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English Transl. by H.W. Clarke THE AWARIFU-L-MA'ARIF. : : From the perfume of (His wine-) dregs, wise this one becometh ; From its pure colour, a traditionist that one becometh From half a draught, pure this one becometh ; From (drinking) a goblet, a lover that one becometh At one draught, another swalloweth— The jar, the wine-house, the Saki, and the wine-drinker: All swallowed, —yet open remaineth his mouth ! ocean-heart, mighty drinker ! well done I GuIshan-i-Raz, c. 832-836 (ans. 14). rj!^, a uU\^'^_jfiU^J-tx/\JiC THE AWARIFU-L-MA'ARIF, WRITTEN IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY c S/KtJTch Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muhammad-i-Sa/n-trrrdl, translated (otit of the Arabic into Persian) by Mahtnud bin 'AIT al Kashanl, Companion in Su/T,ism to the I>ivan-i-Khuaia Hafiz. TRANSLATED FOR THE FIRST TIME OUT OF THE PERSIAN INTO ENGLISH, Lieut.. Col. H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE, ROYAL (late Bengal) engineers, LIFE-MEHBEK OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND; MEMBER OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. (OUT OF AUTHOR OF "THE PERSIAN MANUAL;" FIRST TRANSL.\TOR THE PERSIAN) OF "THE BUSTAN-I-Sa'u! ; OF "the sikandar nama-i-nizami"; anu of "the divaN-i-hafiz." author of "notes on ElEPHANTS"; OF "THE SEXTANT;" OF "LO.VGITUUE BY LUNAR DISTANCES;" AND OF "the TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF A RAILWAY-RAIL." AU rights reserred. — — PREFACE. HE sources, whence this note on sufl.ism has been derived are : T"! The introduction (pp. i — 13). (a) Disquisition on sufi.ism by Sir W. Jones. (d) "Soofies" (History of Persia) by jMalcolm. (c) The Gulshan-i-Raz. {(i) Other sources, ii. The definition of sixty-nine terms used in sufi,ism (pp. 14— 158). The Misbahu-1-Hidayat by Mahmud bin 'All al Kashani, being a translation (in Persian) of the Arabic work 'Awarif-u-l-Ma'arif* by Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muhammad-i-Sahrwardi {6. 1 1451 d. 1234). iii. The performances of darvishes (pp. 159— 168), The Darvishes by Brown. 2. Neither the Misbahu-1-Hidayat (in Persian), nor the 'Awarifu-I-Ma'arif (in Arabic),—has ever before been translated into English. What is here given to the Reader comprises more than a halft of the Misbahu-1-Hidayat. Shaikh Shahabu- d-Din Muhammad-i-Sahrwardi {b. 1145, d. 1234), the son of Abu Najib, was born Baghdad. at Sharward ; and he died at He was a pious Shaikh, assiduous in spiritual exercises and in the practice of devotion. He is author of the 'Awarifu-1-Ma'arif-) . ... in Arabic. TT1 i 1 » - < ,, Hikmatu-l-Assar ) and many other works. The matter (ten pages) taken from Brown's Dar\ishes has been arranged, cor- rected, collected, and greatly condensed. * Otherwise called the 'A\varif-u-l-Haka,ik. t That is, out of 343 pages of the Persian Text, 221 pages have been translated into English; and are herein given. : — — —— PREFACE. jj to pursue the subject of sufi,ism will find useful the 3, Those who wish further Persian iv— table of authorities on sufi,ism, English and (pp. v). the Divan-i-Hafiz cannot be understood. 4. Unless sufi.ism be understood, of wholly wrong is In Vol. IV (pp. 196-211) of the works Emerson (1882), HSfiz and mistranslated and misunderstood are the the view given of the work of ; passages there given. easily may the student verify this statement It is unnecessary to give instances ; by referring either to my translation of Hafiz, or to the original Persian. Let one instance suffice : Divan-i-Hafiz, Emerson's Works, Vol. IV, p. 205. Clarke's translation of the Ode 371. : Times I have said ; and again I say Oft have I said, I say it once more. myself. That, heart-bereft, not of myself, have I gone I, a wanderer, do not stray from this Path (of love). the mirror is holden to Behind the (pure) mirror (of the holy travel- I am a kind of parrot; me. ler's heart), me, they have kept like the parrot. What the Eternal says, I stammering say again. What the Teacher of eternity without begin- ning said :— " Say "; I say. Whether, the thorn I be or whether the rose, Give me what you will : I eat thistles as roses. there is a sward-adorner (God). And, according to my food I grow and I (it) cherished I grew. give By whose hand as me, friends, heart-bereft, astonied, censure Scorn me not ; but, I know I have the pearl. O me And am only seeking one to receive it. not : the A great jewel, I have ; and master of vision (the jeweller, God) I seek. Emerson (p. 201) says : We do not wish to make mystical divinity out of the Songs of Solomon, much less out of the erotic and bacchanalian