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LabLab MManualanual ttoo tthehe Jane Mygatt Juliana Medeiros Flora of New Mexico Lab Manual to the Flora of New Mexico Jane Mygatt Juliana Medeiros University of New Mexico Herbarium Museum of Southwestern Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA 87131-0001 October 2009 Contents page Introduction VI Acknowledgments VI Seed Plant Phylogeny 1 Timeline for the Evolution of Seed Plants 2 Non-fl owering Seed Plants 3 Order Gnetales Ephedraceae 4 Order (ungrouped) The Conifers Cupressaceae 5 Pinaceae 8 Field Trips 13 Sandia Crest 14 Las Huertas Canyon 20 Sevilleta 24 West Mesa 30 Rio Grande Bosque 34 Flowering Seed Plants- The Monocots 40 Order Alistmatales Lemnaceae 41 Order Asparagales Iridaceae 42 Orchidaceae 43 Order Commelinales Commelinaceae 45 Order Liliales Liliaceae 46 Order Poales Cyperaceae 47 Juncaceae 49 Poaceae 50 Typhaceae 53 Flowering Seed Plants- The Eudicots 54 Order (ungrouped) Nymphaeaceae 55 Order Proteales Platanaceae 56 Order Ranunculales Berberidaceae 57 Papaveraceae 58 Ranunculaceae 59 III page Core Eudicots 61 Saxifragales Crassulaceae 62 Saxifragaceae 63 Rosids Order Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae 64 Rosid I Order Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 65 Order Fabales Fabaceae 66 Order Fagales Betulaceae 69 Fagaceae 70 Juglandaceae 71 Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 72 Linaceae 73 Salicaceae 74 Violaceae 75 Order Rosales Elaeagnaceae 76 Rosaceae 77 Ulmaceae 81 Rosid II Order Brassicales Brassicaceae 82 Capparaceae 84 Order Geraniales Geraniaceae 85 Order Malvales Malvaceae 86 Order Myrtales Onagraceae 87 Order Sapindales Anacardiaceae 88 Rutaceae 89 Sapindaceae 90 Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 91 Cactaceae 92 Caryophyllaceae 93 Chenopodiaceae 94 Nyctaginaceae 95 IV page Polygonaceae 96 Portulacaceae 97 Tamaricaceae 98 Santalales Santalaceae 99 Viscaceae 100 Asterids Order Cornales Cornaceae 101 Fouquieriaceae 102 Loasaceae 103 Order Ericales Ericaceae 104 Polemoniaceae 105 Primulaceae 106 Asterid I Boraginaceae (unplaced) 107 Hydrophyllaceae (unplaced) 108 Order Gentianales Apocynaceae 109 Asclepiadaceae 110 Gentianaceae 112 Order Lamiales Lamiaceae 113 Oleaceae 114 Orobanchaceae 115 Plantaginaceae 116 Scrophulariaceae 117 Verbenaceae 118 Order Solanales Convolvulaceae 119 Solanaceae 120 Asterid II Order Apiales Apiaceae 121 Order Asterales Asteraceae 122 Campanulaceae 124 Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae 125 Appendices 126 Collecting Plant Specimens 127 Illustrated Glossary 131 Bibliography 155 V Introduction To the Student: This lab manual has been compiled specifi cally for use in the Flora of New Mexico class. Some of the information within these pages used to be meted out throughout the semester in individual handouts. We felt it was time to update what is currently known about the ever-changing fi eld of plant taxonomy and combine this infor- mation in an organized, bound manual. The lab course has been designed to introduce you to the fl ora of our region by going on a series of fi eld trips to different geographic/ecological zones within and nearby the Albuquerque area. In addition, you will receive the information and skills to collect scientifi cally valuable plant specimens, and obtain the basic information and instruction needed to recognize at-a-glance the 40 or so most common plant families that represent ~85% of the plant diversity in the state. Fresh plant material will be provided by the Teaching Assistant so that you have a fi rst-hand opportunity to dissect and study the (often minute) structures of fl owers, fruits, and seeds that help defi ne the various families of fl owering plants in our region. New Mexico has a rich diversity of plants, including more than 150 plant families, 1000 genera, and 3610 species. This lab manual presents a total of 75 of the more common families in our state. There are ~43 primary families (bold face in the table of Contents) that you are required to learn. Additionally, ~33 secondary families are included to broaden your knowledge, but due to fl owering times, fresh plant material generally is not available. While the primary families are crucial, the information provided in the second- ary families will be helpful to learn for your plant collection that will be due towards the end of the semester. We hope you will gain an appreciation for the great diversity of plant life that we have in New Mexico. Happy botanizing! To the Teaching Assistant: This manual was produced in Adobe InDesign and the fi le and original documents are located in the UNM Herbarium. Future TA’s should work with the Collection Manager in updating this lab manual and making printed copies from the original document/pdf, and avoid making copies of copies, as the quality will suffer. Acknowledgments We would like to thank past graduate students/teaching assistants of the Flora of New Mexico lab who taught this course, especially David Bleakly who literally cut and pasted handout materials. In addition, we thank Robert DeWitt Ivey whose drawings of New Mexico plants came from the Flowering Plants of New Mexico, 4th edition. We also ac- knowledge