DOCSLIB.ORG

Sand Dropseed (Sporobolus Cryptandrus) – a New Pest in Eurasian Sand Areas? 3 4 *Török P.1,2, Schmidt D.3, Bátori Z.4, Aradi E.5, Kelemen A.5,6, Hábenczyus A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sand Dropseed (Sporobolus Cryptandrus) – a New Pest in Eurasian Sand Areas? 3 4 *Török P.1,2, Schmidt D.3, Bátori Z.4, Aradi E.5, Kelemen A.5,6, Hábenczyus A bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.05.451115; this version posted July 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Sand dropseed - a new pest in Eurasia 1 2 Sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus) – A new pest in Eurasian sand areas? 3 4 *Török P.1,2, Schmidt D.3, Bátori Z.4, Aradi E.5, Kelemen A.5,6, Hábenczyus A. A.4, Diaz C. P.2, 5 Tölgyesi C.1,4, Pál R.W.7, Balogh N.1, Tóth E.1,2, Matus G.8, Táborská J.9, Sramkó G.8,10, Laczkó 6 L.8,10, Jordán S.8,10, Sonkoly J.1,2 7 8 9 1MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, 1 10 Egyetem sqr., Hungary 11 2Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, 1 Egyetem sqr., Hungary 12 3University of Sopron, Institute of Botany and Nature Conservation, 9700 Sopron, 4 Bajcsy-Zs. str., 13 Hungary 14 4Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, 52 Közép boulevard, Hungary 15 5Kiskunság National Park Directorate, 19 Liszt Ferenc str., 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary 16 6Lendület Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological 17 Research, 2-4 Alkotmány Street, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary 18 7Department of Biological Sciences, Montana Technological University, 1300 W Park Street, Butte, 19 MT 59701, USA 20 8Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, 1 Egyetem sqr., Hungary 21 9Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Eszterházy Károly University, 3300 Eger, 6 Leányka 22 str., Hungary. 23 10MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, 1 Egyetem 24 sqr., Hungary 25 26 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 27 28 Running head: Sand dropseed – a new pest in Eurasia 29 30 Abstract 31 32 For the effective control of an invasive species, gathering as much information as possible on its 33 ecology, establishment and persistence in the subjected communities is of utmost importance. We 34 aimed to review the current distribution and characteristics of Sporobolus cryptandrus (sand 35 dropseed), an invasive C4 grass species of North American origin recently discovered in Hungary. 36 We aimed to provide information on (i) its current distribution paying special attention to its 37 invasion in Eurasia; (ii) the characteristics of the invaded habitats in Central Europe; (iii) seed bank 38 formation and germination characteristics, crucial factors in early establishment; and (iv) the effects 39 of its increasing cover on vegetation composition. Finally, we aimed to (v) point out further 40 research directions that could enable us to understand the invasion success of this potential invasive 41 species. Field surveys uncovered large stands of the species in Central and Eastern Hungary with 42 most of the locations in the former, especially the Kiskunság region. The species invaded disturbed 43 stands of dry and open sand grasslands, closed dune slack grasslands and it also penetrates into 44 natural open sand grasslands from neighbouring disturbed habitats. Increasing cover of Sporobolus 45 cryptandrus caused a decline in species richness and abundance of subordinate species both in the 46 vegetation and seed banks, but a low density of Sporobolus cryptandrus can even have a weak 47 positive effect on these characteristics. Viable seeds of Sporobolus were detected from all soil 48 layers (2.5 cm layers measured from the surface to 10 cm in depth), which indicates that the species 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.05.451115; this version posted July 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Sand dropseed - a new pest in Eurasia 49 is able to form a persistent seed bank (1,114 to 3,077 seeds/m2 with increasing scores towards 50 higher abundance of the species in vegetation). Germination of Sporobolus cryptandrus was 51 negatively affected by both litter cover and 1 cm deep soil burial. To sum up, Sporobolus 52 cryptandrus can be considered as a transformer invasive species, whose spread forms a high risk for 53 dry sand and steppe grasslands in Eurasia. We can conclude that for the effective suppression of the 54 species it is necessary: (i) to clarify the origin of the detected populations; (ii) to assess its 55 competitive ability including its potential allelopathic effects; (iii) to assess its seed bank formation 56 potential in habitats with different abiotic conditions; and (iv) to assess the possibility of its 57 suppression by natural enemies and management techniques such as mowing or livestock grazing. 