-range improvements designed to enhance the efficiency of existing transportation systems. Besides serving the goal Kansas City TSM Prototype Planning of fiscal economy by providing alternatives Study to major capital investments and reducing Analysis of Existing Elderly and operating costs, TSM also may serve goals Handicapped Transportation Services of energy conservation, the environment, The goals of this study are to develop a set and urban revitalization. of procedures for TSM planning, to demon- The issuance of regulations in this area strate these procedures in a set of sub- has led to an acceleration of efforts to im- The goal of the TSM Planning Special Stud- areas and to delineate the means by which prove services particularly those designed ies is to enhance local capabilities for the results of these demonstrations can be to accommodate wheelchair users and TSM Planning in order to bring about the integrated into the overall planning process semi-ambulatory persons. The overall goal implementation of a wide range of TSM in the Kansas City area. of this project is to determine what has strategies which increase the efficiency of been accomplished in this field and to gain the transportation system. Key objectives Products of the study include the develop- some insight into the reasons underlying include 1) the identification of institutional ed TSM planning process, a problem des- the description of a variety of accessible arrangements which facilitate effective cription for each study area, a set of pro- service types, determination of their costs TSM planning and programming, 2) the posed projects addressing problems identi- and operational impacts, to generalize the identification of factors important in the im- fied, and a project report describing how response of users to implemented services, plementation of TSM projects, and 3) the the process would be integrated into a re- and to identify implications of past experi- development of technical tools for use in gion's ongoing transportation planning ence for future planning. TSM planning. process.

112 Tri-State TSM Prototype Planning Study TSM coordinator responsible for initiating TRANSIT MANAGEMENT and supporting the TSM process and for The New York Metropolitan Area, for which coordinating implementation of TSM proj- UMTA's Transportation Management Pro- the Tri-State Regional Planning Commis- ects throughout the sub-region. gram is designed to provide the nation's sion (TSRPC) is the Metropolitan Planning mass transit operators with demonstrations Organization, is made up of a totai of 26 Expected products include the development and development of new and improved counties in three States. Each county acts of an accepted technical and institutional management techniques. In the past these as its own local planning agency with process in the local area, evaluation of the have included such diverse projects as new TSRPC serving to coordinate and provide feasibility of TSM Coordinator concept and testing procedures for the recruitment of an overall regional perspective. an improved TSM plan for the Sub-Region. bus operators, computerized programs for the assignment of bus driver work sched- The distinguishing feature of this study is ules, and pilot marketing programs de- its use of a TSM Planning Task Force for signed to increase transit ridership. The each problem sub-area studied. Upon es- Transportation Management Program is Development of Methods for Evaluating tablishment of a set of general goals for also ready to assist those transit properties TSM Alternatives TSM in the Middlesex County, a set of Dem- which would like to implement a demon- onstration Sub-Areas will be identified. strated technique into their day to day The purpose of this research is to assist For each area chosen, a Task Force will be operations. UMTA in improving the capabilities of set up made up of local jurisdiction staff MPO's, transit operators, and other agen- and MPO Staff. County Staff will monitor cies in assessing the effects of alternative the local transportation system with an eye Blue Collar Training TSM-type strategies. By assessment, it is towards identifying future problem or op- meant 1) the capability to predict the con- portunity areas. This process, together with Using transit systems in the 13-state Appa- sequences of alternative actions and 2) the the results of the localized efforts will be lachian region as a laboratory, a set of capability to evaluate alternative actions by used in relating the Task Force approach to training programs will be drawn up and systematically comparing their estimated subsequent planning in for all collar TSM the County. consequences. tested basic blue occupations in the bus transit field. During the three- years of the project, over 1800 individuals The focus of the research will be on simple will actually undergo job training. At its techniques, easily implemented without ex- conclusion, the project will have produced Seattle TSM Prototype Program tensive computer capabilities. In develop- a battery of validated training materials ing alternative techniques, every effort will that can subsequently be used throughout The general goal of this study is to formu- be made to provide a range of choices, with the country. late, develop and evaluate a management primary emphasis on simplicity, ease of program for the transportation system in use of existing data, and practical rele- the King County Sub-region of the Seattle vance to the issues to be resolved. A key Metropolitan Area such that immediate low- element of the research will also be to Public Transit Risk Management capital improvements may be accomplish- identify and summarize innovative methods ed that improve the system and resolve that may be developed or applied by local Risk management has lately become yet special problems. A key feature of this study agencies in their own planning and pro- another crisis point for transit operators. will be the creation of the position of gramming activities. This project is producing a handbook that

113 From this two-city demonstration, transit marketing professionals can learn how to develop similar programs for their own sys- NASHVILLE'S tems. ECONOMY CAR, Automated Run Cutting Currently being enhanced as a result of actual implementation in over a dozen U.S. IF YOU DON'T KNOW transit systems, the so-called RUCUS pro- HOW TO USE THE BUS, gram provides transit operators with an automated for vehicle USE system scheduling THE PHONE. and driver run cutting. Its utilization by a ?~M'?-.r Jim rrr bus system results in improved management information, a capability for using a 3 ' single automated data source for a variety of related tasks -- e.g. the automated printing of public timetables -- and, most importantly, the optimum use of vehicles and manpower. Implementation of the RUCUS 242-4433 system normally results in a transit oper- mla mla ator's being able to cover all route assign- L"J-Li ments with fewer vehicles and manpower.

Aggressive Marketing is One Way to increase Ridership. Urban Mass Transportation industry Uniform System of Accounts and Records and Reporting System will be especially useful for those proper- other projects wherein actual marketing Section 15 of the Urban Mass Transporta- ties where risk management has received programs were conducted in two U.S. tion Act of 1964, as amended, requires the only cursory or informal attention. It con- cities, Baltimore (MD-06-0021) and Nashville development, testing, and prescription of a tains a systematic review of all facets of (TN-06-007). reporting system to accumulate public the subject and will be of assistance for mass transporatation financial and operat- any transit system anxious to review its ef- The plan was to identify potential transit ing information by uniform categories and forts in this field. uers through market research, adjust and a uniform system of accounts and records. adapt the transit system in the light of this Marketing Demonstration research, develop and use promotional pro- Section 15 also requires the creation of a grams aimed at the identified target mar- central processing agency to accumulate, This effort -- a major marketing demonstra- ket, and then measure the success of the store, and process public mass transportation -- should be seen together with two effort. tion financial and operating information.

114 Transportation Planning and Management

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Planning Methods and Support

Planning Methods and Various $13,025,000 Continuing Bureau of Census; Robert B. Dial Support-Urban TSC; NBS; PRC 426-9271 Transportation Plan- Systems; DeLeuw ning System (UTPS) Cather & Co.; Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. Special Planning Studies

Bay Area Rapid Transit CA-09-0042 $500,000 March iy 1 1- Metropolitan Transpor- James T. McQueen (BART) Impact Program March 1978 tation Commission 426-2360

Washington Metropolitan IT-09-0086 $210,090 May 1977- Metropolitan Washington James T. McQueen Area Transit Authority July 1978 Council of Governments (METRO) Impact Study

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid GA-09-0037 $ 71,592 Sept. 1977- Atlanta Regional James T. McQueen Transit Authority (MARTA) Oct. 1978 Commission 426-2360 Implementation Management Experience

Strategies for Conduct of IT-09-9005 $ 25,000 April 1977- Science Applications, James T. McQueen the Rail Rapid Transit DC-09-9007 Inc.; 426-2360 Impact Program MA-09-9004 Jan. 1978 The Urban Institute; Cambridge Systematics, Inc.

Use of Existing Data in MD-09-9001 $ 30,000 June 1977- Kathleen M. Koss tioeriy ana nanaicappea July 1978 /Oft OQfin Transportation Planning

Planning for the Coordina- DC-09-9006 $ 60,000 Office of Human Develop- Kathleen M. Koss tion of Elderly and ment, Department of 426-2360 Handicapped Services Health, Education & Welfare

Analysis of Existing Elderly IT-09-9006 $250,000 Sept. 1977- To be selected Richard Steinmann and Handicapped Transpor- Jan. 1979 426-2360 tation Services

115 Transportation Planning and Management

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Special Planning Studies (Continued)

Portland, Oregon Transporta- IT-09-0068- $ 60,000 Nov. 1976- Columbia Regional Asso- Richard Steinmann tion Systems Management March 1978 ciation of Governments 426-2360 Planning Prototype Study

Kansas City TSM Prototype IT-09-0078 $ 50,000 Jan. 1977- Mid-America Regional Richard Steinmann Planning Study March 1978 Council 426-2360

Tri-State TSM Prototype IT-09-0089 $ 60,000 July 1977- Tri-State Regional Richard Steinmann Planning Study (portion) Oct. 1978 Planning Commission 426-2360

Crtnt 1Q7Q Seattle TSM Prototype WA-09-0018 Sept. 1977- Richard Steinmann Program Jan. 1979 426-2360

Development of Methods for MA-09-9003 $ 80,000 Sept. 1977- MIT Center for Trans- Brian E. McCollom Evaluating TSM Alternatives June 1978 portation Studies 426-2360

Transit Management

Blue Collar Training WV-06-0011 $3,530,723 AFL-CIO Appalachian Frank Enty Council 426-9274

Public Transit Risk IT-06-0173 $ 134,982 Fred S. James & Co. A.B. Hallman Management 426-9157

Marketing Demonstration IT-06-0078 $1,010,000 Grey Advertising, Inc. Carol Eisen 426-7274

Automated Run Cutting MA-06-0046 $ 350,000 TSC & MITRE Corp. A.B. Hallman 426-9157

Sect. 15 Uniform System IT-06-0094 $ 716,543 Jan. 1976- Arthur Anderson & Co. A.B. Hallman of Accounts and Records May 1978 426-9157 and Reporting System

Development of Sect. 15 IT-06-0201 $ 154,929 June 1978- International Business A.B. Hallman Central Data Bank Software March 1979 Services, Inc. 426-9157

116 — — — — —

Bibliography UMTA Transportation Planning System Reference Impacts of BART on Bay Area Health Care Manual Institutions Proj. IT-06-0050 Proj. CA-09-0042 This list of reports contains those pub- Urban Mass Transportation Administration Jefferson Associates lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- June, 1975 — PB 246-187/AS March, 1977 — PB 266-61 4/AS able. Others are being published continual- A Generalized No-BART Alternative Transportation BART Impacts on Highway Traffic & Transit ly, including the majority of those projects System— Ridership— reported in this volume. Call or write the Proj. CA-09-0042 Proj. CA-09-0042 Technical Contact person listed after the McDonald & Smart Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. — May, 1977 — PB 267-675/AS project of interest to you to inquire for May, 1975 PB 242-438/AS Photo Survey of Development and Activities in the other reports to which he might refer you. Impacts of BART on Bay Area Political Institutions— Vicinity of BART Stations- Proj. CA-09-0042 Technical Report The two numbers shown with most entries Jefferson Associates Proj. CA-09-0042 are; first, the project number, and second, May, 1977 — PB 273-389/AS David L. Christensen the National Technical Information Service July, 1975 — PB 248-313/AS Impacts of BART on Bay Area Institutions of Higher (NTIS) document number. Photo Survey of Development and Activities in the Education and Their Students— Vicinity of BART Stations- Proj. CA-09-0042 Order blanks are included in the Appendix User's Guide Dr. Terry Lunsford for your convenience. Proj. CA-06-0042 May, 1977 — PB 273-396/AS

David L. Christensen Urban Mass Transportation Abstracts July, 1975 — PB 247-768/AS The Impact of BART's Bond Issue on Regional Public Financing Volume No. 4 A History of the Key Decisions in the Development Proj. CA-09-0042 Proj. TRIC-77-1 of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)— Urban Mass Transportation Administration Raymond K. O'Neil, Charles A. Long Proj. CA-06-0042 December, 1977 — PB 278-646/AS August, 1977 — PB 273-387/AS McDonald & Smart, Inc. 245-61 Urban Mass Transportation Abstracts- September, 1975 — PB 7/AS Impacts of BART on the Competitive Advantage & Volume No. 3 Environmental Impacts of BART Efficiency of Bay Area Business Operations— Proj. TRIC-76-1 Interim Service Findings Proj. CA-09-0042 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Proj. CA-09-0042 McDonald & Smart, Inc. July, 1976 — PB 264-905/AS Gruen Associates and DeLeuw, Cather & Co. August, 1977 — PB 273-485/AS

A Selected Bibliography and Reference Document in January, 1976 — PB 257-498/AS Rail Transit Car Costs— Urban Public Transportation — Impacts of BART on the Social Invironment— Review, Analysis and Projections Proj. DC-06-0114 Interim Service Findings A Proj. CA-09-0035 JHK & Associates Proj. CA-09-0042 California Association of Governments July, 1976 — PB 266-252/AS Gruen Associates and DeLeuw, Cather & Co. Southern (SCAG) Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems— March, 1976 — PB 257-510/AS May, 1975 — PB 255-835/AS A Handbook for Transportation Planners Impacts of BART on Visual Quality- Proj. IT-06-0049 Interim Service Findings New York City Transit Authority Design Guidelines— DeLeuw, Cather & Company Proj. CA-09-0042 Proj. IT-09-0014 The Urban Institute Gruen Associates Tri-State Regional Planning Commission May, 1975 — PB 245-809/AS March, 1976 — PB 257-509/AS March, 1975 — PB 251-641-SET Software Systems Development Program/Model Transportation and Travel Impacts Of BART— User's Guide with Case Studies— Interim Service Findings Urban Densities for Public Transporation — Proj. IT-06-0050 Proj. CA-09-0042 Proj. IT-09-0023 R.H. Pratt Associates, Inc. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. Tri-State Regional Planning Commission February, 1976 — PB 258-320/AS April, 1976 — PB 261-017/AS May, 1976 — PB 256-636/AS

