TESIS DOCTORAL La Conexión Emocional Entre Marca Y Consumidor

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TESIS DOCTORAL La Conexión Emocional Entre Marca Y Consumidor UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad I TESIS DOCTORAL La conexión emocional entre marca y consumidor. Análisis del caso Apple y Samsung en el público adolescente y jóven MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Magdalena Pretel Jiménez Directores Juan Benavides Belinda de Frutos María Sánchez-Valle Madrid, 2017 © Magdalena Pretel Jiménez, 2016 LA CONEXIÓN EMOCIONAL ENTRE MARCA Y CONSUMIDOR 1 Tesis doctoral - Marilé Pretel Jiménez A mi director Juan Benavides, por creer en este proyecto. A María y Belinda, por estar siempre ahí, sois personas grandes. Gracias por ese apoyo incondicional. A mi familia, os lo debo todo. Os quiero y os echo de menos. A mis eternos adolescentes, mi gran fuente de inspiración para la vida 2 LA CONEXIÓN EMOCIONAL ENTRE MARCA Y CONSUMIDOR Índice 1. Introducción ...................................................................................... 6 1.1. Justificación del tema ................................................................ 7 1.2. Estructura y partes del trabajo de investigación ........................ 10 1.3. Hipótesis del trabajo de investigación ....................................... 12 1.4. Metodología ............................................................................... 15 CAPÍTULO 1. LA MARCA ....................................................................... 19 1.1 Aproximación al concepto de marca .......................................... 20 1.2 De marca comercial a marca como activo estratégico .............. 24 1.3 La marca global ......................................................................... 28 1.4 Identidad y atributos de marca .................................................. 30 1.5 Diferenciación y relevancia de la marca: creando preferencias en el consumidor ..................................... 35 1.6 Valores de marca ....................................................................... 40 1.7 La reputación de marca y su relación con la reputación corporativa y la responsabilidad social corporativa .................... 44 1.8 La marca 3.0 .............................................................................. 49 CAPÍTULO 2. MARCA Y EMOCIÓN ....................................................... 57 2.1 Definición del término emoción .................................................. 58 2.2 Emoción y marca ....................................................................... 63 2.3 El rol de la emoción en la comunicación comercial de una marca. Los modelos de persuasión ........................................... 66 2.3.1 One route model ............................................................... 67 2.3.1.1 Modelos de Jerarquía de respuestas ............................... 67 2.3.1.2 Modelos no cognitivos ...................................................... 69 2.3.1.3 Modelos de transferencias de emociones ........................ 69 2.3.2 Two route models .............................................................. 70 2.3.3 Los modelos integradores ................................................. 73 3 Tesis doctoral - Marilé Pretel Jiménez 2.3.4 Los modelos de tradición neurológica de la emoción ....... 76 2.4 Elementos emocionales en comunicación publicitaria .............. 79 CAPÍTULO 3. MARCAS, ADOLESCENTES Y JÓVENES EN LA RED . 87 3.1 El medio digital en España y perfil de sus usuarios .................. 88 3.2 Adolescentes y jóvenes en Internet ........................................... 99 3.2.1 Definición adolescente y joven .......................................... 100 3.2.2 Etapas y características de la adolescencia y los jóvenes ..................................................................... 102 3.2.3 Hábitos de consumo y de medios de los adolescentes y los jóvenes ......................................... 107 3.3 La publicidad en Internet ........................................................... 121 3.4 Las marcas en el entorno digital ................................................ 123 3.5 Los jóvenes y su interacción con las marcas ............................ 133 CAPÍTULO 4. ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR SOBRE LAS MARCAS PREFERENTES EN ADOLESCENTES: SECTOR TECNOLÓGICO ..... 142 4.1 Planteamiento e hipótesis .......................................................... 143 4.2 Metodología y procedimiento ..................................................... 144 4.3 Muestra ...................................................................................... 145 4.4 Medidas y variables ................................................................... 146 4.5 Resultados del estudio en base a las hipótesis planteadas ................................................................................. 