58 59 Keywords: plant invasion; C4 grass; seed bank; germination; sand grassland; steppe; grazing; 60 transformer species 61 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.05.451115; this version posted July 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Sand dropseed - a new pest in Eurasia 62 63 Introduction 64 65 The distribution range and abundance of invasive plants have dramatically increased in recent 66 decades providing a serious challenge for protection, conservation, and restoration of natural and 67 semi-natural habitats worldwide (van Kleunen et al. 2019, Pyšek et al. 2020). While casual 68 establishment of alien species in various natural ecosystems became a relatively frequent 69 phenomenon as a consequence of increased human influence, transformer invasive species form one 70 of the most serious threats for natural communities and ecosystems (Richardson et al. 2000). 71 Transformer invasive species often reduce biodiversity, alter disturbance regimes, and affect 72 ecosystem structure and functions in the subjected communities (Richardson et al. 2000, Byers et al. 73 2010, Catford et al. 2011). 74 75 For the effective control of an invasive species, it is crucial to collect as much information as 76 possible on (i) their ecology, especially establishment and persistence characteristics, and on (ii) 77 communities potentially threatened by its invasion. It is also crucial to detect the plant invasion in 78 an early stage, when the distribution of the invasive species is still limited to one or a few isolated 79 locations, where its eradication still might be possible. However, this is rather challenging for 80 inconspicuous species (such as certain grasses), which are usually difficult to determine and to 81 detect (Jarić et al. 2019). Members of the Poaceae and Asteraceae families contribute most of the 82 aggressive invasive plant species across the globe (Pyšek et al. 2017). Invasions of many short-lived 83 and perennial grasses present serious problems worldwide including grasses characterised either by 84 C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathway (D’Antonio & Vitousek 1992, Fusco et al. 2019, van Kleunen et 85 al. 2019). The C4 photosynthetic pathway provides many advantages over the C3 one in arid and 86 warm climate, such as carbon fixation with a lower water cost, higher temperature optimum for 87 carbon fixation, lower sensitivity to water stress and high fire resistance (Johnston 1996). 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.05.451115; this version posted July 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Sand dropseed - a new pest in Eurasia 88 89 Thermophilic neophytes include numerous species of Poaceae with the C4 photosynthetic pathway, 90 which have become constant elements of some warm ruderal communities in Eurasia (Leuschner & 91 Ellenberg, 2017). Introduced C4 grasses have already caused dramatic losses of biodiversity in the 92 Americas (e.g., savanna and forest ecosystems in central and South America or desert grasslands 93 and dry woodlands in the North America, Williams & Brauch 2000) or in Australia (e.g., tropical 94 grasslands in Australia, Brooks et al. 2010). Similarly, the Eurasian steppe zone is characterised by 95 the prevailing dominance of C3 grasses with only some notable exceptions of C4 species (e.g., 96 Botriochloa ischaemum, Cynodon dactylon), which are thought to be introduced in historical times 97 (Hurka et al. 2019). According to the projected climate change scenarios, global temperatures will 98 increase in the future, likely resulting in an increased expansion of C4 grasses in plant communities 99 of arid environments of Eurasia. Direct and indirect effects of climate change include the increase 100 of minimum and maximum temperatures, the increasing frequency and magnitude of droughts in 101 the vegetation period, and the changing annual distribution of precipitation shifting the peak of 102 precipitation from the vegetation period to the dormant period (in Central Europe shifting from the 103 summer period to winter, IPCC 2013). This means that increased levels of aridity, increased 104 likeliness of weather extremities, and the associated increased risk of extreme fire events favour the 105 formation and spread of more drought-adapted communities and species. The decline of dominant 106 native C3 grasses like Festuca species increases the risk of invasion via the colonization of drought- 107 adapted non-native C4 species. The effects of climate change may be amplified at the regional scale 108 by large-scale water regulation works and the increased demand for irrigation in agricultural areas, 109 or by the high transpiration rate of established non-native tree plantations (Tölgyesi et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • EPPO Reporting Service
    ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE EUROPEAN AND ET MEDITERRANEENNE MEDITERRANEAN POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION EPPO Reporting Service NO. 1 PARIS, 2017-01 General 2017/001 EPPO Standards on efficacy evaluation of plant protection products: update of the web-based database Pests 2017/002 Eradication of Anoplophora glabripennis in Winterthur, Switzerland 2017/003 Eradication of Anoplophora glabripennis in St Georgen bei Obernberg, Austria 2017/004 First report of Anoplophora glabripennis in Montenegro 2017/005 Anoplophora glabripennis found in Ain department, France 2017/006 New outbreak of Anoplophora glabripennis in Bayern, Germany 2017/007 Updated situation of Anoplophora chinensis in Switzerland 2017/008 New outbreak of Anoplophora chinensis in Lombardia, Italy 2017/009 First report of Thrips setosus in the United Kingdom 2017/010 First report of Thrips setosus in France 2017/011 First report of Thrips setosus in Croatia 2017/012 First report of Thrips setosus in Germany 2017/013 Diabrotica virgifera virgifera no longer occurs in Belgium Diseases 2017/014 Detection and eradication of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae in Germany 2017/015 Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae: addition to the EPPO Alert List 2017/016 First report of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. oortii on Petunia in Poland and subsequent eradication 2017/017 Updated situation of Ralstonia solanacearum in the Netherlands 2017/018 Ralstonia solanacearum detected in Rosa in Poland 2017/019 Ralstonia solanacearum detected again
    [Show full text]
  • Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017
    Broadleaf Woodoats (Chasmanthium latifolia) Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017 1 Introduction This 5 hour workshop is an introduction to the identification of grasses using hands- on dissection of diverse species found within the Texas middle Gulf Coast region (although most have a distribution well into the state and beyond). By the allotted time period the student should have acquired enough knowledge to identify most grass species in Texas to at least the genus level. For the sake of brevity grass physiology and reproduction will not be discussed. Materials provided: Dried specimens of grass species for each student to dissect Jewelry loupe 30x pocket glass magnifier Battery-powered, flexible USB light Dissecting tweezer and needle Rigid white paper background Handout: - Grass Plant Morphology - Types of Grass Inflorescences - Taxonomic description and habitat of each dissected species. - Key to all grass species of Texas - References - Glossary Itinerary (subject to change) 0900: Introduction and house keeping 0905: Structure of the course 0910: Identification and use of grass dissection tools 0915- 1145: Basic structure of the grass Identification terms Dissection of grass samples 1145 – 1230: Lunch 1230 - 1345: Field trip of area and collection by each student of one fresh grass species to identify back in the classroom. 1345 - 1400: Conclusion and discussion 2 Grass Structure spikelet pedicel inflorescence rachis culm collar internode ------ leaf blade leaf sheath node crown fibrous roots 3 Grass shoot. The above ground structure of the grass. Root. The below ground portion of the main axis of the grass, without leaves, nodes or internodes, and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesis Amarilla, Leonardo David.Pdf (5.496Mb)
    Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Estudio Poblacional y Filogenético en Munroa (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) Lic. Leonardo David Amarilla Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas Directora: Dra. Ana M. Anton Co-Director: Dr. Jorge O. Chiapella Asesora de Tesis: Dra. Victoria Sosa Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal CONICET-UNC Córdoba, Argentina 2014 Comisión Asesora de Tesis Dra. Ana M. Anton, IMBIV, Córdoba. Dra. Noemí Gardenal, IDEA, Córdoba. Dra. Liliana Giussani, IBODA, Buenos Aires. Defensa Oral y Pública Lugar y Fecha: Calificación: Tribunal evaluador de Tesis Firma………………………………… Aclaración…………………………………... Firma………………………………… Aclaración…………………………………... Firma………………………………… Aclaración…………………………………... “Tengamos ideales elevados y pensemos en alcanzar grandes cosas, porque como la vida rebaja siempre y no se logra sino una parte de lo que se ansía, soñando muy alto alcanzaremos mucho más” Bernardo Alberto Houssay A mis padres y hermanas Quiero expresar mi más profundo agradecimiento a mis directores de tesis, la Dra. Ana M. Anton y el Dr. Jorge O. Chiapella, por todo lo que me enseñaron en cuanto a sistemática y taxonomía de gramíneas, por sus consejos, acompañamiento y dedicación. De la misma manera, quiero agradecer a la Dra. Victoria Sosa (INECOL A.C., Veracruz, Xalapa, México) por su acompañamiento y por todo lo que me enseñó en cuando a filogeografía y genética de poblaciones. Además quiero agradecer… A mis compañeros de trabajo: Nicolás Nagahama, Raquel Scrivanti, Federico Robbiati, Lucia Castello, Jimena Nores, Marcelo Gritti. A los curadores y equipo técnico del Museo Botánico de Córdoba. A la Dra. Reneé Fortunato. A la Dra. Marcela M. Manifesto. A la Dra.