the UNM Herbarium, a division of the Museum of Southwestern Biology for use of their software and hardware, supplies and staff time. Finally, and most importantly, we express our thanks and dedicate this manual to Tim Lowrey, curator of the UNM Herbarium and long-time Professor who has taught hundreds of students the Flora of New Mexico. VI Seed Plant Phylogeny he phylogeny of seed plants and the relationships within Tand between them are in a great state of fl ux. There are few obvious shared morphological characters that are useful to separate the MAJOR GROUPS (e.g., Eudicots, Rosids, etc.) and the ORDERS (e.g., Poales, Rosales) of seed plants. Many characteristics at these higher levels are obscure anatomical features or are weighted by molecu- lar similarities. Needless to say, defi ning characters in a meaningful way is not possible if the characters can not be observed or measured in a laboratory setting. The real clarity between groups of seed plants occur at the level of the FAMILY, which are usually well-defi ned monophyletic groups. Therefore, details at the level of family are stressed in this course. Understanding and recognizing family characteristics is the most important skill you can learn to make the process of identifying and keying plants much easier. For completeness, we offer this graphic representation in the form of a clade to demonstrate what is currently known about the evolution and phylogeny of seed plants. Familes within the orders characterized with a will be covered in this course 1 Timeline for the Evolution of Seed Plants for groups covered in this course Non-flowering Flowering mya seed plants seed plants Quaternary 0 2.5 7 Pliocene Miocene 26 38 Oligocene 54 Eocene Monocots Paleocene Eudicots 65 Cretaceous Gnetophyta 141 Coniferophyta Jurassic 195 Triassic 225 Permian 280 Carboniferous 345 Devonian Seed plants evolved 395 Silurian Vascular plants evolved 435 Ordovician Land plants evolved 500 Cambrian 570 Precambrian Living organisms evolved 4700 Planet formed 2 Non-fl owering Seed Plants Order Gnetales Ephedraceae Order (ungrouped) The Conifers Cupressaceae Pinaceae 3 EPHEDRACEAE (Ephedra family) Order: Gnetales Non-fl owering seed plants Habit: shrubs with green photosynthetic stems; much branched, with jointed, green stems; usually dioecious (male and female cones borne on different plants) Leaves: reduced to small brownish papery scales and separated by very long (2-10 cm) internodes; opposite or whorled Male cones: with stalked sporophylls sur- rounded at base by membranous bracts Female cones: with 1-2 ovules surrounded at base by fl eshy bracts New Mexico: Ephedra is the only genus in the family Distribution: genera/species Worldwide: 1/44 NM: 1/6 Economic uses- medicinal, stimulant (ephed- rine) Ephedra male cone (above) and female cone (left) Ephedra trifurca 4 CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress family) Conifers (Ungrouped to Order) Non-fl owering seed plants Habit: evergreen trees and shrubs; stems thick, woody, non-photosynthetic; plants monoecious or dioecious Cupressus (Cypress) valvate, woody cones Leaves: green, photosynthetic, small, and scale-like leaves scale-like or awl-shaped, persistent Cones: berry-like when mature; fl eshy or mealy, or dry and woody, the scales fused or sometimes spreading at maturity Male cones: small and inconspicuous Female cones: with the ovule scales fused, woody, or fl eshy at maturity New Mexico genera: Cupressus- Cypress Juniperus- Juniper, Cedar Juniperus detail of leaves and cone anatomy (wingless seeds) Distribution: genera/species Worldwide: 27-30/130-140 Cupressus cone anatomy NM: 2/8 (winged seeds) Economic uses- lumber, landscaping The family includes the largest (Giant Se- quoia) and tallest (Coast Redwood) trees in the world. awl-shaped leaves 5 Cupressaceae in New Mexico 6 Non-fl owering Seed Plant Chart Cupressaceae (Cypress Family) Juniperus (Juniper) Taxon Range Elevation Seeds/fruit Other (ft) (NM range) Juniperus monosperma New Mexico, 5000-7500 1 (2); cones glo- branches from (One-seed juniper) Colorado Plateau bose, fl eshy, 5-7 base; mm diameter dioecious J. osteosperma nw New Mexico, 6000-7500 1 (2); cones tree-like with (Utah juniper) Utah, Great ovoid, mealy, trunk; may be Basin 8-18 mm long sprawling; us. monoecious J. deppeana s New Mexico 6500-8000 3-4; cones glo- distinctive bark; (Alligator juniper) to nw Mexico bose, 8-12 mm usually conspic- diameter uous glands on leaves J. scopulorum Rocky Mts, New 7000-9000 2 (1); cones glo- branches slen- (Rocky Mountain Mexico, w TX, bose, 4-6 mm der, drooping; juniper) AZ diameter, juicy dioecious J. communis Alaska to New 8500-11500 1-3; cones glo- needle-like var. depressa Mexico, AZ and bose, 7-9 mm in leaves; shrubby (Dwarf juniper) CA diameter, fl eshy and montane 7 PINACEAE (Pine family) Conifers (Ungrouped to Order) Non-fl owering seed plants Habit: trees (in the southwest); thick, woody, non-photosynthetic stems Leaves: green, photosynthetic- thin, linear, often needle-like, persistent Cones: large (>10 cm), woody, dry, usually persistent; mostly monoecious (male and female cones on the same plant) Four genera in the southwest: 1.
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