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Home , 2014 in anime, Anime, Artland (company), Daume, Eiichi Yamamoto, Gallop (studio)

Georgios Lazaridis 01.2019

Erotism in the history of Japanese art - .

Table of contents:

1. Abstract

2. Anime - definition of the term.

3. Origins of anime art.

4. Erotism in Japanese arts - and ukiyo-e .

5. Erotism in anime: origins, aspects, kinds.

6. Erotism as , a love story.

7. Erotism as - the phenomenon of .

8. Conclusion and the summary of erotism in anime - ending words.

9. Bibliography and the sources of images.

1.Abstract

The below text’s main aim is to present to the reader an analysis of the erotic aspect of Japanese film and arts - anime. It contains a brief review of the subject including informations about the film art as itself, as well as the way it represents erotic content on different tiers of explicitly. It will point out the origins and , the evolution through time and it’s expansion to different forms of media arts and social events. As erotism is deeply rooted in traditional forms, the possibilities of the moving image let it expand through the media taking different paths and shapes, often crossing the boundaries of social ethics.

!1 2. Anime - the definition , etymology , main features and occurrence.

The term anime (アニメ) is used to describe the animation style that was developed in in the late 1910s and through time expanded as an individual art form into the mainstream culture. The etymological origins of the word date back to pointing out a borrowing from English - animation or French - animé1, absorbed into the under the word animēshon and simplified into the final form - anime. After the expansion in time which occurred through the technological progress of humanity, anime have gained a status of art and is perceived as „a complex art form that incorporates various themes, animation styles, messages and a particular part of Japanese culture.”2 It differs from other animation styles by having it’s particular visual language including exaggerated body proportions, linearity of the images, simplified shapes and highly dynamic motion accompanied by speed lines and shape-shifting typography. It is vividly coloristic and the process of creating anime includes mixed animation techniques such as hand-drawn 2D animation, -animation but also, (mainly in the younger productions) photography and digital 3D animation or .

Anime is aimed at a broad range of audiences and consequently, a sequence may have aspects of a range of .3

There are multiple plot and content, defined genres in anime while it tries to fit the broad audience’s requests, taking into consideration the adult- aged audience’s needs for exposing the love plots as well as the reproductive behavior of humans, anime produced a wide branch of genres concentrated around the subject of erotism and sexuality. Anime has a very complex categorization divided by genere, plot and their demographics, as well as who they are forward. Some of these genres are very rich in erotism and the concept of romance in their most acre stadium reaching the status of pornography.

In the present anime seems to have pervaded into the global visual culture broadening it’s influence due to the phenomenon of internet and mass- media and it’s extracts are visible in different fields of life and contemporary art f.e. (fashion, game and toys industries, filmmaking and advertisement industries all over the globe). Below we can find an infographic chart of the history of anime containing the titles, dates, animation studios and descriptions.