117 — —

The School Bus: A Transportation Resource for 1974 Texas Transit Operations (Slatistics and A Public Transportation Improvement Plan for the Northeastern Illinois— Analysis)— Amherst-Five College Area— Proj. IT-09-0026 Proj. TX-09-8001 Proj. MA-06-0006 Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission Texas Mass Transportation Commission University of Massachusetts January, 1975 — PB 255-544/AS May, 1975 — PB 256-308/AS December, 1975 — PB 258-146/AS

Directory of Special Transportation Services in the Evaluating Transit Service to Minorities— Service, Inventory and Maintenance System Computer Metropolitan Washington Area Proj. VA-09-0013 System Description — Proj. IT-09-0033 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Proj. VA-06-0004 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments September, 1975 — PB 253-041/AS The MITRE Corporation June, 1975 — PB 250-689/AS December, 1975 1973 Transit Patron Origin and Destination Survey — Volume I: Service/Unit Change System - PB 249-058/AS Standard for Bus Service Contract Payments and a Final Report Volume II: Inventory System - PB 249-059/AS System of Incentives— Proj. WA-09-0006 Volume III: Repair Cost System - PB 249-060/AS Proj. IT-09-0058 Puget Sound Council of Governments Simpson & Curtin March, 1975 — PB 272-362/AS RUCUS Implementation Manual — December, 1976 — PB 269-054/AS Proj. VA-06-0004 A Survey of Mass Transit Alternatives to Interstate The MITRE Corporation Rider Behavior on an In-Line Accelerating Walkway — 90— July, 1975 — PB 247-754/AS Proj. IT-09-0126 Proj. WA-09-0010 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Puget Sound Council of Governments Bus Maintenance Facilities

September, 1977 — PB 277-677/AS Phase I: July, 1975 - PB 269-909 A transit Management Handbook

Phase II: December, 1975 - PB 270-377 Corporation An Analysis of Transportation Planning The MITRE Effectiveness- Magic Carpet Evaluation Study- November, 1975 — PB 250-475/AS Final Report Final Report Proj. MA-09-9003 Proj. WA-09-0012 Transportation Systems Center Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle July, 1977 — PB 272-756/AS May, 1977 — PB 271-214

Transit Mobility for Elderly and Handicapped Urban Mass Transportation Industry Uniform System Persons— of Accounts and Records and Reporting System — Proj. KS-09-0005 Proj. IT-06-0094 Wichita-Sedgewick County Metropolitan Area Planning Arthur Andersen & Company Department January, 1977

May, 1977 — PB 272-443/AS Volume I: General Description - PB 264-877/AS

- Volume II: Uniform System of Accounts and Records Automated Small Vehicle Fixed Guideway Systems PB 264-878/AS

Study— Volume III: Reporting System Forms and Instructions Proj. MN-09-0010 Required - PB 264-879/AS DeLeuw, Cather & Company, Inc. and Volume IV: Reporting System Forms and Instruction

Bather-Ringrose-Wolsfeld, Inc. -Voluntary - PB 264-880/AS March, 1975 — PB 270-297 A Program for Improving Transit Industry Management Information Systems— Erie Short-Range Transit Technical Study— Proj. IT-06-0094 Proj. PA-09-0028 Arthur Andersen & Simpson & Curtin Company January, 1977 — PB 270-214 September, 1976 Volume I: Information Systems Improvement Plan

Increasing Efficiency in Bus Maintenance Summary - PB 264-524/AS

Operations- Volume II: Systems Development Work Programs - Final Report PB 264-525/AS

Proj. PR-09-0004 Volume III: Systems Design Reference Manual - University of Puerto Rico PB 264-526/AS

September, 1976 — PB 270-919 Final Report - PB 264-523/AS - SET 118 CHAPTER 13 POLICY AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

POLICY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM EVALUATION POLICY RESEARCH

UMTA is Studying Ways to Revitalize Center-City En- vironments by Means of Public Transportation.

119 The purpose of UMTA's policy research Non-Urbanized Area Transit Assistance Assessment of Conventional and work is to promote a better understanding Requirements Innovative Methods for Financing of the emerging urban transportation is- Funding for Capital and Operations Public Transportation Systems sues, needs, and objectives; to monitor and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of This project will forecast the range of Fed- This study will assess the various ways in UMTA programs; and to aid in the formula- eral funds for non-urbanized areas under which public transit systems can be finan- tion of new policies and program direc- varying assumptions of transit demands ced, such as through tax increment assess- tions. and conditions. It will also estimate non- ment, value capture, joint development, etc. Federal resources available and study the This report will provide interested local of- UMTA's Office of Policy and Program De- impact on such resources made by Federal ficials with important guidelines for eval- velopment is responsible for coordinating grant policies. The inflationary effects of uating and implementing potentially attrac- the development, planning, and evaluation the availability of Federal funds will also be tive methods for funding transit programs. of the UMTA program. This office also per- studied. Reports from this project are not yet avail- forms short-term and long-range policy able. analysis and plays a major role in the development of legislative proposals, new policies, regulations, and directives. The Of- The County Role in the Provision of An Assessment of State Use of fice also administers the UMTA University Public Transportation in Non-Urbanized Section 9 Funds Research Program. (See Chapter 14.) Areas A case study approach will be used to de- Projects described in this chapter reflect A profile of county duties and responsibil- termine how these funds (planning assist- UMTA's continuing efforts to introduce a ities were developed and an assessment ance) have been programmed to date, to more deliberate approach toward policy de- made of the present role as well as an out- assess the effectiveness of the actual plan- velopment and program evaluation. line of a future role of the county as a ning effort in terms of UMTA's stated goals, transportation planner, provider, coordin- and to compare the results of planning in ator, and administrator. different States to determine the extent dif- OFFICE OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT ferent techniques and philosophies influence the results. The results of the study will be used by UMTA in determining what

Policy Analysis Support Survey of Public Transportation new policies, if any, should be imple- Services in Small Urban Areas, 10,000- mented and what additional guidance is re- In carrying out the broad range of functions 200,000 Population quired to obtain maximum use of Section 9 assigned to it, UMTA requires many kinds funds by the States. of support. This project was concerned This effort will assemble the basic data on with the analysis of two major issues re- the availability, ownership, regulations, lated to fixed guideway transit, i.e., techno- ridership, revenues, and costs of local bus Joint Development/Value Capture logical upgrading and system extension. It transit, taxis, specialized paratransit, and Project was further concerned with the very broad intercity bus service for places in this popu issue of analyzing the development and im- lation range. The information will be made The coordinated deve'opment of land oc- plementation of Mass Transportation Pol- compatible with the similar, earlier re- cupied by transit facilities in order to maxi- icy. search project on places under 10,000. mize the financial return and optimize the

120 use of community land is called joint devel- cal planning agencies, elected officials, tion with other federal agencies, to estab- opment/value capture. This project will es- and public and private operators in broad- lish the basis for analysis of trends of na- tablish a team of specialists in the legal, fi- ening the scope of local transportation tional significance. nancial, and planning aspects to assist planning and programming. It will focus on cities in achieving the necessasry coopera- issues such as private participation plan- tion and coordination of the many elements ning, regulatory change, competition be- Survey of Travel-to-Work 1975-1976 of government. tween potential service providers, contrac- Survey of Travel-to-Work 1976-1977 tual arrangements, and coordination of spe- Survey of Travel-to-Work 1977-1978 cial services. A case book of exemplary paratransit services and a bibliography will Each of these studies is a supplement to Conference on Joint Development and also be prepared to serve as guides for the Department of Housing and Urban Multi-Agency Funding De- those interested in paratransit operations. velopment's Annual Housing survey of the years indicated. The first includes a nation- The conference will promote a better under- al sample of 170,000 households, as well as standing of joint development opportunities Support of Regional 200,000-household sample from 21 standard among both public and private agencies Workshops on Paratransit Implementation metropolitan areas. The second and third through the exchange of information and studies each include samples from 20 addi- the issuance of papers outlining the prob- This project will tional SMSA's. lems. conduct a series of one- day workshops sponsored by UMTA, AOTA, and ITA to acquaint a variety of local offi- Liability and Casualty Insurance for cials, transit operators, social service agen- National Personal Travel Survey Paratransit cies, and planners with the problems which may be encountered in establishing para- This is a supplement to the 1977 Survey of The objective of this project is to collect transit services. Travel to Work Survey which will collect dif- the present information that will depict the ferent data on Travel and Trip purpose. It insurance situation facing paratransit oper- will be similar to a 1967 study in order to ators and insurers. An advisory Board will OFFICE OF PROGRAM EVALUATION analyze changes. be established with representatives from

DOT, ITA, the insurance and paratransit in- The Office of Program Evaluation is respon- dustries, and regulatory agencies. The sible for evaluating the effectiveness of Improving Transportation System Board will structure the study and the sub- UMTA programs, and for monitoring urban Productivity sequent review of reports and recommend transportation performance. The office is alternative approaches to insurance prob- actively developing new approaches to This project was to prepare for and conduct lems. transportation performance evaluation, ap- a conference on improving productivity. The plying them to selected systems and UMTA specific objectives were to describe con- grant programs, and testing the utility of cepts and definitions and suggest Paratransit Implementation Guidance various indicators. Studies are also under- approaches to the measurement of productiv- and Reference way in such areas as transit costs, operat- ity, as well as to give examples of some ing (expense/revenue) ratios, transit effi- practical steps to increase productivity. The The objective of this project is to provide ciency and productivity. A major survey of conference was held September 18-21, sources of information and guidance for lo- work trip data is also underway, in coopera- 1977. The report of this conference is now

121 available; Proceedings of the First National Study of Methods of Improving LRT planning, to document planning methods Conference on Transit Performance, Jan- Service for better TSM, and to develop new ap- uary 1978 (UMTA-DC-06-0184-77-1). proaches and methods to meet the de- Several methods will be studied to improve mands of TSM. LRT service or reduce its cost; a self service fare system could reduce trip time and OFFICE OF POLICY RESEARCH manpower and permit different fare struc- Analysis of the Application and Impact tures. Pre-emptive signaling, curbing, ped- of Transportation System Management The Office of Policy Research plans and estrian malls, and improved flow will also (TSM) Techniques in Revitalizing Select coordinates UMTA's research policies and be investigated. Urban Areas in Europe programs and defines the R&D goals, objectives, poli- needs, and requirements. The This project will document the application oriented cy research conducted by this Of- Light Rail Transit Study and effectiveness of various Transportation fice consists of studies and analyses de- System Management practices in Europe signed to advance the understanding and This is a comprehensive assessment, cov- which make more efficient use of existing resolution of critical transportation prob- ering the last 20 years, of LRT throughout highway and Transit Systems and which lems and to aid in policy formulation and the world. There are detailed descriptions encourage the revitalization of declining ur- resource allocation decisions at the Fed- of 12 systems in Europe and North America ban centers. eral level. and cover such topics as rights-of-way, guideways, vehicles, economics, power, ve- This Office also administers the UMTA Uni- hicle control, operations, and costs. National Academy of Sciences/ versity Research and Training Program. Transportation Research Board FY1977 State of the Art in Transportation Contract System Management Under this contract the TRB undertook activities which encouraged communities Means for Reducing Light Rail Transit This is an updating and restructuring of an and to expand their focus and Cost Through Standardization of earlier report Joint Strategies for Urban members System Elements Transportation, Air Quality and Energy Con- activities on current transportation issues. servation to produce a current state-of-the- In particular the following activities were conducted. Standardization of many components of art handbook on Transportation Systems LRT systems would result in considerable Management. savings. Components such as power distri- National Conferences bution subsystems, signals and controls, at-grade intersections, switches, stations, TSM Institutional and Planning 1. Light Rail Transit Conference 2. and lesser elements would cost less if Research Urban Transportation Service Innova- manufactured in quantity; maintenance tions (including paratransit) cost would be lower, and reliability could Two contractors were selected to prepare be increased. This study will identify pos- documents from different but complemen- Workshops, Seminars, Studies sible components and procedures for stan- tary points of view. The objectives are to dardizing them. document institutional arrangements useful 3. Small and Medium Sized Communities in Transportation System Management 4. Elderly and Handicapped

122 5. Transit Finance Pedestrian streets and malls, pedes- ica. Because of the rapid pace of this de- 6. Socio-economic Impact of AGT trian skywalks, underground con- velopment, this study was jointly sponsored

7. Transportation Land Use and City courses, and other kinds of pedestrian with Canada, Australia, France, and Ger- Forms walkway systems. many to provide a broad perspective of prog- 8. Urban Transportation Reporting ress on both continents so that innovative Systems Transitways, downtown minibus ser- ideas can be shared and comparisons can 9. TSM Activity vices, attractive displays of route and be made. 10. Technological Analysis Techniques schedule information, and other im- 11. Alternative Analysis Techniques provements in center city transit ser- 12. Consumer Workshop vice. Developing Intra-Neighborhood 13. Energy, Efficiency, and Transportation Transportation Systems 14. Transit Marketing Workshop or Confer- Moving walkways, people movers, and ence other mechanized pedestrian assists This project will identify, study, and eval- for downtown circulation. uate approaches and financial mechanisms for innovative transportation at the neigh- Conference on Urban Revita lization Landscaping, use of outdoor art and borhood level. The effort will broaden street furniture (benches, shelters, neighborhood organizations in the formula- Research was conducted on the effect of lighting), creation of vest pocket parks, tion of area needs assessments, system de- low-cost improvements in Transportation and other downtown beautification signs, and studies of various self-help ap- on neighborhood conservation and urban projects. proaches to financing these services. revitalization. Emphasis was given to preservation efforts that involve Transportation oriented projects. DOT and other agencies' Assessment of Present and Fu;ure Casebook on Joint Development assistance programs were studied as were Paratransit Potential Practices some successful projects. This led to a conference of practitioners and grass-roots This three-part project will assess the po- This project will produce a casebook of organizations who want to improve their lo- tential for paratransit through three tasks: joint development (multiple use of transit cal environment. Conduct of a background survey of pre- land) practices and projects from experi- vious research, current research, and sys- ences across North America that would tem implementation results; assessment of serve as guidelines for public and private improving Center City Environment the existing state-of-the-art of paratransit organizations contemplating joint develop- and Transportation development; and identification of future ment projects. potential for paratransit. This study focused on ways to improve the center city environment and transportation Study to Identify Relevant Criteria for by working with local officials to assess Assessment of Paratransit Service in Selection of Sites for Fixed Guideway the potential of such concepts as: Europe and North America Systems

Auto-restricted zones, parking restric- Within the past few years there has been a This project will develop and evaluate cri- tions, selective closure of streets to growing interest in the potential of para- teria and methodology for selecting cities traffic, bans of truck deliveries. transit service in Europe and North Amer- and corridors within such cities which can

123 support fixed guideway systems such as line haul, rail rapid transit, light rail transit, and downtown people movers. Using this methodology and criteria, 8 to 10 cities will be selected for further study.

