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Bollettino STSN 2018.Indd Note floristiche ticinesi 2018: Specie vegetali esotiche spontanee nuove per la Svizzera e per il Cantone Ticino Sofia Mangili1, Nicola Schoenenberger2, Brigitte Marazzi1,3, Paolo Selldorf 4 e David Frey5,6 1 Museo cantonale di storia naturale, Viale C. Cattaneo 4, CH-6900 Lugano 2 INNOVABRIDGE Foundation, Contrada al Lago 19, CH-6987 Caslano 3 Info Flora c/o Museo cantonale di storia naturale, Viale C. Cattaneo 4, CH-6900 Lugano 4 Via Campagna 19, CH-6926 Montagnola 5 Istituto federale di ricerca per la foresta, la neve e il paesaggio WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf 6 Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Ambientali, ETH Zurigo, Universitätstr. 16, CH-8092 Zurigo [email protected] Riassunto: Lo scopo dello studio è di aggiornare le conoscenze riguardo a nuove specie esotiche spontaneizzate o di recente introduzione per il Cantone Ticino. Le specie esotiche, rilevate tra il 2016 e il 2017 in ambienti antropici di bassa altitudine, includono un taxon nuovo per la Svizzera (Oenanthe javanica, Apiaceae) e due taxa nuovi per il Ticino ( Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Asteraceae; Sporobolus neglectus, Poaceae). Broussonetia papyrifera (Moraceae) e Delosperma cooperi (Aizoaceae) sono due neofite di recente comparsa e in espansione sul territorio cantonale. Per ogni specie sono discussi la distribuzione geografica in Ticino, i probabili vettori d’introduzione, il grado di naturalizzazione in Ticino e il potenziale invasivo. Oenanthe javanica è una specie concorrenziale con un’elevata capacità di dispersione, pertanto è da considerarsi potenzialmente problematica negli ecosistemi acquatici. Anche B. papyrifera mostra un elevato potenziale invasivo. Sporobolus neglectus, G. pensylvanicum e D. cooperi non sono invece considerati invasivi. Per le specie con potenziale invasivo raccomandiamo, a titolo precauzionale, l’eradicazione degli individui segnalati e la rinuncia alla propagazione volontaria (commercio e piantagione). Parole chiave: ambienti disturbati, Gamochaeta pensylvanica, neofite, rilevamento precoce, specie avventizie, specie invasive, specie sinantropiche Floristic notes from the Canton Ticino 2018: alien plant species new to Switzerland and the Canton Ticino Abstract: The present study aims at updating our knowledge on new spontaneous exotic alien species in Canton Ticino and at informing about new sites of recently introduced neophytes. New arrivals, discovered in 2016-2017 in low-altitude anthropogenic habitats, include one taxon new to Switzerland (Oenanthe javanica, Apiaceae) and two spontaneous alien plant species new to the Canton Ticino (Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Asteraceae, and Sporobolus neglectus, Poaceae). Broussonetia papyrifera (Moraceae) and Delosperma cooperi (Aizoaceae) are two neophytes of recent appearance that are in expansion in Canton Ticino. The geographical distribution, introduction mode, naturalisation status, and invasion potential of the species are discussed. Oenanthe javanica has a high competitiveness and dispersal capacity and could cause damages to aquatic ecosystems. AlsoB. papyrifera has a high invasion potential. Sporobolus neglectus, G. pensylvanicum and D. cooperi are not expected to cause damages. We recommend a preventive approach for the species with an invasion potential, including eradication of reported individuals and avoidance of deliberate propagation (trading or planting). Key words: adventive species, early detection, Gamochaeta pensylvanica, invasive species, neophytes, synanthropic species INTRODUZIONE sono, in base alle nostre osservazioni, in espansione. In particolare, sono presentati i dati relativi al ritrova- Le neofite sono una componente consistente e molto mento, in ambienti antropici di bassa altitudine, di tre dinamica della flora ticinese. Un monitoraggio costan- specie spontaneizzate recentemente: una nuova per la te del territorio cantonale è fondamentale per rilevare Svizzera e due nuove per il Ticino. Sono inoltre ripor- tempestivamente le nuove specie esotiche spontanee tate nuove località per due neofite di recente apparizio- e, per un principio di precauzione, è importante va- ne. Queste note floristiche si aggiungono a una serie lutarne il potenziale impatto sugli ambienti naturali e di articoli pubblicati negli scorsi anni su ritrovamenti sull’essere umano (rilevamento precoce; vedi Schoe- di taxa esotici nuovi per il Cantone o per la Svizzera nenberger, 2015). Questo articolo intende informare (Schoenenberger et al., 2011; Frey et al., 2015; Man- sulle scoperte di nuove specie esotiche spontaneizza- gili et al., 2016) e consentono un aggiornamento della te nel Cantone Ticino e aggiornare le conoscenze ri- conoscenza sulla composizione della flora esotica can- guardo a neofite già presenti su suolo cantonale e chetonale. Bollettino della