1 https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anime

2 Living/Learning Center Programs, The University of Vermont http://www.uvm.edu/llcenter/programs/0708/anime.pdf

3 "Anime and ” http://wiki.oni2.net/Anime_and_manga

!2 The history of anime began around the end of the second World War, when Japanese were hired to make for the military. While the west began with its cartoons being produced by the popular Walt Disney, Japan began to Anime Company Comparison delve into this world of entertainment. It was during the 1950s that animators began to experiment making their own animations with techniques originating from the West. With anime originating from Japan, most of its studios reside within the It was then during the 60s that anime truly began to take its own style from its Western country to which its animations are then distributed to the world. Below roots, creating characters with large eyes, big mouths, and large heads and becoming is a treemap that displays the various Japanese animation studios and The History what is known today as anime. The 70s also brought about the along with how many anime series they have produced. its Super Robot sub-genre, beginning with “Tetsujin 28-go” that would set the stage for Robot-themed anime. Moving into the 80s, anime became accepted into the Japanese culture and experienced a boom in production, with this decade being considered the “Golden Age of Anime.” This decade would bring about several famous productions that would have an enormous impact on future animations by introducing many favorite genres like the martial arts genre and sports genre. Within the flm industry, several Number of Anime successful flms were also being produced, with much success appearing from the now Series Produced infamous and its director . Now today, we see Japanese of Anime animation now moving from its home country and infuencing entertainment in other 500 countries around the world, especially North America. 400 416 522 1930 300 TMS Cultural 200 A.P.P.P 1930s Entertainment Cultural nationalism 100 1940s 171 188 208 Japanese government enforces 0 1943 1945 1948 cultural nationalism, leading to a Studio strict censorship and control of J.C.Staf Studio Been Train makes Japan's Japan Animated published media. Many animators Deen frst real feature length studio were urged to produce animations animated flm, Seo's founded. which enforced the Japanese spirit 121 122 129 141 Momotaro's Divine Sea and national afliation. Studio Tatsunoko Warriors (Momotarō: Ghibli Production Production I.G Geijutsu Eigasha Umi no Shinpei). produces Mitsuyo 91 110 111 113 Seo's Momotaro's Group TAC Ashi Productions / Sea Eagles anima- 1960s 55 63 32 65 tion with help 88 from Navy. , 1961 January 1, 1963 October 20, 1963 December 5, 1966 1940 A-1 Pictures Corp. Studio Hibari 0 100 200 300 400 500 54 Change 45 46 48 49 AIC First anime series TNK/Mushi / Triangle Staf/ Radix 75 Military-themed Anime Dogakobo Productions Studio Comet Otogi Manga Calen- Tezuka Prod. 26 15 31 18 43 OLM/ der broadcasted. / Studio Studio 4°C P.A. Works / Nue 9 19 20 28 Ufo Table 36 21 51 David Orphee/ Hal Film Maker First magical Arcs Studio / 1950s Prod. SynergySP 17 25 anime series 13 8 Brain’s Base Gainex 1956 1958 Trigger Animation First super robot Sally the Witch 6 11 16 24 42 50 35 anime series Tetsujin broadcasted. Japan Animated 28-go broadcasted. Films purchased by premieres on , Lim- New Year's Day and is the ited and renamed frst popular animated Toei Animation. Japanese television series that embodied the aes- thetic that later became First color anime feature flm Haku- familiar worldwide as jaden (The Tale of the White Ser- anime. pent). Was more Disney in tone with musical numbers and animal 1950 sidekicks. However, it is widely considered to be the frst "anime" ever, in the modern sense. Released

in the US in 1961 as Panda and the Disney-Toned Magic Serpent. 1980s October 14, 1981 October 3 1982 1983 October 10, 1983 December 12, 1983 February 21, 1984

American companies First OVA (original Lolita Anime is released begin to utilise Japanese video animation) and is the frst hentei animation studios in Dallas released and (anime with porno- animating tv series like is unsuccessful. graphic context). OVAs The , G.I. Joe. which brought to and The Adventures of Tsubasa without the Galaxy Rangers. premieres and premiering on tv allowed 's The Super A Look Through Time becomes the frst for the release of hentei. Dimension of worldwide successful popular comedic Fortress This colorful timeline to the left displays points that occured during the 1960 manga is adapted sports anime, leading begins the way for future development of Japanese animation. Beginning from the 1930s just before by to air and is into an anime, sports series to be World War II to 2010, each section is divided into diferent colors by decade Anime Series Begins starting point for increasing the created. with its own box that contains specifc times within that time period that Macross anime culture. series. caused an infuence towards anime. Also, within the trunk of the timeline is a title indicating a key point about this specifc decade. March 11, 1984 December 24, 1984 March 2, 1985 March 9, 1985 June 15, 1985 February 26, 1986

Gainex anime studio After Nausicaa's is founded, after a becomes the frst success, director group of amateur successful OVA. Hayao Miyazaki and producers called longtime colleague Daicon Films gain set up Dragonball series popularity within the their own studio, premieres on Fuji otaku community for Studio Ghibli, under Television and intro- Nausicaa of the their two anime shorts Mobile Suit Zeta supervision of former duces the martial arts Valley of the Wind created for the Nihon sequel editor genre and becomes is released and its SF Taikai conventions airs and becomes . incredibly infuential success and reputa- in Japan. most successful in the Japanese Ani- tion would lead to Real Robot space mation Industry. 1970 many experimental opera in Japan. and ambitious 1970s Japanese flm market shrinks due to competition projects. from television. Many young animators thrust April 1, 1970 October 24, 1971 January 6, 1974 September 1, 1978 into position of director, bringing in young talent