Communication Program: Urban Transportation Innovations Abroad

A newsletter and a clearinghouse will be established to facilitate the exchange of information on international developments in public transportation. Emphasis will be on advancing the interrelationships between the transportation environment and planning.

Impacts of Foreign Rail Car Competi- tition on the U.S. Economy and the Financial Health of Domestic Suppliers

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of foreign rail car manufacturers on the financial health and competitive position of U.S. in both foreign and domestic rail car markets, and to study secondary economic impacts on trade deficit and un- employment ratios as well as to consider the implications for Federal Transit policies.

Electric Trolley Bus Feasibility Study

This project will prepare a guide for planners covering the state-of-the-art in electric folley buses, likely advances in the arts, suitability for some specific locations, and any changes which might be called for in Federal policies. Policy and Program Development

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Policy Development

Policy Analysis Support MA-06-0053- $160,000 June 1976- TSC Larry Schulman 02 Sept. 1977 426-4060

Non-Urbanized Area Transit IT-06-0159 $ 50,000 June 1976- Ecosometrics, Inc. Douglas Gurin Assistance Requirements: Dec. 1977 426-4060 Funding for Capital and Operations

The County Role in the IT-06-0160 $ 75,000 July 1976- National Assocation Douglas Gurin Provision of Public Trans- Oct. 1977 of Counties 426-4060 portation in Non-Urbanized Areas

Survey of Public Transpor- DC-06-0155 $ 55,000 July 1976- The Urban Institute Douglas Birnie tation Services in Small June 1978 426-4060 Urban Areas, 10,000-200,000 Population

Assessment of Conventional IT-06-0127 $ 90,000 Sept. 1976- Institute of Public Michael Steadham and Innovative Methods for June 1978 Administration, Glad- 426-4060 Financing Public Transpor- stone Associates tation

An Assessment of the State DC-06-0132 $ 35,859 Sept. 1976- Nat'l League of Cities/ Jim Davis Use of Section 9 Funds Dec. 1977 U.S. Conf. of Mayors 472-6973

Joint Development: A NY-06-0047 $ 60,000 Sept. 1976- Administration and Green Miller Value Capture Project Dec. 1977 Management Research 426-4058 Associates of New York, Inc. (AMRA)

Conference on Joint DC-06-0214 $ 80,838 Dec. 1977- Public Technology, Inc. Douglas Gurin Development and Multi- Dec. 1978 426-4060 Agency Funding

Liability and Casualty MD-06-0030 $ 67,812 Feb. 1977- International Taxi- James Stratton Insurance for Paratransit April 1978 cab Association 426-4060 Providers

125 Policy and Program Development

PROGRAM TITI E NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Policy Development (Continued)

Paratransit Implementation MD-06-0034 $ 53,695 June 1977- International Taxicab james oiraiion Guidance and References March 1978 Association 426-4060

Support of Regional Work DC-06-0210 $ 62,000 Sept. 1977- The Urban Institute Douglas Birnie shops on Paratransit Oct. 1978 426-4060 Implementation

Policy Evaluation

Survey of Travel-to-Work DC-06-0124 limp 197S- Rurpan of the Gpn^us Gary Ceccucci UMTA April 1977 426-4060 $ 300,000 DOT $ 244,500 FHWA

Survey of Travel-to-Work DC-06-0144 $1,025,000 July 1976- Bureau of the Census Gary Ceccucci

rAnril' 1 426-4060 1976-1977 UMTA \ | III 1978J/U $ 25,000 FHWA

fian/ face i ice i Survey of Travel-to-Work DC-06-0189 $1,11 0,000 FY-1975 Bureau of the Census VJal y UCL-L.uLiL' 1 (Continuing) 426-4060

Paratransit Reporting IL-06-0035 $ 100,000 July 1976- International Taxicab Bryan Green System Oct. 1977 Association Sub- 426-4060 contractors: Wells Research Company

National Personal Travel DC-06-0174 $ 219,500 Jan. 1977- FHWA n^rv f.prriirri Survey June 1978 426-4060

/*>

126 /

Policy and Program Development

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Policy Research

Means for Reducing Light IT-06-0103- $ 55,000 Sept. 1976- DeLeuw Cather, Inc. James Yu Rail Transit Cost Through 03 June 1978 426-4058 Standardization of System Elements

Study of Methods of Im- IT-06-0103- $ 53,000 Sept. 1976- DeLeuw Cather, Inc. James Yu proving LRT Service 02 Feb. 1978 426-4058

Light Rail Transit Study IT-06-0103 $170,000 June 1975- DeLeuw Cather, Inc. James Yu Oct. 1976 426-4058

I M j 1 1 Itnn1 State-of-the-Art in R -06-0008 $ 90,000 March 1975- INTERPLAN Corp. v I I \J 1 1 UlRronk^UUi\0 Transportation Systems Sept. 1976 Richard Cohen Management 426-4058

1 TSM Institutional and $142,500 June 1976- System Design Con- Miltoni » i M i w i i Rrnok*!Li i j u r\ o Planning Research March 1978 cepts; Alan M. Richard Cohen Voorhees, Inc. 426-4058

cki nc Anno O An.4 -1 fl77 Analysis of the Application $ lb,ybo bept. iy /- Ecoplan International James Yu

1 — A r\ "7 o and Impact of Transporta- June 1978 426-4058 tion System Management Techniques in Revitalizing Se- lect Urban Areas in Europe

National Academy of DC-06-0216 $400,000 National Academy of Yvonne Griffin ^pipnf**ic TranQnnrtatinn ouici ilco i i d 1 1 o|JkJ i idiiuii Sciences, Transporta- Research Board, FY 77 tion Research Board Contract

Conference on Urban DC-06-0188 $ 81,063 April 1977- The Conservation Richard Cohen Revitalization March 1978 Foundation 426-4058

Improving Center City DC-06-0163 $ 55,000 Sept. 1976- Public Technology, Inc. James Yu Environment and Trans- Feb. 1978 426-4058 portation

127 Policy and Program Development

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Policy Research (Continued)

Assessment of Present DC-06-0150 to be June 1976- To be selected James Yu and Future Paratransit announced 426-4058 Potential

Assessment of Paratransit FN -06-0002 $ 15,000 March 1976- Ecoplan International James Yu Service in Europe and Jan. 1977 426-4058 North America

Developing Intra- DC-06-0203 $ 90,000 July 1977- National Center for Richard Cohen Neighborhood Transpor- Mary 1978 Urban Ethnic Affairs 426-4058 tation Systems

Casebook on Joint DC-06-0138 $ 85,000 Jan. 1977- Urban Land Institute James Yu Development Practices March 1978 426-4058

Study to Identify Relevant NY-06-0061 $ 85,000 Jan. 1977- Regional Plan James Yu Criteria for Selection Sites Feb. 1978 Association, Inc. 426-4058 for Fixed Guideway Systems

Communications Program: DC-06-0207 $ 50,000 Nov. 1977- Council for Interna- Yvonne Griffin Urban Transportation Nov. 1978 tional Urban Liaison 426-4058 Innovations Abroad

Impacts of Foreign Rail Car DC-06-0213 $ 40,000 Nov. 1977- Richard J. Barber, Brian Day Competition on the US Feb. 1978 Associates, Inc. 426-4058 Economy and the Financial Health of Domestic Suppliers

Electric Trolley Bus IT-06-0193 To be To be Yvonne Griffin Feasibility Study announced selected 426-4058

128 — — —

Bibliography A Study of Minority Business Participation in the Urban Mass Transportation Industry Proj. DC-06-0146 This list of reports contains those pub- One America, Inc. lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- July, 1977 able. Others are being published continual- Volume I: Analysis of Minority Business Participation - ly, including the majority of those projects PB 274-773/AS reported in this volume. Call or write the Volume II: Developing Successful Minority Business Enterprise Programs for Public Transit Technical Contact person listed after the Properties: A Manual - PB 274-774/AS project of interest to you to inquire for Volume III: Public Transit Contracting Opportunities other reports to which he might refer you. for Minority Business Enterprises: A Manual - PB 274-775/AS

The two numbers shown with most entries Proceedings of the First National Conference on are; first, the project number, and second, Transit Performance the National Technical Information Service Proj. DC-06-0184 Public Technology Inc. (NTIS) document number. January, 1978

Transit Station Area Joint Development: Strategies Order blanks are included in the Appendix for Implementation— for your convenience. Proj. NY-06-0047 Administration and Management Research A Comparison of Methods for Evaluating Urban Association of New York City, Inc. Transportation Alternatives February, 1976

Proj. MA-06-0053 Economic Case Studies - PB 268-104/AS

Transportation Systems Center Final Report - PB 268-1 03/AS February, 1975 — PB 245-313/AS Increasing Transit Ridership: The Experience of Seven Light Rail Transit: State of the Art Review— Cities— Proj. IT-06-0103 Proj. UP-5 DeLeuw, Cather & Company Urban Mass Transportation Administration Spring, 1976 — PB 256-821/AS November, 1976 — PB 271-071

Transportation System Management: State of the Transportation System Management Art— A Bibliography of Technical Reports

Proj. R I -06-0008 Proj. UPP-L INTERPLAN Corporation Urban Mass Transportation Administration September, 1976 — PB 266-953/AS May, 1976 — PB 256-273/AS

Transportation System Management: State of the Art— Proj. RI-06-0008 February, 1977

Center City Environment and Transportation: Local Government Solutions— Proj. DC-06-0163 December, 1977

129 CHAPTER 14 UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND TRAINING GRANT PROGRAM

TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS, PLANNING, AND EVALUATION TRANSPORTATION/LAND USE INTERACTIONS TRANSPORTATION FINANCING AND PRICING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND SERVICES FOR LOW DENSITY AREAS IMPROVING TRANSIT PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY EDUCATION/TRAINING

Systems and Services for Low-Density Areas are Being Emphasized in New University Research Projects.

130 The University Program encourages and Public Transportation Systems and Ser- The program is authorized and funded un- supports transportation research in the aca- vices for Low Density Areas der Section 11 of the Urban Mass Transpor- demic community to aid in understanding tation Act of 1964 as amended. and resolving urban transportation prob- Improving Transit Productivity and Effi- lems and needs. More specifically, it pro- ciency Feel free to write or call the individuals motes research and training in the needs of who are shown as technical monitors, or UMTA and strengthens Federal, State, and Education/Training contacts, should you have questions. local abilities to plan, design and operate transportation systems. It also promotes Because the University grants program is greater interaction between universities so diverse, it is difficult to summarize. Nev- TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS, and local transportation authorities as well ertheless, approximately 300 reports com- PLANNING, AND EVALUATION as assisting the universities to become ing from Research and Training Grant Proj- sources of advice and centers for dissemin- ects are available at the National Techni- ating the experience of the transportation cal Information Service (NTIS) an estimated Organizational Alternatives for Metro- community at large. It further helps univer- 26,000 copies have been purchased, while politan Transportation Services sities in the training of practicing profes- many copies have been supplied directly to CA-1 1-0001 sionals and in the encouragement of young urban transportation organizations by the people to enter the transportation profes- universities themselves. Approximately 150 Transportation regulations are in many sion. new courses in urban transportation have cases barriers to transportation improve- been added to the universities' curricula, ments. Desirable improvements will not be- while about 100 full-time faculty and re- come realities until incentives are in- In FY-77 preference was given to proposals search positions have been added to the creased or restrictions modified. The study which were directed toward one or more of staffs. Many urban transportation stu- hopes to use the San Francisco Bay Area the following topics: dents (425) have taken positions in trans- systems to establish a basis for policies portation planning organizations, depart- which would improve the atmosphere for in- Transportation Analysis, Planning, and ments of transportation, transit operators, novations. Evaluation equipment suppliers, and consulting firms.

Transportation/Land Use Interactions This publication lists and gives brief descriptions of the project grants awarded in Los Angeles County Transportation FY 1977 in support o; the foregoing objec- Commission Public Policy Impact Transportation Financing and Pricing tives. Reports from these new projects are Study CA-1 1-0002 not yet available. Reports from earlier proj- Transportation System Management ects which were entered into the NTIS sys- The study will evaluate the effectiveness of tem during FY-77 are listed at the end of this recently established Transportation Improving Transportation in Center Cities the chapter. Commission, as well as evaluating the

131 impact of the regulations and policies of those alternative societies. The result will could then provide the basis for further departments and agencies of concern to be a case study book for planners. congestion policy studies. the new Commission.