Società ticinese di scienze naturali - 106, 2018, pp. 35-42 (ISSN 0379-1254) 35 S. Mangili et al.: Note floristiche ticinesi 2018: Specie vegetali esotiche spontanee nuove per la Svizzera e per il Ticino MATERIALI E METODI I ritrovamenti sono avvenuti sia durante rilevamenti floristici sia casualmente grazie all’abitudine di osser- vare la flora con attenzione. I dati floristici per il- ter ritorio svizzero riguardanti le cinque specie trattate in quest’articolo (Broussonetia papyrifera, Delosperma cooperi, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Oenanthe javanica e Sporobolus neglectus) sono stati richiesti alla banca dati di Info Flo- ra (novembre 2017 e gennaio 2018). I taxa sono stati identificati consultando le opere specialistiche per la Svizzera (Lauber & Wagner, 2012), le flore dei paesi -li mitrofi (Pignatti, 1982; Banfi & Galasso, 2010) e dei -pa esi d’origine (Flora of North America, 1993; Zhengyi et al., 1994; Peterson et al., 2007). La nomenclatura se- gue, in ordine d’importanza, la Check List 2017 (Info Flora, 2017a) e Banfi & Galasso (2010). I sinonimi seguono le flore dei paesi d’origine e The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org). Le dimensioni delle popolazio- ni sono state stimate utilizzando i codici di abbondanza dell’applicazione FlorApp v. 1.4 (unità di conteggio = individui; Info Flora, 2016-2017). Per ogni nuova ne- ofita, ad eccezione diD. cooperi, sono stati raccolti, es- siccati e depositati dei campioni nell’erbario del Museo cantonale di storia naturale a Lugano (LUG). Le note alle specie sono presentate rispettando il seguente or- dine: genere, specie, famiglia, nome comune italiano, sinonimi, comune e toponimo, data del ritrovamento, numero di individui (ind.), coordinate svizzere della stazione, altitudine e numero dei campioni depositati in erbario. Seguono una breve descrizione della specie, la distribuzione geografica (areale d’origine e d’intro- duzione in Europa e/o nel mondo) e l’ecologia. Sono inoltre discussi i possibili vettori d’introduzione, il gra- do di naturalizzazione (secondo Schoenenberger et al., Figura 1: Gnaphalium pensylvanicum in fiore alle Isole di Brissago. 2014) e il potenziale invasivo. Per illustrare i caratteri morfologici che distinguono S. neglectus da una specie eretto, generalmente indiviso, alto 10-50 cm. È caratte - molto simile già presente in Svizzera (S. vaginiflorus), rizzato dalla forma spatolata-oblanceolata delle foglie sono state effettuate delle microfotografie (Fig. 4) con basali e lanceolato-spatolata delle caulinari, lunghe 2-7 il microscopio digitale Leica DVM6, presso l’Istituto cm e larghe 4-16 mm. Le pagine fogliari sono concolori federale di ricerca per la foresta, la neve e il paesaggio o debolmente bicolori, la superiore glabrescente, l’infe- WSL a Birmensdorf. riore pubescente-tomentosa. L’infiorescenza è compo- sta da capolini riuniti in glomeruli, collocati alla base di foglie bratteali che superano in lunghezza i glomeruli. RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE Questi ultimi sono disposti a formare una falsa spiga terminale fogliosa, a volte interrotta inferiormente e Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd., Asteraceae, lunga 1-12 cm (Nesom, 2006; Banfi & Galasso, 2010). canapicchio della Pennsylvania I capolini sono lunghi 3-5 mm, con un involucro ragna- Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera, teloso alla base. Gli acheni (cipsele), lisci e lunghi 0.4- Gnaphalium peregrinum Fernald., Gnaphalium purpureum 0.5 mm, sono sormontati da un pappo di peli saldati subsp. pensylvanicum (Willd.) Bolòs & Vigo, in un anello basale, che si stacca come unità (Fig. 2); Gnaphalium spathulatum Lam. (non Burm. F) questa caratteristica permette di distinguere G. pensyl- Brissago, Isole di Brissago, margine di un prato sull’Iso- vanicum dalle specie indigene di Gnaphalium, nelle quali la di Sant’Apollinare; 21.6.2017; 11-25 ind.; E 700229, le setole del pappo cadono separatamente (Greuter & N 110013 ± 3 m; 194 m.; LUG 20270. Brissago, Iso- Raus, 1999; Nesom, 2006). Il ricettacolo è profonda- le di Brissago, riva nord dell’Isola di San Pancrazio; mente concavo dopo la fruttificazione (Soldano, 2000). 20.9.2017; 1-10 ind.; E 700138, N 109756 ± 3 m; 193Questa specie, originaria del settore meridionale dell’A- m; LUG 20280. Minusio, stradina secondaria, tra il merica del Nord, dell’America centrale e del Sud, è or- catrame della strada e il muro di un giardino; 5.6.2018; mai presente in tutti i continenti. In Europa è segnalata 11-25 ind.; E 706436, N 114532 ± 3 m; 212 m, LUGin Belgio, Francia, Germania, Italia, Portogallo, Regno 20336 e LUG 20337 (Fig. 1). Unito e Spagna (Soldano, 2000; Nesom, 2006; Verloo- Gnaphalium pensylvanicum è una pianta annuale con fusto ve, 2016). Nella penisola italiana la specie è considera- 36 Bollettino della Società ticinese di scienze naturali
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