Mecha Begins August 2, 1986 1987 July 16 1988 July 22, 1989 and allowing for more experimentation. Also the Gatchaman reworked genre known as Mecha (science fction genre and edited into American that centers on robots or machines controlled by adaption Battle of the people from inside) begins. Entering into the Planets and broadcasted. 80s, the genre for shows shift from - oriented to the super robot genre (robots with Lupin III super-powered weapons, extreme resistance to anime series Heidi, Girl of the Alps runs and April 7, 1979 damage and mystical or legendary origins) and Studio Ghibli's flm Kiki's airs on despite doubt from TV networks again to more realistic space operas as seen in Studio Ghibli's Delivery Service is television. for its simple realistic drama and the Real Robot genre (robots with realistic phys- frst flm Laputa: Gainex produces the biggest (Tomorrow's , manga adaption is released and becomes being aimed for chrildren becomes ics and future technological advances). budgeted (at the current time) Joe) runs a released as most expensive the top grossing flm of a international success and popular is released, one of anime flm Royal Space Force: boxing anime flm productions (at the the year earning $40 in European countries. Miyazaki's most The Wings of Honneamise which has time), costing $11 million. million at box ofce. ambitious flms. which costed 800 million yen become iconic Mobile Suit and did not succeed. Becomes an international in Japan. Gundam, the frst 1980 success. Real Robot anime series airs. Golden Age of Anime

1990s February 3, 1990 September 6, 1993 October 4, 1995 November 18, 1995 March 9, 1996 April 1, 1997 July 12, 1997 April 3, 1998

Brave Exkaiser airs on Nagoya TV and begins the revival of the Super Robot genre for the 90s. Dragonball Z airs in 1990

More Anime Genres Appear airs Japan and begins the airs, becoming most success- ful anime tv series of the ‘90s. and begins the premieres on TV martial arts superhero The Director Hayao Miyazaki's Also its violence and sexuality genre. It only for twelve genre. It would later flm premieres and is seen Pokemon TV series airs after being flm had a efect on anime also becomes the episodes due to its become dubbed to more as an experimental anime adapted from its video game series. premieres and becomes the television, which forced TV longest-running controversial adult- than a dozen languages flm, which had a strong It will later become the longest- most expensive animated Tokyo to campdown with magical girl anime themed content. worldwide and become a infuence on the running anime in history with 806 flm at the time, costing $20 cencorship on anime. series and is dubbed huge success. American–Australian flm episodes in Japan (700 in North million to produce. to more than a "." America). dozen languages.

2013 Most Popular Anime Character Lelouch Lamperouge According to Myanimelist.net as of 2013

Lelouch is a student of Ashford Academy high school, where he is a member of its student council. A brilliant thinker who 2000s is quite talented at chess, he lives with his younger sister, 2000 Nunnally. Lelouch is soon swept into the confict between the January 31, 2002 October 5, 2002 July 9, 2006 April 1, 2007 October 6, 2007 April 5, 2009 Britannia Empire and the pockets of resistance which oppose it when he accidentally boards a truck being used by Japanese Revival of Older Anime resistance operatives. Within the truck is a capsule holding C.C., who sacrifces herself to save him from the military forces trying to recapture her. When it seems as if her sacrifce was pointless, C.C. suddenly touches his hand and ofers him the “Power of the King”, the mythical power of Geass which grants him the power of absolute obedience, which allows him to make people obey his orders without question. Z Kai airs intended as an Mobile Suit updated and enhanced version of its airs and Mobile Suit Tengen Toppa airs, Gundam 00 is the original, with original footage remasted begins the Gundam SEED airs Welcome to the receiving both "best television pro- frst Gundam series for HDTV, removal of damaged frames, increase in and revives the N.H.K airs on tv and duction" and "best character design" to be animated in rerecorded vocal tracks, updated open- popularity Real Robot genre becomes one of awards from the Tokyo International widescreen and in ings and endings, and re-edited to follow towards while becoming many anime series Anime Fair in 2008. high-defnition. more closely to the manga, creating a type anime. successful. to examine the faster-moving story. otaku subculture.

2010

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anime http://myanimelist.net/favorites.php?type=characters http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/company.php?id=6515 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anime_companies#Non-Japanese_companies Aileen Coutte | 30x40 Poster | DAI 523 InfoGraphics | 12/18/2013

„The History of Anime” http://online.sfsu.edu/rapidviz/523_2013/coutte_anime_timeline_poster_2013.pdf

!3 3. Origins of anime art.