The Development of Simplified Trans- TRANSPORTATION/LAND USE Evaluation of the Impacts of Federal portation Planning and Assessment INTERACTIONS Transportation in Small Urban Areas Methodologies for Low Density, Small IA-1 1-0001 to Medium Sized Cities VA-1 1-0007 The Feasibility of Joint Development Case studies will be used to analyze the ef- This project will develop simplified meth- in Selected Transit Station Locations fect on transportation investment decisions ods for relating land use and transit oper- in the Detroit Area M 1-1 1-0003 of small urban areas caused by federal and ations and for assessing the transportation state investment programs. Federal pro- needs for low density, small to medium This study will explore the problems and grams are largely oriented to large commu- size cities (50,000 to 300,000 pop.). It will be strategies which are inherent in or neces- nities hence there is little data available done with cooperation of Pentran, PTDC, sary to accomplish joint development plan- concerning smaller centers. Three areas and the Planning Departments of Hampton ning in the establishment of five stations will be studied which have population of and Newport News. along proposed transit corridors. Joint plan- 50,000 to 300,000. ning means the cooperation of all agencies concerned with highway planning, land use The Development of a Transportation An Investigation of the Influence of regulations, tax policies, investment poli- Needs Assessment Methodology for Knowledge and Information on Mass cies, environmental issues as well as trans- Neighborhood Preservation Areas Transit Utilization VA-1 1-0008 portation in order to realize the optimum MD-1 1-0003 benefit to the community. This study will create a model by which This study will develop an instruction man- transit operators can educate the public as ual also containing information sources to the benefits of using mass transit. It will TRANSPORTATION FINANCING AND and guidelines for use by neighborhood or- identify the reasons why more people do PRICING ganizations in neighborhood preservation not use transit, and determine what kinds areas in making transportation needs as- of information are effective. sessments. An Examination and Evaluation of Selected Funding Issues in Urban Mass Transportation MA-1 1-0030 Long Range Directions for Urban Visualizing Congestion Patterns: A Public Transportation: A Study in Policy-Oriented Feasibility Assessment From previous work, two areas will be stud- Context NY-11-0017 WA-1 1-0002 ied; 8-10 case studies of the ways transit fiscal issues have evolved and been dealt Long range transportation planning must This study will develop several data display with, and a review of available funding be done in the context of a long range view techniques to study the properties of trans- sources in one area for supporting special of society and its needs. Hence this study portation congestion. It will then make rec- transit services. Three in-depth studies will will project several alternative views and ommendations for testing the most prom- also be made of the effects of Federal and then analyze the transportation needs of ising for their cost effectiveness. This State assistance on the local decisions.

132 Possible revisions of Federal and State as- cialists which will then study three to six particular emphasis on funding and moni- sistance policies will be developed and cities and report to those cities a program toring).

recommended. of options. It will then help those cities in studying the key problems and recommen- The of dations for action. The team will report on Development an Evaluation Fare Elasticities and Performance the progress within those cities during the Framework for Transportation System in the Taxi Industry NC-1 1-0006 life of the project to serve as guides for Management Strategies NE-11-0001 other cities. The study will also conduct This project will develop and test tech- three seminars and two conferences to aid The Department of Transportation requires niques for evaluating taxi services and then the academic and professional communi- a Transportation System Management aspect in urban planning. estimate demand elasticities for operations ties in understanding Joint Development- This project will develop in various size cities. It will produce a com- Value Capture. and test a method for evaluating TSM prehensive report, a technical report deal- strategies incorporating performance mea- ing with fare elasticity, and a guide to help sures related to the TSM objectives. local officials evaluate taxi services. Public Transport Investment and Policy Analysis PA-1 1-0004 Planning and Design Guidelines for Transportation System Management Evaluation of Ridership, Revenue and Because modern, economic analyses are (TSM) PA-1 1-0006 Equity Implications of Distance-Based not well understood, this project will devel- Fares for Transit Systems in Medium op instructional material and improved Transportation System Management re- Sized Urban Regions NY-1 1-0016 techniques for analyzing transportation in- quires the consideration of the entire array vestments and for conducting benefit-cost of transportation and transportation-related Fares based on distance rather than zones and cost effectiveness studies as aids to systems and facilities. This is complex and may be more equitable. This project will de- policy analysts in allocating available not well implemented in spite of much ef- velop a simulation model and software to funds. be used to analyze a variety of fare fort. This project will produce a manual to assist planners in understanding, schemes based on distance and to allow evaluating and implementing TSM. the study of revenue, number of riders, and TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM other factors. MANAGEMENT Monitoring, Assisting and Evaluation and Evolution of Urban-Region Trans- Implementation of Joint Development/ Area Responses to Transportation portation System Management and Value Capture (JD/VC) Techniques System Management (TSM) Require- Coordination Organization WA-1 1-0001 TX-1 1-0006 ments MA-1 1-0008 The Puget Sound Council of governments From the literature this study will prepare a The project will study two areas found to has proposed a Transportation System catalogue of Joint Development-Value Cap- be critical to a Transportation System Man- Management - Coordination Demonstration. ture techniques and report them in such a agement Program; namely, the role of trans- The purpose of the study reported here is way as to be the most useful to local and portation agencies within a group of inte- to monitor, assist, and evaluate this demon- state governments. It will also create a grated agencies and Transportation System stration. It will also report on similar dem- team of legal, financial, and planning spe- Management Process development (with onstrations in three other cities, all with

133 the intent of making the experiences avail- help in implementation and marketing. It IMPROVING TRANSIT SYSTEM able to other cities. will also produce a computer program to PRODUCTIVITY simulate some aspects and aid in choosing

cost effective modes. It will concentrate on the non-work trip. Effect of Organization Size on Transit IMPROVING TRANSPORTATION IN Productivity and Satisfaction CENTER CITIES CA-11-0016 Regulatory and Institutional Barriers to Paratransit Services and the Ways of Evaluating Radial Corridor, Auto Overcoming Those Barriers NC-1 1-0007 This project will study the characteristics Restraint, and Transit Priority and employees of a variety of transit organ- Measures MA-1 1-0031 This project will study four innovative para- izations in California to learn the effect of transit systems to learn the roles of regula- several size-related structural attributes on This study will investigate the political and tory bodies, methods of overcoming regula- the employee satisfaction and job perform- institutional feasibililty of implementing tory problems, agreements, charters, certi- ance. several schemes to reduce the number of ficates, insurance, and ridership changes. automobiles or to give priority to buses and car pool vehicles. This will be done in the context of one or two radial corridors in Paratransit Service Planning A Comprehensive Analysis of Transit Boston. Workshops OK-1 1-0001 Efficiency and Productivity IN-1 1-0003

This project will develop instructional ma- This project will develop a set of indicators SYSTEMS AND SERVICES FOR LOW terials for use in workshops to aid faculty to analyze the efficiency and productivity of DENSITY AREAS and transportation planners in understand- transportation systems. Such indicators ing planning for paratransit services. Work- will then be tested to provide better analy- shops will be conducted, one with the pur- ses than present indicators. Monitoring the Implementation of pose of stimulating faculty to use the ma- Innovative Transportation Services terials in the classroom. IL-1 1-0012

This project will devise methods for moni- Measuring the Influence of Subsidies toring innovative transit schemes by testing Development of Integrated Transit on Transit Productivity and Efficiencies and evaluating two northern Illinois areas. Services for a Rural Suburban County NE-1 1-0002 VA-1 1-0006

Integrated Paratransit Transportation- This study will cover the transit needs of This research project will analyze data from Planning for Low Travel Densities Albermarle County and develop an imple- several transit systems in order to test hy- IL-1 1-0023 mentation program; including various para- pothetical relationships between subsidies transit concepts, or organizational strate- and efficiency and productivity. The results This project will produce a paratransit plan- gies, and integration with existing services should be useful to policy planners at all ning manual for low-density areas including in urban Charlottesville. levels of government.

134 Increasing Efficiency in Bus Minorities in Transportation Improving the Productivity of the Maintenance Operations PR-1 1-0002 Engineering GA-1 1-0007 Urban Transportation System NY-11-0019 This project will devise workable measures The program intends to encourage minority, of productivity as a first step toward help- including women, students to enter trans- This project will select a number of mass ing management formulate policies to im- portation engineering through the Atlanta transit productivity problems, evolve cor- prove productivity. University Center - Georgia Tech Dual De- rective measures, and present these in the gree program. A summer intern program form of handbooks. Solutions will be will be an important part of the five-year sought from many areas, e.g., housing and Identification and Resolution of Labor program. law enforcement. Relations Problems of Union and Management Municipal Transit Representatives WI-1 1-0005 An Intern Program for Transportation This project will provide a forum for labor Studies HI-1-0001 and management to identify labor relations, on which both groups are willing to work This is a continuing project to develop infor solutions. A planning committee will set tern programs in transportation at local the format for one or more conferences of agencies, by the University of Hawaii. By the appropriate people to work toward solu- the nature of the student body many minor- tions for consideration by senior manage- ity students will be involved. Bi-monthly ment, labor, and government officials. colloquia are a special feature of the program.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING The Use of Non-Print Media for Improved Communication of Public Administrative Experiences and Transportation Decision-Making Innovation in Urban Mass Transpor- Information TN-1 1-0001 tation Systems GA-1 1-0006 This project will prepare seven tape cas- This study will create a number of case settes, each with accompanying projection studies of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid slides, in an effort to improve the commu- Transit Authority's experience. The intent is nication of urban transportation research to avoid typical histories and prepare in- results to potential beneficiaries. The sub- structive studies showing management projects will include; marketing, service alter- cesses, operational innovations, critical in- natives, elderly and handicapped persons, cidents, and interfaces with political and goals and objectives, airport access trans- technical aspects. port, costs, and paratransit.

135 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Transportation Analysis, Planning, and Evaluation

Organizational Alternatives CA-1 1-0001 $63,702 June 1977- U. of Calif. Berkeley, C.K. Orski UPP-1 for Metropolitan Services Sept. 1978 Prof. Melvin Webber (202) 426-4050

Los Angeles County CA-1 1-0002 $69,176 June 1977- Calif. State Univ., C.K. Orski UPP-1 Transportation Commission Aug. 1978 Long Beach, (202) 426-4050 Public Policy Impact Study Prof. Peter L. Shaw

Evaluation of the Impacts IA-1 1-0001 $73,347 June 1977- Univ. of Iowa, D.P. Gurin UPP-10 of Federal Transportation Aug. 1978 K.J. Dueker and D.B. Lee (202) 426-4060 Programs in Small Urban Areas

The Development of a MD-1 1-0003 $76,495 June 1977- Univ. of Maryland, R. Cohen UPP-31 Transportation Needs June 1978 Profs. Robert Bish and (202) 426-4058 Assessment Methodology Thomas Molinazzi for Neighborhood Preservation Areas

Long Range Directions NY-1 1-0017 $62,602 June 1977- Polytechnic Inst, of N.Y., J. Yu UPP-3 for Urban Public Transpor- Aug. 1978 L. J. Pignataro and (202) 426-4058 tation: A Study in Context A. J. Weiner

The Development of Simpli- VA-1 1-0007 $53,218 July 1977- Hampton Institute, J. McQueen UTP-20 fied Transportation Planning July 1978 Profs. James Hall and (202) 426-2360 and Assessment Method- D. Aichbhaumik ologies for Low Density, Small to Medium Sized Cities

An Investigation of the VA-1 1-0008 $67,492 July 1977- Virginia Union College, R. Mason UCR-10 Influence of Knowledge and July 1978 J. B. Gunnell and (202) 426-2285 Information on Mass Transit J. C. Sharpe Utilization

Visualizing Congestion WA-1 1-0002 $26,353 June 1977- Univ. of Washington, G.E. Paules UTP-10 Patterns: A Policy-Oriented Sept. 1978 Prof. J. B. Schneider (202) 426-9271 Feasibility Assessment

136 y

University Research and Training Grant Program

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Transportation/Land Use Interactions

The Feasibility of Joint MI-1 1-0003 $ 57,799 June 1977- Wayne State Univ., G. Miller UPP-10 Development in Selected Aug. 1978 Prof. S. Khasnabis (202) 426-4058 Transit Station Locations in the Detroit Area

Transportation Financing and Pricing

u a 1 1 Anon An Examination and Eval- $ 51,783 June 1977- Mass. Inst, of Technology, C.K. Orski UPP-1 uation of Selected Funding Oct. 1978 Prof. J. Womack (202) 426-4050 Issues in Urban Mass Tran^nnrtatinn i ia!i>)|jui laiiui i

Fare Elasticities and NC-1 1-0006 $ 51,958 June 1977- Univ. of North Carolina, J. Bautz UMD-10 Performance Measures in Aug. 1978 Prof. G. Gilbert (202) 426-4984 the Taxi Industry

O II [si V/ A |L _ , , Evaluation of Ridership, NY-11-0016 $ 49,099 June 1977- S.U.N.Y. Albany, B. Arrillage UMD-20 Revenue and Equity Implica- Aug. 1978 Profs. L. Mohan and (202) 426-4984 tions of Distance-Based D. Ballou Fares for Transit Systems in Medium Sized Urban Regions

Implementation of Joint TX-1 1-0006 *o i y,yyo June i i o- Rice Center for Commu- G. Miller UPP-10 Development/Value Capture June 1978 nity Design & Research, (202) 426-4058 (JDA/C) Techniques CP. Sharpe