songs of Hanz. Haiiz himself is determined to defy all such hypocritical interpretation, and tears off his turban and throws it at the head of the meddling dervis, and throws his glass after the turban. Nothing is too high, nothing too low for his occasion. Love is a leveller, and Allah becomes a groom, and heaven a closet in his daring hymns to his mistress or to his cupbearer. This boundless charter is the right of genius. Persian, read To this statement, would agree no one who had, in the original Hafiz; and had understood him. mystic Despite the fact that Emerson wholly fails to understand Hafiz as the poet, divine, immortal— strangely he admires him. For at p. 239, he says : newest French You shall not read newspapers, nor politics, nor novels, nor Montaigne, nor the book. — PREFACE. ii, You may read Plutarch, Plato, Plotinus' Hindu mythology and ethics. You may read Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Milton; read Collins and Gray; read Hafiz and the Trouveurs — fact-books which all geniuses prize as raw material and as antidote to verbiage and false poetry. 5. At the head of the various sections, the figures refer to the Persian text of the Misbahu-1-Hidayat Roman figures to chapters. Arabic „ „ sections (of chapters). 6. To special notice, I wish to bring Maulavi Mirza Muhammad-i-Bisravi, who ren- dered me much help in this difficult work. 7. This translation was made in a tropical country, in leisure moments, amidst the pressure and the stress of professional duties most exacting ; and under special cir- cumstances of harass and worry that it is not permissible to describe.* For these reasons, the reader's indulgence is solicited. * See Clarke's sufi.istic translation of the Divan-i-Hafiz, Preface, para. 18 (p. xvi). H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE. CALCUTTA; January i8gi. PREFACE. Authorities on S^fi.ism. 1787 Asiatic Miscellany, vol. ii, pp. 50—53 ; 131 — 150. Descriptive Catalogue (pp. 34—45), Oriental Library of Tippfi Sultan, by C. Stewart. This gives 115 excellent Persian works on Sufi.ism. De Bode's Bukhara. History of Muhammadanism by C. Mills (p. 473). of Persia, Malcolm vol. i, 1829 History — pp. 322, 324, 400 ; vol. ii, pp. 382 — 426. Works of Sir W. Jones, ii, pp. 131 — 150. 18.S6 Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, vol. xxv, pp. 133— 150. 1857. Note by Sprenger on the earliest work on Sufi,ism. Sind (chap, viii). Burton. Modern Egyptians (chap, iii), Lane. Die Morgenlandische mystik, by Tholuck. 1863 Kanun-i-lslam, Herklot, pp. 187—200. 1868 The Darvishes, Brown, 1875 Notes on Muhammadanism (p. 227), C. E. Hughes. 1878 Islam (p. 201), Stobart. Gulshan-i-Raz, translated by Whinfield. Catalogue, Oriental Manuscripts (pp. 35-45), British .Museum (Ouaritch). Paper on the Sufis by Captain Graham, Bombay. PREFACE. Name of Work. 911 Shaikh Junid-i-Baghdadi. 1037 Shaikh Abu Sina (Avicenna) Makamatu-1-Krifin. 1049 Abu-l-Kasim-i-'Ansari. Malfuiat-i-Jalali. 1166 Shaikh 'Abdu-1-Kadir-i-Gilani Sharh-i-ghausiya va ghaira. 1230 Shaikh Faridu-d-Din 'Attar . Asrar-Nama. 'Avvarifu-1-Ma'arif,* 1234 Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muh?.mmad-i- otherwise called Sahrwardi. I 'Awanfu-1-Haka,ik. 1239 Shaikh Muhyu-d-Din bin Arabi. 1273 Maulana jalalu-d-Din-i-Rumi The Masnavi ' 1292 Shaikh Sa'di-i-Shirazi .... Marghubu-1-Kulub. Gulshan-i-raz. 1317 Sa'du-d-Din MahmQd-i-Shabistarl . < Hakku-1-Yakin. \ Risala-i-Shahid. 13S2 Kamalu-d-Din Abu-1-ghanim 'Abdu-r-Razzak Istilahat-i-sufiya.f 1389 Khwaja Shamsu-d-Din-i-Hafiz The Divan. 1492 Nuru-d-Din 'Abdu-r-Rahman-i-Jami Lawa.ih. 1591 Maulana 'Urfi Kasa,id. 1610 Kazi Nuru-1-lah-i-Shustari Majalisu-1-Muminin. 1659 Shahzada Dara Shikuh-i-Kadiri Mushahida-i-suluk va tarjuma-i-wasiti. * See the Pieface, para. 1. t Arabic text (p. 167) edited by Dr. Aloys Sprenger, M.D., 1845, entitled——" Dictionary (in Arabic) of the technical terms o( the Sufis." PREFACE. Date. !« -ib <^ .® .0,0' CONTENTS. Pace. From To Introduction i '3 The being a shaikh . l+^^^JI^-n The being a murid (disciple) . i8^__ 23 Customs of the men of the khankah (convent) .... 23 26 .^^afar (the journey) . 26 29 Sama' (the song and the rotatory dance) ..... 29 34. Rules of sama' . • 34- 37 -Sfhe khirka (the darvish-mantle) . 37 39 ^The choice of the coloured khirka .39 41 Khilvat (retirement) . 41 42 ' Conditions of khilvat . 43 48 Dreams of the men of khilvat . 48 53 'Ilm (knowledge) . 54 56 —Ma'rifat (deep knowledge) . 56 58 — Hal (mystic statej and makam (stage) 5S 60 Tawliid (the unity of God) and zat (the existence of God) . 60 65 The affairs of the next world .
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