Soon after American and European animation films were first seen in Japan, around 1914, Japanese filmmakers were imitating them and coming up with their own distinctive native style. 4

As the term anime started to function in the mainstream after being accepted publicly in the 1980s the Japanese animation’s history dates back to the 1910s with the first films being produced by SHIMOKAWA Ōten 下川凹天 (1892-1973) with his lost film The Story of the Concierge Mukuzo Imokawa (芋川椋三⽞関番の巻 1917) KITAYAMA Sei- tarō 北⼭清太郎 (1888-1945) with his 2 minute animation - Urashima Tarō( 浦島 太郎)(1918) and KŌUCHI Jun’ichi( 幸内純)(1886- 1970) who created in 1918 a silent

animation by the title of Namakura Gatana (なま くら⼑).

During World War II, propaganda films such as Momotarō no Umiwashi around 1943 and Momotarō: Umi no Shinpei around 1945 were made, the latter being the first anime feature film. In the 1980s, anime was accepted in the mainstream in Japan. The rise of Gundam, Macross, Dragon Ball and also the Real Robot, and genres set a boom as well. The film Akira set records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and become a success worldwide.

The visual concepts of anime seems to be based on traditional, colorful Japanese woodblock prints called ukiyo-e as well as on the Japanese equivalent of the western comics arts called manga.

4 https://thebioscope.net/2008/03/28/early-anime-discovered/

!4 It is sometimes said that the Japanese culture of manga, anime and games is simply a continuation of a tradition beginning with religious illustrated scrolls such as the Choju Jinbutsu Giga (Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans) drawn in the 12th century.

Manga comes from the Japanese word composed of the two 漫 (man) meaning whimsical and 画 (ga) meaning pictures, and always was an important part of the Japanese visual culture. Manga is defined as comic art, which tells a story and consists of different plots. It is said that the first to produce manga and use the word to describe his work was Katsushika 葛飾 北斎 (1760-1849) - an Japanese ukiyo-e painter and printmaker. He created the Hokusai Manga which was published in 1814 and was a book consisting of 4000 sketches. In the modern days a lot of successful manga comics was made into anime movies or series.

Ukiyo-e (浮世絵) literally meaning a "picture of the Floating World”, is a term used to describe a genere of Japanese art starting in the 17th with the period and the economic growth of the society. It was concentrated around woodblock prints and paintings oscillating around subjects such as female beauty, theatre, sumo wrestling, historical scenes and folk tales, travel and landscape scenes, flora and fauna and as well .

!5 Escalating from the traditional religious illustrated forms, the two mentioned above art forms seem to be the stylistic origins of anime which moves their specific, individualized visual language into the animation field in the .

4. Erotism in Japanese arts.

As erotism manifests itself in different forms and at at different scale of , we are sure that it has been accompanying art from the beginning of humanity with the first records dating back to Paleolithic cave paintings and carvings through all the eons until modern days. The word erotism comes from Greek erōs, erōt- ‘sexual love’ + -ism. And it’s meaning is defined as Sexual desire or excitement. These kinds of this subject’s depictions in the Japanese fine arts had became very popular among the society due to the tradition of Ukiyo-e and drawn manga gaining it’s own name. The erotic substance is firmly present in the Japanese visual art’s culture, exposing different types of erotism as a canon of beauty in art being defined in Japanese as Shunga (春画).

Translated literally, the Japanese word shunga means picture of spring; "spring" is a common euphemism for sex.

The variety of shunga and it’s types is as wide as the erotic of Japanese society, including all social classes and their erotic behaviors and attractions. While most of the shunga were heterosexual, there also appeared homosexual shunga and even images of human-animal examples.

Both painted handscrolls and illustrated erotic books (empon) often presented an unrelated sequence of sexual tableaux, rather than a structured narrative. A whole variety of possibilities are shown—men seduce women, women seduce men; men and women cheat on each other; all ages from virginal teenagers to old married couples; even octopi were occasionally featured.

!6 As the phenomenon of shunga was present in the Japanese art tradition, it was more than sure that anime would become a great medium for the erotic content.