Public Transport Investment PA-1 1-0004 $ 38,671 June 1977- Carnegie-Mellon Univ., F.B. Day UPP-31 and Policy Analysis June 1978 Prof. M. Wohl (202) 426-4058

Transportation System Management

Area Responses to Transpor- MA-1 1-0008 $ 74,175. June 1977- Mass. Inst, of Technology, R. Cohen UPP-31 tation System Management Oct. 1978 Profs. R. Gakenheimer (202) 426-4058 (TSM) Requirementss and D. Roos

137 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ GRANTEE CONTACT

The Development of an NE-1 1-0001 $ 57,315 June 1977- Univ. of Nebraska, R. Cohen UPP-31 Evaluation Framework for Aug. 1978 Prof. P. M. Lima (202) 426-4058 Tran^nnrtatinn Sv^tpm Management Strategies

Planning and Design Guide- PA-1 1-0016 $78,855 June 1977- Univ. of Penn., F.B. Day UPP-31 /Ono\ »oc incQ lines for Transportation Aug. 1978 Prof. Vukan R. Vuchic \ZU

Monitoring, Assisting, and WA-1 1-0001 $47,939 June 1977- Univ. of Washington, R. Cohen UPP-30 Evaluating the Evolution of June 1978 Prof. E.M. Horwood (202) 426-4058 the Urban Region Transpor- tation System Management and Coordination Organi- zation

Improving Transportation in Center Cities

Evaluating Radial Corridor MA-1 1-0031 $89,910 June 1977- Harvard Univ., B. Arrillaga UMD-20 Auto Restraint and Transit Sept. 1978 Prof. G. Fauth Priority Measures

Systems and Services for Low Density Areas

Monitoring the Implemen- I L-1 1-0012 $89,994 Oct. 1976- Northwestern Univ., J. Bautz UMD-20 1Q77 tation of Innovative Public uct. iy/ i Profs. J. Hauser and 4<>b-4yo4 Transportation Services F. Koppelman

Integrated Paratransit I L-1 1-0023 $75,882 June 1977- Univ. of III. Chicago Cir., R. Scott UPP-10 Transportation-Planning Aug. 1978 Profs. A. K. Sen and (202) 426-4060

C*. KA Inhncnn for Low Travel Densities V_/.tVI. OUMMoUl 1

Regulatory and Instituional NC-1 1-0007 $54,954 June 1977- North Carolina A&T D. Birnie UPP-10 Barriers to Paratransit July 1978 State Univ., (202) 426-4060 Services and the Ways of Prof. D. McKelvey Overcoming those Barriers

Paratransit Service OK-1 1-0001 $71,748 June 1977- Univ. of Oklahoma, J. Stratton UPP-10 Planning Workshops June 1978 Prof. C. Barb, Jr. (202) 426-4060

138 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROGRAM TITI P MMMRFR cpupni n f RAPTOR/ r nUunnlVI 1 1 1 Ll INUlYlDCn l U IN L/l INO OumlUULl mwT TECHNICAL GRANTEE CONTACT

Development of Integrated VA-1 1-0006 $79,109 June 1977- Univ. of Virginia, M. Steadham UPP-10 Transit Services for a July 1978 Profs. L. Hoel and (202) 426-4060 Rural-Suburban County M. J. Demetsky

Improving Transit Productivity

Effect of Organization Size CA-1 1-0016 $61,234 July 1977- Univ. of Calif., Irvine, J.E. Sale UPP-20 on Transit Productivity and Sept. 1978 G. J. Fielding (202) 426-4060 Employee Satisfaction

A Comprehensive Analysis of IN-11-0003 $68,842 June 1977- Purdue Univ., G. Ceccucci UPP-20 Transit Efficiency and Aug. 1978 Prof. K. C. Sinha (202) 426-4060 Productivity

Measuring the Influence of NE-1 1-0002 $40,960 Aug. 1977 Univ. of Nebraska, C. Burbank UPP-20 Subsidies on Transit Produc- Sept. 1978 Omaha, (202) 426-4060 tivity and Efficiency Prof. J. M. Gleason

Increasing Efficiency in PR-11-0002 $69,014 June 1977- Univ. of Puerto Rico, B. Green UPP-20 Bus Maintenance Operations Sept. 1978 Prof. L.A. Martin-Vega (202) 426-4060

Identification and Resolution WI-1 1-0005 $51,106 July 1977- Univ. of Wisconsin, E. Barkley UPP-20 of Labor Relations Problems Aug. 1978 Madison, (202) 426-4060 of Union and Management Prof. J. L. Stern Municipal Transit Repre- sentatives

Education and Training

Administrative Experiences GA-1 1-0006 $74,751 June 1977- Univ. of Georgia, J. McQueen UTP-20 and Innovations in Urban Sept. 1978 Prof. R.R. Golembiewski (202) 426-2360 Mass Transportation Systems

Junp 1977- Atlanta Univ. Center, P.G. UPP-35 i i Hughes i 1 Mifiufiuco ill I a 1 1 opui id 1 ui om- iwyi J)UJ, JUL Engineering Aug. 1978 C. Espy (202) 426-0080

An Intern Program for HI-1 1-0001 $47,926 June 1977- Univ. of Hawaii, P.G. Hughes UPP-35 Transportation Students Aug. 1978 Profs. P. Hin Pung Ho (202) 426-0080 and OS. Papacostas

139 —

University Research and Training Grant Program

PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE CONTRACTOR/ TECHNICAIi i— v-/ 1 1 1 1 1 vnL GRANTEE CONTACT

Improving Transit Productivity

The Use of Non-Print Media TN-1 1-0001 $79,880 June 1977- Univ. of Tennessee, P.G. Hughes UPP-35 for Improved Communication Aug. 1978 Prof. R. G. Mundy (202) 426-0080 of Public Transportation Decision Making Information

Improving the Productivity NY-11-0019 $49,276 July 1977- John Jay Coll. of F.B. Day UPP-31 of the Urban Transportation July 1978 Criminal Justice, (202) 426-4058 System M. Holzer

Bibliography UMTA University Research and Training Program Transit's Role in the Creation of the Polycentric Abstracts for University Research Projects— City: An Initial Assessment— Proj. UPP-35 Proj. WA-1 1-0005 This list of reports contains those pub- Urban Mass Transportation Administration University of Washington lished from January 1975 to the latest avail- February, 1978 — PB 278-646/AS August, 1977 — PB 275-043 able. Others are being published continual- Urban Corridor Trip Distribution Models: A Study of ly, including the majority of those projects Analysis and Policy Research the Chicago Area Using the Census UTPP Data— in reported this volume. Call or write the L- Proj. I 11-0008 Accessibility Appplications in Urban Transportation — Technical Contact person listed after the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Proj. VA-1 1-0002 project of interest to you to inquire for September, 1977 — PB 275-161 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University other reports to he refer which might you. January, 1977 - PB 269-240 Taxicab Utilization by Lower Income Groups— Proj. NC-1 1-0004 The two numbers shown with most entries North Carolina A&T State University Assuming Responsibility for Mobility of Elderly and are; first, the project number, and second, October, 1976 — PB 269-581 Handicapped: The Role of Transit Properties, Transit the National Technical Information Service Planners, and Social Service Agencies in Small Transit Performance Measures: Their Significance in (NTIS) document number. Cities— Local Funding Allocation Proj. NC- 11-0004 Proj. WA-1 1-0005 Order blanks are included in the Appendix North Carolina A&T State University University of Washington for your convenience. July, 1976 — PB 267-231 June, 1977 — PB 276-141/AS

140 — — — — — — 2 —

Development of Performance Indicators for Transit Transit Management Urban Transportation Technologies Final Report Vehicle Follower Longitudinal Control for Automated Proj. CA-1 1-0014 Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity— Guideway Transit — University of California Proj. MA-1 1-0026 Proj. MN-1 1-0002 — 278-678/AS Harvard University December, 1977 PB University of Minnesota February, 1977 — PB 266-920 Potential for Betterment District Financing and Joint February, 1977 — PB 264-554/TBS Design for a National Urban Transportation Reporting Development Applications to Surface Transit Analysis and Design of Steering Controllers for System— Proj. WA-1 1-0005 Automated Guideway Transit Vehicles— Proj. PA-1 1-0002 University of Washington, Seattle Proj. MA-1 1-0023 University of Pennsylvania July, 1977 — PB 274-61 8/AS Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1976 — 259-002 PB 261-327 Employer Vanpool Programs: Factors in their Success September, 1976 — PB The Role of Security in Marketing Urban Mass or Failure — Proj. WA-1 1-0005 Transportation University of Wshington Proj. IL-1 1-0008 June, 1977 — PB 276-955/AS University of Illinois at Chicago Circle February, 1977 — PB 271-224 Urban Transportation Planning Factors Influencing the Adoption of Management Management of Vehicular Traffic Facilities for Better Innovation in the CTA— Transit Movement: Some Aspects Proj. WI-1 1-0002 Proj. NY-1 1-0009 Marquette University Polytechnic Institute of New York July, 1976 — PB 226-154 December, 1976 — PB 267-942 Estimation of the Operating Cost of Mass Transit User Documentation for the Metropolitan Systems— Accessibility Program— Proj. NY-1 1-001 Proj. VA-1 1-0002 State University of New York at Stony Brook Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University September, 1976 — PB 262-729/TBS January, 1977 — PB 269-239 Transit Authority Boards of Directors: Membership, Methodology for Identifying Urban Transportation Organization, Functions, and Performance— Technology Alternatives Proj. PA-1 1-0010

Proj. I L-1 1-0008 Pennsylvania State University University of Illinois at Chicago Circle October, 1976 — PB 265-744 March, 1977 — PB 271-225 Labor Relations RAM: A Normative Tool for Transit Route Planning— Proj. NY-1 1-0009 The Effects of Labor Strikes on Bus Transit Use— Polytechnic Institute of New York Proj. IN-1-0001 September. 1977 — PB 275-213 Purdue University December, 1976 — PB 267-077 Utilizing Geographic Basefiles for Transportation Analyses: A Network Basefile System Labor Relations in Urban Transit Proj. WA-1 1-0005 Proj. WI-1 1-0004

University of Washington University of Wisconsin - Madison June, 1977 — PB 275-586/AS August, 1977 — PB 274-059

Establishing Innovative Taxicab Services: A The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in the Guidebook— Urban Transit Industry— Proj. NC-1 1-0005 Proj. WI-1 1-0004

University of North Carolina University of Wisconsin - Madison August, 1977 — PB 278-647/AS November, 1976 — PB 266-110

141

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: the National Technical Information Service, along with Congressional Hearings Availability of Information on Federal complete indices by author, title, project number, and subject. These abstracts and indices cover reports of Each year UMTA, like all other agencies of the Federal Research and Development in Urban Mass UMTA's research, development and demonstration Government, appears before appropriation committees Transportation plus technical studies projects, and reports produced of both the House and the Senate to request funds for under the university research and training program. the following fiscal year, justifying the request with an Annual Description of Research and Development The following volumes are available from NTIS: abundance of factual and statistical data concerning Projects Volume 1, October 1972 (466 abstracts), PB-213-212; its present program and its plans for the future. Com- Volume 2, September 1973 (195 abstracts), PB-225-368/ mittee members elicit additional information and an The volume to which this is an appendix is UMTA's OAS; Volume 3, July 1974, PB-264-905/AS; Volume 4, explanation by questions. The entire transcript, consti- primary medium of dissemination of information about December 1975, PB-278-646/AS. tuting a rather comprehensive record pT UMTA's activ- its R&D activity. The reports produced as important by ities, is published and made available on request ad- products of these projects may be obtained by order- dressed to the committees: Subcommittee on Trans- ing them from the principal repository and dissemin- The Transit Research Information Center (TRIC) portation, Committee on Appropriations, United States ating agency for reports emanating from R&D per- Senate, Washington, D.C. 20510 and Subcommittee on formed by or for Federal agencies — the National Another repository is the Transit Research Information Transportation, Committee on Appropriations, House Technical Information Service (NTIS). Reports are or- Center (TRIC), which operates within UMTA's Office of of Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515. dered directly from NTIS by the order numbers indi- Transportation Management and Demonstrations. cated in the report listings. The lack of an order num- TRIC maintains a full collection of all UMTA-spon- The Department of Transportation (DOT) Library ber means that the report had not yet been entered in- sored reports and can provide information related to to the NTIS depository system when this publication these reports and their findings. Although TRIC does DOT'S library contains approximately 500,000 volumes went to press. Inquiries about the availability or price not stock copies of reports for distribution, it will pro- and pamphlets, 170 drawers of vertical file material, of completed reports should be addressed to NTIS, vide a one-page technical abstract of any report upon and receives more than 1,500 periodical titles. The li- not to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. request. One can also request, preferably in writing, brary began operation in 1969 when the Washington li- The NTIS Order Desk telephone number is: (703) abstracts of reports on specific subjects that have braries of the Bureau of Public Roads, Coast Guard, 321-8543. Copies of the form used for ordering NTIS been sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation Ad- and Federal Aviation Administration were consoli- documents are reproduced on the last page; photo- ministration. TRIC also publishes and distributes dated. copies may be used for orders. Payment must accom- monthly abstracts of new UMTA reports. Anyone pany orders. Prices vary in proportion to the size of wishing to receive these abstracts on a regular basis The Bureau of Public Roads' library had extensive ma- the document for copies on paper with eye-legible text should address a request to: Urban Mass Transporta- terials on urban mass transportation and the collec-