147 4.5.1 Conclusiones de los grupos de discusión……………………149 4.5.2 Marcas de referencia entre los jóvenes………………………152 CAPÍTULO 5. LA MARCA OBJETO DEL CASO DE ESTUDIO: APPLE Y SU RIVAL SAMSUNG ............................................................. 156 5.1 Historia ....................................................................................... 158 5.1.1 Qué es Apple .................................................................... 158 5.1.2 Comienzos de Apple ......................................................... 158 5.1.3 Salida de Steve Jobs y declive de Apple .......................... 159 5.1.4 De la era Steve hasta nuestros días ................................. 161 4 LA CONEXIÓN EMOCIONAL ENTRE MARCA Y CONSUMIDOR 5.2 Identidad de marca de Apple ..................................................... 164 5.3 Valores de la marca Apple ......................................................... 166 5.4 La marca rival: Samsung ........................................................... 167 5.4.1 Historia .............................................................................. 168 5.4.2 Identidad de la marca Samsung: filosofía y visión de marca ................................................. 170 5.4.3 Valores de la marca Samsung .......................................... 172 5.4.4 Apple versus Samsung ..................................................... 173 5.5 Las diferencias de ambas compañías en los tribunales ............ 177 CAPÍTULO 6. ESTUDIO SOBRE LOS ATRIBUTOS EMOCIONALES DE LA MARCA APPLE Y LA MARCA SAMSUNG EN JÓVENES ........ 179 6.1 Planteamiento e hipótesis ......................................................... 180 6.2 Metodología .............................................................................. 182 6.3 Muestra ..................................................................................... 182 6.4 Procedimiento ........................................................................... 183 6.5 Medidas de variables del estudio cuantitativo .......................... 184 6.6 Resultados en base a las hipótesis planteadas ....................... 186 6.6.1 Descriptivos de la muestra ................................................ 186 6.6.2 Resultados descriptivos del estudio cualitativo ................. 189 6.6.3 Resultados del estudio cuantitativo ................................... 193 CAPÍTULO 7. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................. 211 7.1 Contexto actual ......................................................................... 212 7.2 Las lovemarks y los jóvenes ..................................................... 214 7.3 Los objetivos de la tesis ............................................................ 215 7.3.1 El estudio de caso ............................................................. 217 7.3.2 Conclusiones en función de los objetivos planteados ....... 218 7.4 Limitaciones del estudio y futuras líneas de investigación ....... 221 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................ 222 Anexos ..................................................................................................... 244 5 Tesis doctoral - Marilé Pretel Jiménez 6 LA CONEXIÓN EMOCIONAL ENTRE MARCA Y CONSUMIDOR 1.1 JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL TEMA La presente tesis doctoral es la consecuencia del interés por conocer cómo en el complejo contexto de la gestión de marca sólo algunas consiguen conectar con sus públicos a través de la creación de vínculos emocionales profundos convirtiéndose de este modo en la marca de preferencia. Abordar el concepto de marca desde el análisis formal de su relevancia, liderazgo, diferenciación, satisfacción, etc. y del estudio de cómo los actuales gestores de marcas desarrollan estrategias y acciones que les acerquen a sus públicos y los diferencie de su competencia podría parecer algo obvio. Sin embargo, si contextualizamos el estudio con la idea de investigar cómo marcas relevantes, no solo en su sector sino también fuera de él, han conseguido convertirse en una marca preferente en públicos difíciles de abordar, tal es el caso del target adolescente y joven, hasta llegar a convertirse en una lovemarks a través de la construcción de un discurso emocional, podemos decir que nos encontramos ante una nueva perspectiva. Las estrategias de comunicación de las marcas que se dirigen a targets múltiples pero que tienen como uno de sus objetivos específicos incrementar su presencia y notoriedad entre jóvenes y adolescentes, se han visto en los últimos años en la necesidad de adaptarse a la nueva realidad que envuelve a este público. Un target, que como veremos a lo largo de la tesis, resulta complejo impactar y en el que la transformación tecnológica ha incidido de
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