5. Erotism in anime: origins, aspects, kinds.

As erotism proves to be always present in the history of art, Japanese anime is also heavily affected by it’s influence. With the evolution of anime in time, it’s commercialization, expansion and bigger demand as well as the rise of popularity all over the globe, anime developed different genres of erotic content. The first erotic themed anime is considered to be A Thousand and One Nights(千夜⼀夜物語) directed by Eiichi Yamamoto and conceived by in 1969. Until the 1980s, the governmental censorship stops affecting anime, and lets erotism expand and categorize new genres of anime, more perverted and sexually abusive kinds, often crossing the boundaries of social ethics and acceptance. But on the other hand it also leaded to an expansion of romantic, love focused stories and plots taking part in the anime scene. And it doesn’t only affect erotic genres, the erotism as a romance, a story of love between two characters seems to be present in all kinds of anime even those of

!7 mainly adventurous character. It is probably caused by the fact, that an erotic plot in the animation makes it more interesting for the audience. The visual language of anime tends to appeal to the modern canon of beauty, responding to the mass-audience’s taste, as seen in many depictions the proportions and states of human bodies shown in anime animations are often thin, with expanded musculature, and vivid eyes. Although it fully depends on the artist, there is a main trend for the depiction of human bodies in anime, which in my opinion is based on the reproductive instinct and tends to show the body as more attractive hitting the neural sensors responsible for infatuation and in consequence making the observation more pleasant. As anime is designed for audience of all age, the erotic content is more present in the genres aimed at adults. Some of those genres including also those more erotically abusive can be found below:

•Action or adventure: Martial arts, weapons, battles, etc. •Drama: Character developments, emotional, relationships. •Game based: Based on game like card or board game •Horror: Darker or supernatural themes. •Romance: Two people falling in love. •Sci Fi: Futuristic, science, technology. •Progressive: Exceptionally stylized art films •Shōjo: they are for young •Shōnen: they are for young boys •Seinen: which are for teenage boys or young males •Kodomo: which are for children ,little kids •Bishojo: which are beautiful girls •Bishonen: which are pretty guys with girlish beauty. •Sentai: which are fighting teams. •Robot/Mecha: which are robots machines (gundam). •Post-Apocalyptic which are post-apocalyptic world . •Maho Shojo: which are magical girl stories. •Maho Shonen: which are magical boy stories. •: perky, cute, weak, or naive characters . •Expertise: sports, arts, cooking, etc. •: sexualization of underaged female.(banned in 2011 by the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan) •: sexualization of underaged male. •: Men with lots of women romance. •Reverse Harem: Female character with lots of men . •Magical Girlfriend: One man and a inhuman girlfriend.

!8 6. Erotism as romance, a love story in anime.

As the term erotism refers to the sexual desire or excitement, it can also be understood as the story behind the desire and all the connected events that occur in the plot due to the phenomenon. All the atmosphere around erotism as a source of love in the story is strongly present in all anime genres, and may testify about the visual qualities perceived through anime. The genres classified as drama and romance are probably the most focused on the love plot and we can point out several features that are characteristic for those genres. Firstly, the story of the sensual desire between different characters is the main plot, as the variety of erotic depictions in Japanese traditional art was always wide, the same applies to anime, and the love stories may not only be of heterosexual nature but may also manifest as of homosexual or mixed gender nature. As the anime shows are mostly made of series of episodes, love threads are often stretched over in time continuously developing through the episodes. This tendency seems to be quite common in anime even when it comes to single films of longer length as an example we could consider the anime movie by (2007) which despite being a single movie, is divided into three parts with the romantic plot being expanded in each one. The erotic substance in anime shows is commonly depicted as of high complexity, involving multiple characters and heavily affecting the plot and actions of the characters. Even when the main genre of the show is of such kind as martial arts, Sci-fi or even Horror, the romantic, erotic substance has a strong impact on the story, as can be seen in shows such as Cowboy Bebop directed by Shin’ichirō Watanabe (1998 ), which is of the Sci-fi genre the love plot between Spike and Julia but also Julia and Vicious (Spike’s nemesis) plays a major part in the show and is successively exposed through the episodes, affiliating the major characters and affecting their decisions. A next interesting example of an important love plot in anime of different genres is the story of Dracula and his wife who was accused of witchcraft and burned at the stake, resulting in Dracula’s will of vengeance on humans in the Castlevania(2017) - animated anime series for adults. Despite the serie being of horror genere depicting bloodshed and