(hard copy) and at present can be ascertained only by tion Administration, Office of Transportation Manage- tion has been substantially enriched since it was inquiries directed to NTIS. Most reports in NTIS are ment and Demonstration, Transit Research Informa- taken over by DOT. The library contains all reports pro- also made available on microfiche. Microfiche copies tion Center, 2100 Second Street, SW., Room 6412, duced by UMTA's R&D program. Most library materials have a uniform price: $2.25 per volume for orders sent Washington, D.C. 20590. are available for interlibrary loan to other libraries. within the United States or $3.75 if sent abroad. UMTA's Public Information Services Information About Contracts Payment for either standard or microfiche copies is acceptable in cash, by check, postal money order, UMTA also conducts an active and continuous infor- Most requests for information on R&D activities relate GPO coupons, or charge to an American Express mation program. All significant projects are an- to contracts. Numerous firms are interested in provid-

Card. Postage stamps are not valid as payment. It is nounced when contracts are awarded, when important ing goods or services for various R&D projects and possible to establish a deposit account at NTIS, from milestones have been reached and when completed, wish to bid or negotiate for contracts or subcontracts. which payments for ordered documents are with- usually through press releases issued by the Office of Some information may be obtained through relatively drawn. The purchase price includes postage at the Public Affairs. This Office also has available, and will informal channels by correspondence or oral commu- fourth class rate. Three to 5 weeks must be allowed send on request, brochures on various UMTA pro- nication with DOT officials and staff but the pres- for delivery. Much faster delivery is provided by NTIS's grams and policies. cribed procedures for negotiating a contract require Rush Order Service (703-321-8948), with an additional the Federal Government to disclose a considerable charge of $10.00 per document. UMTA's activities also are reported regularly in a mag- amount of detailed information about projects. azine published by the Department of Transportation Abstracts (DOT) and available from the Superintendent of Docu- Most procurements for the Federal Government are ments, entitled Transportation USA. accomplished either by formal advertisements or by UMTA publishes an annual guide to its research re- negotiation. The former are initiated by issuance of ports entitled Urban Mass Transportation Abstracts. Those who wish to receive press releases may request "invitation for bids" (IFB) which contain specifications These volumes contain descriptive abstracts of this service by writing to UMTA's Office of Public Af- describing the actual minimum needs of the Govern- reports sponsored by UMTA which are available from fairs. ment. The negotiation process, the method most

143 frequently employed by UMTA, involved Requests for Pro- The Administrator also maintains, at the same place check, draft or postal money order, payable to the posals (RFP) which are designed to generate competi- and under the supervision of the same official, a docu- Treasurer of the United States. tion that will obtain industry's best efforts toward ment inspection facility where the general files of the achieving UMTA's objectives. Each UMTA RFP also is Administration are kept, and where the following rec- Any person to whom a record is not made available designed to enable potential suppliers to compete on ords are located and available: within a reasonable time after his request, and any an equal basis; each includes such items as scope of person who has been notified that a record he has re- work, delivery schedules, type of contract, closing • Any final opinions and orders made in the adju- quested cannot be disclosed, may apply, in writing, to date, technical evaluation factors, and expected terms dication of cases and issued within the Adminis- the Administrator, Urban Mass Transportation Admin- and conditions. tration; istration, for reconsideration of his request. The decision of the Administrator is final. IFB's or RFP's estimated at $5,000 or more are synop- • Any policy or interpretation issued within the sized in the Commerce Business Daily. In addition to Administration, if that policy or interpretation Correspondence with UMTA this dissemination, UMTA's Procurement Division will can reasonably be expected to have precenden- notify by mail a large number of businesses on its Bid- tial value in any case involving a member of the UMTA also is responsive to letters of inquiry. Letters ders' Mailing List when an IFB or an RFP involving the public; addressed to the Administrator will be routed to the specialties of those firms has been issued. (See Sec- appropriate offices for reply. tion: RFP's and Bidders' Mailing List, page 80.) The • Any administration staff manual or instruction Commerce Business Daily is also a source of informa- to the staff which affects any member of the UMTA's addresses tion about contract awards involving $25,000 or more. public; and These are published, in large part, for the benefit of The headquarters and most offices of UMTA are lo- potential subcontractors. • An index to the material described above. cated at 400 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590. The Office of Civil Rights, the Office of Trans- Any person desiring to inspect such a record or to ob- portation Management and Demonstrations, two divi- UMTA Files tain a copy thereof must submit his request in writing, sions of the Office of Administration and the Office of specifying the record, to the Associate Administrator Technology Development and Deployment are located In conformance with the Freedom of Information Act for Administration, Department of Transportation at 2100 Second Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590. (80 Stat. 140), UMTA has established a "Document In- Building, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, D.C. spection Facility" within the Office of Administration. 20590. Each request for a copy must be accompanied The Office of the Secretary of Transportation and the This facility is open to the public only during regular by the appropriate fee prescribed in 49 C.F.R., Part 7, Department library are located at 400 Seventh Street, working hours (8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Section 7.85. The fees prescribed may be paid by SW, Washington, DC 20590.

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148 Appendix 2: Contract Procurement various R&D projects directed toward the problems of Federal Grant and Procurement Contracts urban mass transportation. The contract procurement process is more complex, for Research and Development in Urban since it is circumscribed by an extensive body of Fed- Unsolicited Proposals Mass Transportation eral contract law, the Federal and DOT'S Procurement Regulations, decisions of the Comptroller General, and UMTA's R&D program has been formulated after sev-

Introduction numerous court decisions. The purpose of these is to eral years of study and experience. It is the product of The Department of Transportation issues a publication assure that the basic principle of fair and open com- a thorough planning process which continually up- entitled Contracting with the Department of Transpor- petition for Government contract work is maintained. dates and refines the programs. Each project is part of tation (DOT P 4200.1)* which provides information in- As UMTA's R&D program has moved more and more a unified program which is translated into a budget tended for organizations desiring to do business with to emphasize new and improved technology and sys- months in advance of execution of any project.

the Government. While neither that pamphlet nor this tems, it has tended to look more to private industry one is a substitute for the legislation and the official sources for its project work and to greater use of the For these reasons, the lead time between the birth of rules and regulations governing procurement, they contract funding method. a concept and the initiation of a project implementa-

should provide useful background information and tion is lengthy. It is, therefore, improbabe that even a serve as initial guides in a somewhat complex field. Procurements for the Federal Government are accom- highly competent and very promising unsolicited pro- or plished either by formal advertising by negotiation. posal would fit immediately into UMTA's R&D program Methods of Funding Most UMTA procurements for R&D programs use the or that there would be uncommitted funds to finance

latter. The negotiation process involves Request for it. Most of UMTA's research and development is per- Proposals (RFP), designed to generate competition formed by organizations equipped with expert staff that wll obtain industry's best efforts toward achieving The above recital of impediments in the proposal-to- and appropriate instruments and tools. If the organi- UMTA's objectives. Each UMTA RFP is also designed project path are not intended to discourage serious zation is another Federal agency, its services are paid to enable potential suppliers to compete on an equal and well qualified applicants. On the contrary, every for by the interagency transfer of funds. If it is a pub- basis; each includes such items as scope of work, de- proposal will be reviewed and responded to as prompt-

lic body (e.g., a city, a public or private university, or a livery schedules, type of contracts, closing date, tech- ly as possible. It must be recognized, however, that

nonprofit institution), the funding is usually made nical evaluation factors and expected terms and con- budgetary and program constraints make it necessary under a grant contract. To engage the services of pri- ditions. to select for further consideration only the most vate industry or commercial establishments, UMTA en- promising projects which appear to be soundly con- ters into procurement contracts in accordance with RFP's and Bidders' Mailing List ceived and most relevant to the needs of the budgeted Federal procurement regulations. program. Proposals selected for further consideration RFP's estimated at $5,000 or more are synopsized in will usually require substantial documentation as the Grant Contracts the Commerce Business daily. In addition to this dis- basis for detailed review including, as appropriate, a semination, the Procurement Division, UMTA, will noti- comprehensive analysis of engineering and economi- The award of grant contracts is, essentially, a two- fy by mail a large number of businesses on its Bid- cal implications. step process involving the Administrator's approval of ders' Mailing List when an RFP involving the special- the project and the amount of the grant deemed nec- ties of those firms has been issued. Any company (or UMTA's Evaluation of Proposals

essary to accomplish it, followed by the execution of individual) may have its address placed on the "Bid- a grant contract which becomes the basic document ders' List" upon request. Copies are available at all The primary criteria employed in evaluating proposed describing the mutual obligations of the Government Government procurement offices and a copy is attach- R&D projects (both solicited and unsolicited) are: and the grantee with respect to the project. Interagen- ed to the DOT pamphlet Contracting with the Depart- cy transfer of funds involves only the Administrator's ment of Transportation. The completed form should be • Potential contribution to R&D program plan and approval and the execution of an interagency working mailed to: Procurement Division (UAD-70), Urban objectives; agreement. These methods of funding are relatively MassTransportation Administration, Department of uncomplicated; the project work can begin, with assur- Transportation, 400 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, • Potential for wide national application; ance of funding, as soon as the grantee or other agen- D.C. 20590. cy is notified of the approval. • Extent of the potential information to be devel- No one whose address is on the "Bidders' List", how- oped; ever, should feel assured that he will receive notification of all RFP's that may be of interest to him. Noti- • Degree of innovation incorporated; and, fications are made selectively to firms which have claimed special skills or resources closely related to • Potential for eventual funding support by the topic(s) covered by the RFP, and there is much lat- UMTA's Capital Assistance Program (capital "Available, free ol charge, from the Procurement Operations Division itude in interpretation and even nomenclature of the facilities and equipment only). (TAD— 432), Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation, 400 specializations that be involved in Seventh Street, SW, Wash. D.C 20590 thousands of may

149 UMTA has drawn up a set of guidelines for the content URT Proposals • Compatibility of the program with the institu- and format of applications. These will be mailed, on tion's long-range goals and DOT needs to meet request, to potential applicants. In the late summer UMTA will normally issue an an- future manpower requirements in urban mass nouncement in the Commerce Business Daily inviting transportation; Subcontracting submittal of grant proposals. This announcement will provide any specific or yearly policy guidance neces- • Quality of the performing staff; Another possible means of participating in UMTA's sary. It will also provide a deadline submittal date. procurements is by subcontracting, in many instances, • Consistency of budgetary estimates with the an UMTA prime contractor wishes to use another firm A formal proposal must be submitted outlining in de- type and level of the proposed work; for professional services, construction or equipment. tail the proposed research or training program, as well Thus, if a firm considered itself well qualified to per- as a sufficiently detailed delineation of organization, • Geographical location of the applicant institu- form one aspect or part of a project for which another staff, faculty and budget. When necessary, UMTA per- tion (an effort will be made to encourage the es- firm has been chosen, the first mentioned firm could sonnel can provide informal assistance in interpreting tablishment of research and training programs approach the prime contractor and offer its goods or the guidelines and preparing the formal application. throughout the country to insure broad rele- services on a subcontract basis. UMTA prepares each year an Announcement brochure vance to metropolitan problems); and also has a circular (C 7100.1) Application Instruc- The Commerce Business Daily is a source of informa- tions for University Research and Training Program, • Extent to which oportunities are provided for tion about contract awards. These are published, in both of which can be requested from UMTA. They in- participation of minority groups and colleges large part, for the benefit of potential subcontractors. clude a suggested format and detailed instructions for and universities serving minority groups; preparing an application. Cost Sharing • Degree of involvement with local urban transpor- Proposal must be submitted to: tation problems; and In some cases when a grant or procurement contract is awarded, financial participation by the performing Department of Transportation • Extent to which the institution is willing to share organization may be required. This is intended to serve Urban Mass Transportation the costs of the project. the mutual interests of the Federal Government and University Research and Training Division the performing organization by helping to assure effi- 2100 Second Street, S.W. A proposal that does not result in a grant may be re- cient utilization of the resources available for the con- Washington, D.C. 20590 tained by UMTA. However, it will not be made avail- duct of research projects and by promoting sound able outside UMTA without the consent of those who planning and prudent fiscal policies by the performing Evaluation of URT Proposals signed the proposal or their successors in office, ex- organizations. The requirement for .cost sharing is de- cept to the extent that disclosure thereof may be re- termined on an individual project basis. The proportion Proposals submitted to UMTA will be reviewed and quired by a court of competent jurisdiction. Proposals of Federal funding support to be supplied to an auth- evaluated by persons selected from within the Depart- may be withdrawn by the applicant at any time prior to orized R&D project is determined by the Administrator ment of Transportation. It is essential that proposals final action by UMTA. of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. be complete and organized according to the specified format as set forth in the above-mentioned brochure to Additional information may be obtained by calling University Research and Training Grants permit equitable evaluation. Each proposal will be re- (202) 426-0080. viewed as an entity, but elements of the budget may University Research and Training (URT) Grants may be be negotiated with the applicant. Thus, amounts less made to public and private non-profit institutions of than those requested may be approved. higher learning performing research and offering training in Urban Transportation fields such as economics, Evaluation of the following points will assist, but not the social sciences, engineering, the physical sci- necessarily govern, UMTA's decision in awarding ences, law, public administration, urban or metropoli- grants: tan planning. • Relevance of the program to urban transporta- Colleges offering 2-year programs of training leading tion to subprofessional employment in urban transportation fields are eligible only if they are associated with • Merit of the scientific and technological aspects universities undertaking comprehensive programs of of the research program, if involved, and re- research in urban transportation. search methodology;