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Checklist of Poa in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 103: 27–60Updated (2018) checklist of Poa in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands 27 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.103.26029 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Updated checklist of Poa in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands Ana Ortega-Olivencia1, Juan A. Devesa2 1 Área de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s.n., 06006 Badajoz, Spain 2 Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio José Celestino Mutis, Ctra. de Madrid km. 396 A, 14014 Córdoba, Spain Corresponding author: Ana Ortega-Olivencia ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Nobis | Received 20 April 2018 | Accepted 27 June 2018 | Published 10 July 2018 Citation: Ortega-Olivencia A, Devesa JA (2018) Updated checklist of Poa in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. PhytoKeys 103: 27–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.103.26029 Abstract Based on our study of 4,845 herbarium sheets of the genus Poa from the area covered by Flora iberica, namely, the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, we recognise 24 taxa (17 species, 1 subspecies and 8 varieties), mostly perennials. Most of these taxa have wide global and/or European distributions, while two (P. legionensis and P. minor subsp. nevadensis) are Spanish endemics and two have restricted distribu- tions (P. ligulata, Iberia–North Africa; P. flaccidula, Iberia–North Africa and the Balearic Islands, extend- ing to Provence, France). We have studied the original publications of more than 225 names considered as synonyms, with those more historically cited in Flora iberica taken into account in this paper; a total of 26 are new synonyms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note Ii
    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Flora Mediterranea 26
    FLORA MEDITERRANEA 26 Published under the auspices of OPTIMA by the Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum Palermo – 2016 FLORA MEDITERRANEA Edited on behalf of the International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo by Francesco M. Raimondo, Werner Greuter & Gianniantonio Domina Editorial board G. Domina (Palermo), F. Garbari (Pisa), W. Greuter (Berlin), S. L. Jury (Reading), G. Kamari (Patras), P. Mazzola (Palermo), S. Pignatti (Roma), F. M. Raimondo (Palermo), C. Salmeri (Palermo), B. Valdés (Sevilla), G. Venturella (Palermo). Advisory Committee P. V. Arrigoni (Firenze) P. Küpfer (Neuchatel) H. M. Burdet (Genève) J. Mathez (Montpellier) A. Carapezza (Palermo) G. Moggi (Firenze) C. D. K. Cook (Zurich) E. Nardi (Firenze) R. Courtecuisse (Lille) P. L. Nimis (Trieste) V. Demoulin (Liège) D. Phitos (Patras) F. Ehrendorfer (Wien) L. Poldini (Trieste) M. Erben (Munchen) R. M. Ros Espín (Murcia) G. Giaccone (Catania) A. Strid (Copenhagen) V. H. Heywood (Reading) B. Zimmer (Berlin) Editorial Office Editorial assistance: A. M. Mannino Editorial secretariat: V. Spadaro & P. Campisi Layout & Tecnical editing: E. Di Gristina & F. La Sorte Design: V. Magro & L. C. Raimondo Redazione di "Flora Mediterranea" Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum, Università di Palermo Via Lincoln, 2 I-90133 Palermo, Italy [email protected] Printed by Luxograph s.r.l., Piazza Bartolomeo da Messina, 2/E - Palermo Registration at Tribunale di Palermo, no. 27 of 12 July 1991 ISSN: 1120-4052 printed, 2240-4538 online DOI: 10.7320/FlMedit26.001 Copyright © by International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo, Palermo Contents V. Hugonnot & L. Chavoutier: A modern record of one of the rarest European mosses, Ptychomitrium incurvum (Ptychomitriaceae), in Eastern Pyrenees, France . 5 P. Chène, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 52 / Friday, March 15, 1996 / Rules And
    10692 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 52 / Friday, March 15, 1996 / Rules and Regulations ownership proceeding concerning these the Administrative Procedure Act television licensees in 10 or more states; issues. We accordingly retain and (``APA'').5 The rule changes adopted in and/or any person, entity, or redesignate § 73.3555(e)(3) (i) and (ii). this Order do not involve discretionary corporation controlling, controlled by, The remainder of the definitions set action on the part of the Commission. or under common control with such forth in paragraph (e)(3) (defining Rather, they simply implement person, entity, or corporation; or ``minority'' and ``minority-controlled'') provisions of the Telecom Act that (2) Any network described in will be removed to conform to the rule direct the Commission to revise its rules paragraph (g)(1) of this section and an changes mandated by the Telecom Act. according to specific terms set forth in English-language program distribution 4. Dual Network Operations. Section the legislation. service that, on February 8, 1996, 73.658(g) of the Commission's Rules, Ordering Clause provided four or more hours of commonly known as the ``dual programming per week on a national network'' rule, currently prohibits 7. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that basis pursuant to network affiliation television stations from affiliating with pursuant to section 202(c)(1) and 202(e) arrangements with local television a network organization that maintains of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, broadcast stations in markets reaching more than one network of television and to section 4(i) and 303(r) of the more than 75 percent of television stations unless the networks are not Communications Act of 1934, as homes (as measured by a national operated simultaneously or unless there amended, 47 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Literaturverzeichnis
    Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.