!9 demonic visions, the love plot plays a major role by being the source of subsequent events. The erotic plots presented in anime also seem to expose the complexity of different relationships between humans for example of socially uncomfortable age difference as seen in the movie Koto no ha no niwa () (2013) by Makoto Shinkai depicting the unlikely relationship between a 15- year-old boy and a 27-year-old women. aspect of difficulty in relationships is presented in the movie Kimi no na wa () (2016) also by Makoto Shinkai exposing the of distance between two young lovers as a major impediment. The examples stated above prove that erotism becomes a major aspect of Japanese animation, due to the ability to expose social, relationship based problems, as well as to make the plot more interesting by weaving into it scenarios based on emotional behavior as a consequence of erotical desire. The above mentioned examples concern the different genres of anime and their erotic aspect, but in the classic form of erotism as a romance or love story, but as anime evolved through time there appeared more and more controversial animations depicting erotic fantasies and reproductive behavior in a more literal way probably due to the lack of censorship and the mass data stream through the internet leading to the creation on extremely abusive and perverted genres such as Lolicon or Shotacon and pornographic anime referred as hentai (in the culture) which will be covered in the chapter below.

7. Erotism as pornography - the phenomenon of Hentai.

There has always been a thin line between what was considered as erotism and pornography. The boundary was set by social convictions, governmental censorship and generally accepted standards, all those boundaries had been changing in time moving the boundaries further and further. The example of shunga and how it’s perception changed over time and became a more acceptable form of art, that started to be exhibited in museums all over the world in the XXI century and the status of pornography was changed to the status of . The same probably happened to anime’s most extreme erotic genres, and taking in consideration the very liberal Japanese policy against pornography and the modern society’s demand on pornographic substance, we encounter a huge expansion of the Hentai genre

!10 as well as many of it’s subgenres of a very wide variety including different fetishes of modern sexuality. Until 2014 was legal to own in Japan. The law has changed, but the sexualisation of minors continues. "Chaku Ero", which means "erotically clothed" is a kind of soft porn - it doesn't involve nudity, but it can get very, very close and is often overtly sexual. As the word hentai in the western culture is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as: a subgenre of the Japanese genres of manga and anime, characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots. In Japanese it has nothing to do with the genres and it’s terminology is understood as follows: It is the shortened form of the phrase (変態性欲, hentai seiyoku) which means "sexual perversion” And it is exactly what most hentai depict, in fact giving most of them the status of pornography and not erotic art. As the first pornographic animation is considered to be Suzumi fune (涼み⾈) from 1932 directed by Hakusan Kimura, but there is no record of it and can not be proven. The next well- known one is from the 1980s with the title of Lolita Anime (ロリータアニメ) released by the Wonder Kids studio applying itself to the hentai genre as well as the lolicon and subgenres.

The basic subcategorization of this erotically exaggerated anime’s genre (hentai) is:

•Ero - . •/shōnen-ai/ - Male homosexuality. •Yuri/shōjo-ai - Female homosexuality.

!11 •Lolicon - Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage girls, whether homosexual or heterosexual. •Shotacon - Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage boys, whether homosexual or heterosexual. •Bakunyū - is a genre of pornographic media focusing on the depiction of women with large . The word can be literally translated to "exploding breasts". •Futanari - Depictions of or transsexuals that have both phallic genitalia (penis with , only a penile shaft, or an enlarged ) with or without vaginal genitalia. • - Sexual activity with legal family members •Netorare - Cheating or being unfaithful to a significant other, lit. "taken away by sleeping with". •Omorashi - A form of urolagnia •Tentacle erotica - Depictions of tentacled creatures and sometimes monsters (fictional imaginative or otherwise) engaging in sex or with girls and, less often, men. (considered to have evolved from The fisherman wife’s dream by Hokusai.) •Josouseme/Daughter-attack - Depictions of a male-crossdresser taking the lead and/or exhibiting dominance over a . In the modern days, the place where most hentai can be found is definitely the internet, due to the lack of censorship and ease of data flow. As the most extreme form of erotism depicted in anime, it is hardly assigned as art and mainly being concerned as pornography although it is animated with the same techniques and style as anime art.

8. Conclusion and the summary of erotism in anime.

!12 While erotism is present in arts through all the periods of time, Japanese art seems to confirm the statement, moreover demonstrating the complexity of the phenomenon and also carrying important historical information about the Japanese society’s thought around the subject of erotism. The art of animation born in Japan called anime is strongly saturated with erotic substance. The most erotic genres of anime are those aimed at adult-aged audience, and with the evolution of anime more and more erotically and sexually plotted genres seem to appear with the most extreme reaching the status on pornography. As erotism was always present in Japanese arts, surely the major part in it’s expansion played the tradition of woodblock printing which would allow the artists to make a large quantity of artworks from one stencil. On the other hand the amount of erotic and pornographic anime available today proves the huge social demand on such type of content. Surely the highly individual visual language of anime(commonly matched to the modern canons of modern beauty) as well as the multiple genres and subgenres, due to the accessibility of anime through the internet make anime reach so many recipients, satisfying the fantasies of even those most demanding.