150 INDICES

INDEX I: Contractor/Grantee Index

CONTRACTOR/GRANTEE PAGE CONTRACTOR/GRANTEE PAGE

A D

Abt Associates, Inc 85 Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport Board 49 Administration & Management Research, Associates of NYC, Inc 93,125 Dallas, TX, City of 78 Advanced Management Systems 8 Danville, IL, City of 79 Aerospace Corp 40 Delco Electronics 30 AFL-CIO Appalachian Council \ 116 DeLeuw Cather & Co 40,65,85,115,127 AMF, Inc 8 Dunlop Ltd 40 AM General Corp 8,9 American Public Transit Association 30,55,66 Anderson, Arthur, & Co 116 ARI, Inc 78 ASL Engineering 8 Ecoplan International 127,128 Atlanta Regional Commission 115 Ecosomtrics, Inc 85, 125 Austin, TX, City of 85 Automated Management Systems 65 F

First Data Corporation 17 B Florida Department of Transportation 9,93 Florida, University of 9,93 Barber, Richard J., Associates, Inc 128 Battelle Institute 40 Boeing Aerospace 40 G Boeing Company 49 Boeing-Vertol Co 30,31 Booz Allen & Hamilton, Inc 8 Garrett Ai Research 30 Brockton Area Transit 78 General Motors Corp 8,40 Budd Co. WABCO 30 General Research Corp 64 Gill, Dudley W., & Associates 64 Golden Gate Bridge Highway & Transp. District 105 Gould Identification Information, Inc. (Formerly Hoffman) 217 c Grey Advertising, Inc 77,116

CACI, Inc 94,104 California Department of Transportation 9,65,93 H California Institute of Tech., Jet Propulsion Lab 40,49 California, University of Southern 55 Cambridge Systematics, Inc 64,77,94,104,105,115 Houston, TX, City of 49,93 Canyon Research Assoc 65 Carnegie-Mellon University 17,78,105

Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District 77 I Charles River Assoc 65,79 City Planning Comm., NYC 78 Institute of Public Administration, Gladstone Associates 125 Cleveland, OH, City of 49 International Business Services, Inc 116 Columbia Region Association of Governments 116 International Management Resources, Inc 17 Conservation Foundation 127 International Research & Technology Corp 30 Council of International Urban Liaison 128 International Taxicab Association 8,126 Crain & Associates 77,78,79,85,93,105 INTERPLAN Corp 127

151 CONTRACTOR/GRANTEE PAGE CONTRACTOR/GRANTEE PAGE

J o

Jacksonville Transportation Authority 85 Otis Elevator 40 James, Fred S., & Co 116 Johns Hopkins, Appl. Physics Lab 40 P

Pace Project, Inc 9 Palm Beach County Transportation Authority 77 Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co Kinston, NC, City of 79 65,115 Phoenix, AZ, City of Knoxville, TN, City of 104 85 Planning Research Corp 115 Public Technology, Inc 125,126,127 L

Lawrence, MA, City of 79 Lea, N.D., & Associates, Inc 64 R Little, Arthur D., Inc 65 Los Angeles, CA, City of 49 Regional Plan Association Inc 128 Regional Transit Service, Inc 104 Rohr Industries, Inc 8,40 M Rouse, W.V., & Assoc 64 RRC International, Inc 1,77 Mariscal & Co 65,66 Maryland, University of 17 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 17,104,116 Mercer County, New Jersey 77 s Metropolitan Dade County Transit Authority 93 Metropolitan Transit Commission 104 Sacramento Regional Transit 85 Metropolitan Transportation Commission 115 Santa Monica Municipal Bus Lines 93 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 115 Science Applications, Inc 115 Mid-America Regional Council 116 Southern California Rapid Transit District (SCRTD) 17,93,94,105 Minicars, Inc 65 St. Bernard Parish Planning Commission 104 MITRE Corp 40,65,116 St. Louis Car Division of General Steel 30 Mobility Systems and Equipment 40 St. Paul, MN, City of 49 Montgomery, AL, City of 79 Stanford Research Institute 64 Moore-Heder 94 Stanford Univ., Dept. of Engineering-Econometric Systems 78 Multisystems, Inc 17,77,93,94,104,105 Steam Power Systems, Inc. (now Dutcher Industries) 8 Museum of Modern Art 8 SYSTAN Inc 17,65,85,93,104 System Design Concepts 127 N

National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board 127 T

National Association of Counties * 125 National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs 128 Tidewater Transportation Commission 104 National League of Cities/U.S. Conference of Mayors 125 Transportation Assistance, Inc 64,79 NJ Dept. of Transportation 85 Trans Systems Corp 8 NY City MTA 30,31,94 Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon 77 NY Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade 9 Tri-State Regional Planning Commission 40,78,94,116

152 CONTRACTOR/GRANTEE PAGE

Urban Institute 64,85,104,115,125,126 Urban Land Institute 128 URBITRAN Assoc 64 USC, Institute of Safety and Systems Management 55

Valley Transit District (Connecticut) 77 Vera Institute of Justice 78 Voorhees, Alan M., & Associates, Inc 8,94 Vought Corp 49 w

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority 65 Wells Research Company 126 Westport Transit District 104 West Virginia Dept. of Welfare 79

Xenia, OH, City of 104

FEDERAL AGENCIES PAGE

Bureau of the Census 115,126 Federal Highway Administration 126 Federal Railroad Administration 30 Human Development, Office of, Department of Health, Education and Welfare 115 National Bureau of Standards 65,115 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 65 Naval Underwater Systems Center 64 Public Building Services, General Services Admin 65 Transportation Safety Institute 55 Transportation Systems Center 8,17,30,40,55,64,77,78,79,85,93,94, 104,115,116,125 Transportation Test Center 30

153 INDEX II: Project Index PROJECT PROJECT NUMBER PROJECT TITLE OR DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER PROJECT TITLE OR DESCRIPTION PAGE

AL-06-0003 User-Side Subsidy for the Elderly and Handicap- DC-06-0153 Experimental Design for Pneumatic Transport System ped 79 in Tunneling 65 AZ -06-0002 Transit Fare Prepayment with Reduced Price Promo- DC-06-0154 Automated Transit Information System 65 tion 85 DC-06-0155 Survey of Public Transportation Services in Small Urban CA-06-0002 Community Broker Transportation Service for the Areas, 10,000 -200,000 Population 125 Elderly 78 DC-06-0157 Second UMTA R&D Priorities Conference 66 CA-06-0012 Downtown People Mover 49 DC-06-0160 Low-Cost Vanpool Computer System-Transportation CA-06-0042 Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) Impact Broker Support 17 Studies 115 DC-06-0162 Experimental Design and Analysis Support 65 CA-06-0069 Double Deck Bus 94 DC-06-0163 Improving Center City Environment and Transpor- CA-06-0071 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 tation 127 CA-06-0079 Paratransit Vehicle 8 DC-06-0167 Assessment of Stockholm Inclined Elevator 65 CA-06-0080 Paratransit Vehicle 8 DC-06-0174 National Personal Travel Survey 126 CA-06-0083 Santa Monica Freeway Concurrent Flow Research Bus DC-06-0184 Improving Transportation System Productivity 126 and Carpool Lane - Los Angeles 93 DC-06-0188 Conference on Urban Revitalization 127 CA-06-0086 Santa Monica Freeway Concurrent Flow Research Bus DC-06-0189 Survey of Travel-to-Work 126 and Carpool Lane - Los Angeles 93 DC-06-0199 Low-Cost Vanpool Computer System-Transportation CA-06-0088 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 Broker Support 17 CA-06-0089 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 DC-06-0200 Crash Protection Systems for Handicapped Transit and CA-06-0090 Generic Alternatives Analysis 64 School Bus Occupants 65 CA-06-0091 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 DC-06-0203 Developing Intra-Neighborhood Transportation CA-06-0094 Advanced Group Rapid Transit System 40 Systems 128 CA-06-0095 Vanpool Demonstration Program 105 DC-06-0207 Communications Program: Urban Transportation CA-06-0098 Safety of Wheelchair Loading and Secure- Innovations Abroad 128 ment Systems 65 DC-06-0210 Support of Regional Workshops on Paratransit CA-06-0102 Transit Fare Prepayment Through Employers 85 Implementation 126 CA-06-0103 Passive Wheelchair Lifts on Public Transit Buses 9 DC-06-0213 Impacts of Foreign Rail Car Competition on the U.S. CA-06-0105 Development of a Safety Program Plan 55 Economy and the Financial Health of Domestic Sup- CA-06-0109 Employment Center Subscription Service 105 pliers 128 CA-09-0042 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Impact Program 115 DC-06-0214 Conference on Joint Development and Multi-Agency CO-06-0001 Urban Rail Supporting Technology 30 Funding 125 CO-06-0008 Advanced Group Rapid Transit System 40 DC-06-0216 National Academy of Sciences, TRB, FY77 Contract ... 127 CT-06-0003 Expansion of a Transit System for the Elderly and DC-09-9006 Planning for the Coordination of Elderly and Handi- Handicapped 77 capped Services 115 CT-06-0007-1 Integrated Taxi-Fixed Route System 104 DC-09-9007 Strategies for Conduct of the Rail Rapid Transit Impact DC-06-0099-02 Rochester Demonstration Computer Software Sup- Program 115 04,05 port 17 DC-52-0002 Transit Fare and Service Innovations Studies 85 DC-06-0120 Transit Fare and Service Innovations Studies 85 DOT-TSC-0181 Transit Mall Study 93 DC-06-0120 Paratransit Service Innovations 104 DOT-TSC-1168 Attitude Measurement Techniques for Transportation DC-06-0123 Safety and System Assurance Support 55 Planning and Evaluation 85 DC-06-0124 Survey of Travel-to-Work 1975-76 126 FL-06-0006 Miami I-95/NW 7th Avenue Bus/Carpool Priority DC-06-0132 An Assessment of State Use of Section 9 Funds 125 System 93 DC-06-0138 Casebook on Joint Development Practices 128 FL-06-0012 Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus (TRANS- DC-06-0139 Safety and System Assurance Training Program 55 BUS) 8 DC-06-0141 Rochester Demonstration Computer Software Sup- FL-06-0014 Evaluation of the Florida Hybrid Bus 9 port 17 FL-06-0015 Total Accessibility Demonstration, Palm Beach County, DC-06-0142 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 Florida 77 DC-06-0144 Survey of Travel-to-Work, 1976-77 126 FL-06-0016 Demonstration of Various Transit Fare Prepayment Instruments Through Employers 85 DC-06-0150 Assessment of Present and Future Paratransit Poten- FN-06-0002 Assessment of Paratransit Service in Europe and North tial 128 America 128

154 PROJECT PROJECT NUMBER PROJECT TITLE OR DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER PROJECT TITLE OR DESCRIPTION PAGE

FN-06-0003 Analysis of the Applications and Impact of Transporta- IT-06-0165 Markets 64 tion System Management Techniques in Revitalizing IT-06-0167 Communications 64 Select Urban Areas in Europe 127 IT-06-0168 Generic Alternatives Analysis 64 GA-09-0037 Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) IT-06-0172 Assessment of Stockholm Inclined Elevator 65 Implementation Management Experience 115 IT-06-0173 Public Transit Risk Management 116 IL-06-0033 Large City Demonstration Planning for the Mobility IT-06-0179 Technical Assistance in Technology Sharing and Limited 78 Technical Information Management 66 IL-06-0034 User-Side Subsidy Demonstration 79 IT-06-0193 Electric Trolley Bus Feasibility Study 128

IL-06-0035 Paratransit Reporting System .' 126 IT-06-0201 Development of Sect. 15 Central Data Bank Software .. 116 IL-06-0037 Paratransit Vehicle 8 IT-06-0209 Metric Conversion Planning Project 65 IL-06-0039 Total Accessibility Demonstration, Champaign- IT-09-0068 Portland, Oregon Transportation Systems Management

Urbana, III 77 Planning Prototype Study 116 IT-06-0025 Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus (TRANSBUS) .. 8 IT-09-0078 Kansas City TSM Prototype Planning Study 116 IT-06-0026 State-of-the-Art Car (SOAC) 30 IT-09-0086 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority IT-06-0026 Advanced Concept Train (ACT) 30 (METRO) Impact Study 115