    [Show full text]
  • Spreading Bluegrass Poa Pratensis Ssp. Irrigata (Lindm.) Lindb
    Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis L. spreading bluegrass Poa pratensis ssp. irrigata (Lindm.) Lindb. f. rough bluegrass Poa trivialis L. Introduction Kentucky bluegrass, spreading bluegrass, and rough bluegrass are treated together here because they share similar biological and ecological attributes. Invasiveness Rank: 52 The invasiveness rank is calculated based on a species’ ecological impacts, biological attributes, distribution, and response to control measures. The ranks are scaled from 0 to 100, with 0 representing a plant that poses no threat to native ecosystems and 100 representing a plant that poses a major threat to native ecosystems. Family: Poaceae Synonyms for Poa trivialis: Poa attica Boiss. & Heldr. Other common names: none Synonyms for Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis: Poa agassizensis Boivin & D. Löve, Poa angustifolia L., Description Poa angustiglumis Roshevitz, Poa pratensis ssp. Kentucky bluegrass and spreading bluegrass are agassizensis (Boivin & D. Löve) Taylor & MacBryde, strongly rhizomatous, mat-forming, perennial grasses Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) Lej., Poa pratensis that grow 15 to 76 cm tall. Rough bluegrass lacks var. angustifolia (L.) Gaudin, P. pratensis var. anceps rhizomes and is tufted with decumbent bases. The culms (Gaudin) Grisebach, Poa pratensis var. domestica of rough bluegrass grow up to 91 cm tall. In all three Laestad., Poa pratensis var. gelida (Roemer & J.A. taxa, leaf blades are flat to folded and smooth with Schultes) Böcher, Poa pratensis var. iantha Wahlenb., double mid-ribs. Leaf tips are prow-shaped, as they are P. viridula Palibin. in most Poa species. Sheaths are rounded to somewhat Other common names: none keeled, partially closed, and smooth. Panicles are broadly pyramidal and compact.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist Flora of the Former Carden Township, City of Kawartha Lakes, on 2016
    Hairy Beardtongue (Penstemon hirsutus) Checklist Flora of the Former Carden Township, City of Kawartha Lakes, ON 2016 Compiled by Dale Leadbeater and Anne Barbour © 2016 Leadbeater and Barbour All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or database, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, without written permission of the authors. Produced with financial assistance from The Couchiching Conservancy. The City of Kawartha Lakes Flora Project is sponsored by the Kawartha Field Naturalists based in Fenelon Falls, Ontario. In 2008, information about plants in CKL was scattered and scarce. At the urging of Michael Oldham, Biologist at the Natural Heritage Information Centre at the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Dale Leadbeater and Anne Barbour formed a committee with goals to: • Generate a list of species found in CKL and their distribution, vouchered by specimens to be housed at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, making them available for future study by the scientific community; • Improve understanding of natural heritage systems in the CKL; • Provide insight into changes in the local plant communities as a result of pressures from introduced species, climate change and population growth; and, • Publish the findings of the project . Over eight years, more than 200 volunteers and landowners collected almost 2000 voucher specimens, with the permission of landowners. Over 10,000 observations and literature records have been databased. The project has documented 150 new species of which 60 are introduced, 90 are native and one species that had never been reported in Ontario to date.
    [Show full text]
  • PLANT and BREEDING BIRD COMMUNITIES of BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG COLONIES and NON- COLONIZED AREAS in SOUTHWEST KANSAS and SOUTHEAST COLORADO Stephen L
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of 1999 PLANT AND BREEDING BIRD COMMUNITIES OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG COLONIES AND NON- COLONIZED AREAS IN SOUTHWEST KANSAS AND SOUTHEAST COLORADO Stephen L. Winter Kansas State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss Part of the Desert Ecology Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Winter, Stephen L., "PLANT AND BREEDING BIRD COMMUNITIES OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG COLONIES AND NON-COLONIZED AREAS IN SOUTHWEST KANSAS AND SOUTHEAST COLORADO" (1999). Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources. 95. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/95 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PLANT AND BREEDING BIRD COMMUNITIES OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG COLONIES AND NON-COLONIZED AREAS IN SOUTHWEST KANSAS AND SOUTHEAST COLORADO by STEPHEN LOUIS WINTER B.S., University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1994 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Division of Biology College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1999 Approved by: Major Professor Jack F. Cully, Jr. ABSTRACT This research was initiated to determine if plant and bird communities on black­ tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus Ord) colonies in southwest Kansas and southeast Colorado differed from those found on associated non-colonized areas.
    [Show full text]