I hope that the article will bring closer to the reader the subject of erotism in anime art and improve the understanding of it, as well as dispose the phenomenon of social demand on erotism and pornography to put the reader on a deeper contemplation of the topic.

9. Bibliography and the sources of images.

1.Study of Manga, Animation and Anime as an Art Form 495,496

Steena. J. Mathews

Department of Master Of Computer Application(MCA) University Of Mumbai Dr.G.D.Pol Foundation YMT College of Management Sector-4 Kharghar, Navi Mumbai-410210, India

2.https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anime

3.https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anime

4.Living/Learning Center ProgramsThe University of Vermont http://www.uvm.edu/llcenter/programs/0708/anime.pdf

5."Anime and manga" http://wiki.oni2.net/Anime_and_manga

6.http://online.sfsu.edu/rapidviz/523_2013/coutte_anime_timeline_poster_2013.pdf

7.https://thebioscope.net/2008/03/28/early-anime-discovered/ 8.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg

!13 9.https://backpackingjapan.blogspot.com/2017/05/urashima-taro-1918.html

10.History of anime from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anime

11.http://geishaworld.wikia.com/wiki/File:Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors- screeny.jpg

12. creativejapan_PDF.pdf p.7

13. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/02/arts/openings-outside-tokyo/ masterpieces-of-kosan-ji-temple/

14.Portal:Anime and Manga/Intro from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_Manga/Intro

15.”Anime & Manga" Avatar By KhushGul, Liverpool, United .

16.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/OL-Shinkarons-simple-four-panel-layout-and- gag-structure-is-typical-of-the--manga_fig1_298047415

17. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Siddharthas-disarming-of-Bandaka-in- Tezukas--shows-the-greater-layout-complexity_fig2_298047415

18.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Shiratos-Ninja-Bugeich-o-conveys-the- darker-adult-themes-of--manga-Source_fig5_298047415

19.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e

20.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takiyasha_the_Witch_and_the_Skeleton_Spectre#/ media/File:Takiyasha_the_Witch_and_the_Skeleton_Spectre.jpg

21.https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/erotism

22.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga

23.Forbidden Images – Erotic art from Japan's (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki City Art Museum. 2002. pp. 23–28.

24.https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_żony_rybaka#/media/ File:Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg

25.https://japaneseprints.net/gallery/by-genre/shunga/shunga-2613.html

26.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thousand_and_One_Nights_(1969_film)#/media/ File:A_Thousand_and_One_Nights_Tezuka.jpg

27.Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (Revised and Expanded ed.). Stone Press.

28.Cowboy Bebop directed by Shin’ichirō Watanabe (1998 )

!14 29.Anna Walton on 13 January 2014” All About Anime”

30.https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0983213/

31.https://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/castlevania/266266/castlevania-netflix-series- easter-eggs-reference-guide

32.https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2591814/?ref_=ttls_li_tt

33.https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5311514/?ref_=ttls_li_tt

34.https://jw-webmagazine.com/kimi-no-na-wa-your-name-is-having-explosive-sales- film-1465cac6d438?gi=14bb29f22286

35.https://thevaultpublication.com/2014/11/14/garden-of-words-review/

36.https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/exhibitions/shunga.aspx

37."Peek-a-boo, I See You: Watching Japanese Hard-core Animation". Sexuality. 13: 17–31. doi:10.1007/s12119-008-9039-5. Retrieved 30 July 2011.

38.https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/57eaaf23-0cef-48c8-961f-41f2563b38aa

39."hentai". Oxford Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

40. McLelland, Mark (January 2006). "A Short History of Hentai". Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context (12). hdl:1885/8673. Retrieved 14 July 2014.

41.https://lostmediawiki.com/Suzumi- bune_(lost_Japanese_pornographic_animated_short;_1932)#cite_note-1

42.https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/35954/WL-0009/Lolita-Anime-5:-Surf-Dreaming

43.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai#Classification

44."Word Display". WWWJDIC. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2010.

45.https://hanime.tv/hentai-videos/midnight-panther-1 Midnight Panther by Green Bunny studios (1998).

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