IT-06-0026 Advanced Subsystems Development Program (ASDP) . 30 IT-09-0089 Tri-State TSM Prototype Planning Study 116 IT-06-0074 Small Bus Requirements, Concepts and Specifica- (portion) tions 8 IT-09-9005 Strategies for Conduct of the Rail Rapid Transit Impact IT-06-0078 Marketing Demonstration 116 Program 115 IT-06-0094 Sect. 15 Uniform System of Accounts and Records and IT-09-9006 Analysis of Existing Elderly and Handicapped Transpor- Reporting System 116 tation Services 115 IT-06-0103 Light Rail Transit Study 127 LA-06-0002 Taxicab Feeder to Bus Service 104 IT-06-0103-02 Study of Methods of Improving Light Rail Transit MA-06-0025 Urban Rail Supporting Technology 30 Service 127 MA-06-0026 Morgantown People Mover Demonstration Project .... 49 IT-06-0103-03 Means for Reducing Light Rail Transit Cost Through MA-06-0041 Advanced Area Coverage Automatic Vehicle Monitor- Standardization of System Elements 127 ing 17 IT-06-0104 Future Paratransit Requirements 8 MA-06-0046 Automated Run Cutting 116 IT-06-0117 UMTA Flywheel Energy Storage Systems 8 MA-06-0048 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 48 IT-06-0125 Time Calibrated Self-Cancelling Ticket 65 MA-06-0049 Simulation for Traffic Management Analyses 94 IT-06-0126 Accelerating Walkway System 40 MA-06-0049 Transfer Policy and Cost Study 85 IT-06-0127 Assessment of Conventional and Innovative Methods MA-06-0049 Evaluation of Accessible Full-Size Bus Services 77 for Financing Public Transportation Systems 125 MA-06-0049 Transit Reliability Study 94 IT-06-0129 Effects of Alternative Metropolitan Development 64 MA-06-0051 Fire Safety in Transit Systems 55 IT-06-0130 Experimental Design and Analysis Support 65 MA-06-0052 Paratransit Vehicle 8 IT-06-0131 Railcar Standardization 30 MA-06-0053-02 Policy Analysis Support 125 MA-06-0054 Cost/Benefit Study 17 IT-06-0132 Study of the Impact of Fare Collection on Bus Design . 8 IT-06-0135 Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems 64 MA-06-0054 Review and Assessment of Operational Experience ... 17 IT-06-0144 Shared-Ride Feasibility Study 105 MA-06-0054-04 Pilot System Software 17 IT-06-0148 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 MA-06-0060 Mass Transit Safety and Systems Assurance 55 MA-06-0064 Technological Qualifications and Operations Certifi- IT-06-0150 Large Regional Systems Analyses . 17 IT-06-0152 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 48 cation Guidelines 64 IT-06-0153 Study of Inner City Transportation 79 MA-06-0066 Evaluation of Diesel Propulsion in Fleet Taxicabs 9 IT-06-0154 Coordinated Service for the Handicapped, NYC 78 MA-06-0067 Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems 64 IT-06-0156 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 MA-06-0071 Rochester Demonstration Computer Software Sup- IT-06-0157 Morgantown Independent Assessment 64 port 17 IT-06-0159 Non-Urbanized Area Transit Assistance Requirements: MA-06-0076 User-Side Subsidy for the Elderly 79 Funding for Capital and Operations 125 MA-06-0078 Coordination of Human Service Transportation 78 IT-06-0160 The County Role in the Provision of Public Transporta- MA-06-0084 Large Regional Systems Analyses 17 tion in Non-Urbanized Area 125 MA-06-0157 Assessment of Existing Foreign AGT Systems 64 IT-06-0162 Technical Assistance in Technology Sharing and MA-09-9003 Development of Methods for Evaluating TSM Alterna- Technical Information Management 66 tives 116

155 PROJECT PROJECT NUMBER PROJECT TITLE OR DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER PROJECT TITLE OR DESCRIPTION PAGE

MA-09-9004 Strategies for Conduct of the Rail Rapid Transit RI-06-0009 Time-Calibrated Self-Cancelling Ticket 65 Impact Program 115 TN-06-0006 Transportation Brokerage Demonstration Project 104 MD-06-0013-01 Automated Transit Information Systems 65 TX-06-0018 Corridor Improvements in Houston, Texas 93 MD-06-0022 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 TX-06-0020 AIRTRANS Urban Technology Program 49 MD-06-0027 Subscription Scheduling Algorithm 17 TX-06-0021 Fare Prepayment with Reduced Price Promotion 85 MD-06-0030 Liability and Casualty Insurance for Paratransit TX-06-0024 Downtown People Mover 49 Providers 125 TX-06-0025 Planning and Analysis for Special Service Transporta- MD-06-0031 Transit Fare Prepayment 85 tion Coordination 78 MD-06-0034 Paratransit Implementation Guidance and References 126 VA-06-0025 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 MD-06-0037 Automated Transit Information System 65 VA-06-0033 Vanpool Demonstration Program 104 MD-09-9001 Use of Existing Data in Elderly and Handicapped VA-06-0038 Automated Transit Information System Prototype Transportation Planning 115 Development 65 MN-06-0008 Commuter Services Brokerage Demonstration 104 VA-06-0041 Automated Guideway Transit Technology 40 MN-06-0009 Downtown People Mover 49 VA-06-0042 Auto Restricted Zone/Multi-User Vehicle Systems MO-06-0009 Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus (TRANSBUS) .. 8 Study 94 NC-06-0063 User Subsidy for the Elderly and Handicapped 79 VA-06-0044 Battery Bus Assessment 8 NJ-06-0008 Elderly and Handicapped Social Service Coordination VA-06-0045 Life-Cycle Procurement 8 Demonstration 77 WA-06-0007 Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus (TRANSBUS) .. 8 NJ-52-0001 Fare-Free, Off-Peak Transit Service 85 WA-06-0008 Advanced Group Rapid Transit System 40 NY-06-0005 Dual Powered Gas Turbine/Electric Commuter WA-09-0018 Seattle TSM Prototype Program 116 Railcars 31 WV-03-0006 Morgantown People Mover Demonstration Project .... 49 NY-06-0006 Stored-Energy (Flywheel) Propulsion for Rapid WV-06-0005 Morgantown People Mover Demonstration Project .... 49 Railcars 30 WV-06-0006 Morgantown People Mover Demonstration Project .... 49 NY-06-0043 Paratransit Vehicle 8 WV-06-0007 Morgantown People Mover Demonstration Project .... 49 NY-06-0044 Double Deck Bus 94 WV-06-0008 West Virginia TRIP Program 79 NY-06-0045 Design of a Modern 40-Foot Transit Bus (TRANSBUS) .. 8 WV-06-0011 Blue Collar Training 116 NY-06-0047 Joint Development: A Value Capture Project 125

NY-06-0048 Integrated Demand-Responsive, Fixed-Route Transit A number of Section 1 1 projects will be found in the Project Table at the end of Systems 104 Chapter 14. NY-06-0049 Evaluation of Diesel Propulsion in Fleet Taxicabs 9 NY-06-0053 Vera Institute Experimental Transpotation for the Elderly and Disabled 78 NY-06-0054 Research on the Transportation Problems of the Transportation Handicapped 77 NY-06-0055 New York City Waterborne Mass Transportation 94 NY-06-0056 Broadway Plaza Transit Mall 93 NY-06-0057 Generic Alternatives Analysis 64 NY-06-0061 Study to Identify Relevant Criteria for Selection of Sites for Fixed Guideway Systems 128 OH-06-0022 Community Based Transit System 104 OH-06-0024 Downtown People Mover 49 OR-06-0004 Special Elderly and Handicapped Services for a Medium-Sized City 77 PA-06-0034 Wheelchair Elevator 31 PA-06-0035 Ride-Sharing Paratransit Agency Study 78 PA-06-0040 Shared Ride Taxi Computer Fare 17 PA-06-0041 Analysis of the Jitney Operation: An Example of an Inner City Paratransit Service 105 RI-06-0007 Life Cycle Costing Feasibility Study 64 RI-06-0008 State-of-the-Art in Transportation System Manage- ment 127

156 Index III: Subject Index Downtown people mover, 43 (See Automated Light rail transit (See Land-use, Rail) guideway transit) comprehensive assessment, 122 Accelerating walkway systems, 38 experimental design of, 62 methods to improve service, 122 AIRTRANS, 44 (See Automated guideway transit) Elderly and Handicapped prototype vehicle development, 2 Alternatives analysis, 57 (See Automated bus accessibility demonstrations, 70,71 reducing costs of, 122 guideway Long-Range Urban Transportation Planning, 132 transit) bus wheelchair lifts, 7 Los Angeles County Transportation Commission Alternatives for metropolitan transit, 131 crash protection systems, 61 evaluation of, 131 Attitude measurement techniques, 84 community broker service, 73 Management information systems (See UTPS, Section Automated guideway transit, 35 (See Research coordination demonstrations - HEW, 111 15 reporting system) dis- existing services for, 112 semination, Land use, Downtown people expanding transit systems for, 69 mover, research on transportation problems of, 69 Automated Run-Cutting (RUCUS), 114 Group rapid transit, Morgantown people safety guidelines for wheelchair loading, 61 Automated Transit Information Systems (ATIS), 62 mover, services for a medium-sized city, 71 simulation of traffic for analysis and planning, 90 AIRTRANS) social service coordination demonstration, Management methods assessment of domestic systems, 58 72,73 investment, 133 assessment of foreign systems, 58 Stockholm inclined elevator, 61 life-cycle costing, 60 (See Bus) alternatives, analysis of, 57 use of existing data in planning, 111 marketing, 114 lateral control and switching, 37 Employment risk management, 113 longitudinal control, 37 blue collar training in bus transit, 113 (See Metric conversion, 60 market analysis, 59 Bus) Metropolitan Atlanta rapid transit, impact of, 111 system operation, 37 internship program, 135 (See Rail) system safety and passenger security, 37 of minorities, 135 Morgantown People Mover (MPM), 46,58 (See Auto- wayside technology, 38 Fares (See Bus) mated guideway transit) Automatic vehicle monitoring, 14 distance based, 133 National personal travel survey, 121 Bay Area Rapid Transit, impact of, 109 (See Rail) elasticities in the taxi industry, 133 (See Taxis) Neighborhood preservation(See also Financing Bus, 2 (See Management) fare-free service, 83 transit) battery-powered, 6 measuring public attitudes towards, 84 guidelines for transportation needs assessment, 132 double-deck, 92 prepayment programs, 82,83 Paratransit (See Rural areas, Taxi) electric trolley, 124 pricing and service policies, 82 assessment in Europe and North America, 123 fly wheel, 5 (See Rail) taxi computer fare calculation, 13 (See Taxis) assessment of potential, 123 hybrid (diesel-electric), 6 time-calculated, self-cancelling ticket, 62 brokerage, 100,101 impact of fare collection on design, 3 (See transfer policies, 84 cost/benefit of integration with mass transit, 13 Fares) Financing transit (See Rail, Rural areas) demand-responsive integration with fixed route increasing maintenance efficiency, 135 county role in non-urbanized areas, 120 bus, 98 life-cycle procurement, 3 federal funds for non-urbanized areas, 120 effects of region-wide integration with mass tran- small bus, 3 innovative methods, 120 sit, 13 subscription and computer scheduling, 14 joint development/value capture, 120,121,123,133 future requirements, 5 transbus, 2 neighborhood approaches to, 123 guidelines for integrating with mass transit, 13 Center cities, 134 (See Elderly and handicapped, Flywheel (See Bus, Rail) implementation guide, 121 Urban revitalization) Group rapid transit, 35 (See Automated guideway implementation workshops, 121 auto restricted zone, 91 transit) insurance, 121 inner city transportation needs, 76 Handicapped (See Elderly and handicapped) prototype vehicle design, 5 jitney service in, 103 Joint development/value capture (See Financing regulatory and institutional barriers, 134 Communication, 59 (See Reseach dissemination, transit service innovations, 97 Technology sharing) Labor relations, 135 service planning workshops, 134 international newsletter, 124 taxi integration with fixed route, 98 Land use within Office of Technology Development and taxicab feeder service to bus, 99 effects of metropolitan development patterns on Deployment, 63 Planning Assistance (See Financing transit) transportation, 60 Congestion patterns, 132 states use of, 120 Dial-A-Ride site selection criteria for fixed guideway, 123 Planning information systems (See Management in- computer software, 13 (See Rail, Light rail, Automated guideway tran- formation systems, UTPS, Section 15 reporting Diesel (See Taxi) sit) system)

157 public utilization of mass transit, 132 Small urban areas (See Financing transit, Para- Priority techniques transit) Houston corridor improvements, 89 assessment of transportation needs, 132 Miami bus/carpool system, 88 demand-responsive service in, 98 Santa Monica freeway bus/carpool system, 88 impact of federal and state investment on, 132 Productivity monitoring of innovative transit services, 134 development of indicators, 134 paratransit planning manual, 134 effect of organization size on, 134 survey of transportation services, 120 effect of subsidies on, 134 Taxi (See Fares) measurement and increase of, 121 diesel propulsion, 7 methods of improving, 135 Technology sharing, 63 Rail (See Land use) Transit malls, 89,90 development of test facilities, 24 engineering support, 24 fly-wheel technology, 22 (See Bus) Transit reliability, 91 gas/turbine/electric powered, 28 Transportation Remuneration Incentive Program (TRIP), impact of foreign rail car manufacturing on domes- 75 tic markets, 124 (See Financing transit) Transportation research board noise abatement, 25 conferences on transportation, 122 rapid rail impact studies, 109 Transportation System Management (TSM), 112 rapid rail vehicles and systems development, 20 demonstrations in various cities, 133 safety and reliability, 27 (See Safety and system evaluation framework, 133 assurance) impact in Europe, 122 testing and evaluation, 25 planning and design guidelines, 133 track and wayside technology, 25 planning methods, 122 tunneling technology, 26 prototype planning, 112,113 railcar standardization, 23 role of transportation agencies, 133 wheelchair elevator, 29 state-of-the-art, 122 R&D priorities conference, 63 Urban revitalization, 123 (See Center cities) Research dissemination (See Planning information Urban Transportation Reporting System (UTPS), 108 systems, Management information systems, UTPS, (See Management information systems, Planning Section 15 reporting) information systems, Section 15 reporting system) automated guideway transit research dissemina- User-side subsidy demonstrations, 74 tion, 59 (See Automated guideway transit) Vanpools communication of transportation research results, microcomputers and brokerage, 14 135 seed van concept, 102 Rural areas subscription program, 102 Metropolitan Area Rapid Transit, development of integrated transit, 134 (See Para- Washington (Metro) of, Rail) transit, Financing transit) impact 110 (See Waterborne transportation, 92 Safety and system assurance (See Rail) mass fire safety, 54 safety program plan, 52 system safety and product qualification guidelines, 51 technological and operational guidelines for transit systems, 60 transit industry support of, 54 transit safety training program, 52 Section 15 reporting system, 114 (See Management information systems, UTPS, Planning information systems Shared-ride auto transit, 103

158 i Prepared by Technology Sharing Program Office U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Research and Special Programs Administration Transportation Systems Center Kendall Square Cambridge, MA 02142 (617) 494-2486