Burgerstein's Handbook of Nutrition : Micronutrients in the Prevention and Therapy of Disease
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank Burgerstein’s Handbook of Nutrition Micronutrients in the Prevention and Therapy of Disease Michael Zimmermann, M.D. Senior Scientist Director of Postgraduate Studies The Laboratory for Human Nutrition Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland 88 illustrations 164 tables Thieme Stuttgart · New York IV Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Important Note: Medicine is an everchanging Data is available from the publisher science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are contin- 9th German edition published 2000 by Karl ually expanding our knowledge, in particular F. Haug Verlag, Hüthig Medizin-Verlage our knowledge of proper treatment and drug GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg. therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest as- Titel of the German edition: Burgerstein’s sured that the authors, editors, and publishers Handbuch Nährstoffe: Vorbeugen und heilen have made every effort to ensure that such durch ausgewogene Ernährung references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of application stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturer’s leaflets accom- panying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly re- leased on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The Any reference to or mention of manufacturers authors and publishers request every user to or specific brand names should not be inter- report to the publishers any discrepancies or preted as an endorsement or advertisement inaccuracies noticed. for any company or product. Some of the product names, patents, and reg- istered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designa- tion as proprietary is not to be construed as a © 2001 Georg Thieme Verlag. representation by the publisher that it is in Rüdigerstrasse 14, the public domain. D-70469 Stuttgart, Germany This book, including all parts thereof, is legally Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue. protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, New York, NY 10001, USA or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation without the Typesetting and printing by Gulde Druck, publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to Tübingen prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeo- Printed in Germany. graphing or duplication of any kind, translat- ing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic ISBN 3-13-127951-6 (GTV) data processing and storage. ISBN 1-58890-062-2 (TNY) 12345 V Preface As a medical doctor focusing on metabolism should consult with their doctor or pharma- and nutrition, colleagues ask me where they cist. Nutrition and metabolism are complex can find reliable information on vitamins and and individual. Prudent use of micronutrients minerals and their application in medicine. as therapy should always be medically super- Although an abundance of material is avail- vised. able, most is of two types: on the one side, With some modification, this book is essen- skeptical and stubbornly conservative; on the tially the first English translation of Burger- other, biased and unsubstantiated. This book stein’s Handbuch Nährstoffe (Karl F. Haug Ver- aims for the middle. In writing it, I have tried lag, Heidelberg). This classic Swiss text, writ- to be objective and evidence-based, but also ten by Dr. Lothar Burgenstein, first appeared open-minded. I have drawn from the scien- in 1982. Dr. Burgerstein died in 1987 at age 92, tific literature, as well as my own clinical ex- but his book has been carefully updated perience. through nine German editions and continues No longer “alternative” therapy, micronu- to be a leader in the field. The latest editions trients are taking their rightful place in main- have been bestsellers. I would like to acknowl- stream medicine. We now have convincing edge the contributions of several people to evidence of their efficacy in preventive medi- this book. The spirit of Lothar Burgenstein cer- cine and therapeutics. This book is generously tainly motivated its writing. Hugo Schurgast referenced to direct the reader towards in- made substantial contributions to the text depth reviews and original articles in this and appendices. Uli Burgerstein provided rapidly expanding field. It is intended as a re- constant support and encouragement, and source for doctors and other health pro- much insightful criticism. fessions allied to medicine. Although micro- nutrients are generally available over the Michael Zimmermann counter, interested members of the public Zürich, May 2001 VI Contents 1 The Basic Principles of Micronutrition The Role of Micronutrients in Variability in Micronutrient Prevention and Therapy ........... 2 Requirements among Individuals .. 5 Mechanism of Action .............. 3 Safety ............................ 6 2 Micronutrients in Foods Micronutrients in the Diets of Meat (Beef, Pork, Lamb, and Poultry) .... 14 Industrialized Countries ........... 10 Eggs ................................ 14 Milk and Milk Products ................. 14 The Difference between the Diet of Fish ................................. 15 Our Distant Ancestors and Our Diet Cereals, Bread, Wheat Bran, and Wheat Today ............................ 12 Germ ............................... 15 Salt ................................. 17 Food Sources of Micronutrients .... 13 Vegetarian Diets .................. 18 Vegetables and Fruits .................. 13 3 The Micronutrients Vitamins ......................... 22 Copper .............................. 75 Vitamin A and Carotenoids ............. 22 Molybdenum ......................... 77 Vitamin D ............................ 26 Chromium ........................... 79 Vitamin E ............................ 29 Iodine ............................... 82 Vitamin K ............................ 33 Selenium ............................ 84 Thiamin (Vitamin B1) .................. 34 Fluoride ............................. 87 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) ................ 37 Niacin (Vitamin B3) ................... 38 Fats and Fat-Related Compounds .. 89 Vitamin B6 ........................... 41 Essential Fatty Acids: Omega-3 and Folic Acid ............................ 45 Omega-6 Fatty Acids .................. 89 Vitamin B12 .......................... 47 Choline and Lecithin ................... 95 Pantothenic Acid ...................... 50 Biotin ............................... 52 Amino Acids ...................... 97 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) .............. 53 Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine ................. 97 Minerals and Trace Elements ...... 58 Arginine ............................. 99 Calcium ............................. 58 Lysine ............................... 100 Magnesium .......................... 61 Glutamine ........................... 101 Potassium ........................... 63 Methionine .......................... 103 Iron ................................. 65 Cysteine and Glutathione .............. 105 Zinc ................................. 69 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine ............. 107 Contents VII Tryptophan .......................... 109 Antioxidants and Free Radicals .... 115 Taurine .............................. 111 Free Radicals ......................... 115 Carnitine ............................ 113 Antioxidants ......................... 116 Coenzyme Q10 ....................... 119 4 Micronutrition through the Life Cycle Planning a Pregnancy ............. 122 Nutritional Needs during Breastfeeding . 134 Nutrition and Birth Defects ............. 123 Postpartum Depression ................ 136 Prepregnancy Weight ................. 123 Dietary Hazards: Caffeine and Alcohol ... 137 Breastfeeding and Infant Health ......... 137 Pregnancy ........................ 124 Nutrients of Special Importance for Oral Contraception before Pregnancy .... 124 Infants .............................. 138 Role of the Placenta ................... 124 Fetal Growth ......................... 125 Childhood and Adolescence ....... 141 Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy ..... 125 Nutritional Needs ..................... 141 Micronutrient Deficiency and Its Effect on Nutrition and Child Health ............. 145 Pregnancy ........................... 127 Summary ............................ 147 Dietary and Environmental Hazards during Pregnancy ..................... 128 Aging and Longevity .............. 148 Maternal Health Problems during Aging ............................... 148 Pregnancy ........................... 130 Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Longevity ....... 148 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation Physical Changes of Aging and Their during Pregnancy ..................... 131 Impact on Nutritional Health ........... 151 Summary ............................ 132 Drugs and Nutritional