2020 Container Forecast
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FINAL REPORT Long-Term Container Traffic Forecast, 2020-2060 Vancouver Fraser Port Authority #200203-04 October 2020 Contents SECTION CONTENT PAGE Executive Summary 3 1 Macro-Economic Trends and Container Port Demand to 2050 33 2 Competitive Developments at Ports & Terminals - Localised and Discretionary Markets 85 3 Trends in Container Shipping 133 4 North American Intermodalism & Cost Differentials 165 5 The Competitive Cost Structure for VFPA 196 2 6 Container Sector SWOT Analysis & Influencing Factors 219 7 Forecast Container Handling Volumes at VFPA Terminals 2020-2060 226 This report and the model are based upon the application of scientific principles and professional judgment to certain facts with resultant subjective interpretations. Professional judgments expressed herein are based on the currently available facts within the limits of the existing data, scope of work, budget and schedule. The report cannot, and makes no attempt to, anticipate all changes to those conditions and circumstances, which occur after its date of issue of the documentation provided. To the extent that more definitive conclusions are desired by the client than are warranted by the currently available facts, it is specifically our intent that the conclusions stated herein are intended as guidance and not necessarily as a firm course of action, except where explicitly stated as such. 3 Executive Summary The Long-Term Forecast Period is to 2050 - Robust but Flexible Approach Used To ensure better granularity, the container forecasts are generated on the basis of the shorter-term to 2030 and then adoption of specific scenarios for the period to 2050 - this reflects the need to better consider potential longer-term developments ▪ A series of container forecasts have been developed to 2050. Approach to the Forecasts Adopted ▪ A discontinuity is noted in the approach to forecasting. The model which has driven demand in the period since the mid-1990s has been based on globalisation. 2030+ ▪ More recently, the pace of economic development in East Asia has stimulated the To 2030 Scenario level of containerised exports, with this particularly focusing demand on Vancouver Based ▪ Given the long term perspective on demand that is the subject of this study, it is apparent that a simple (if modified) extrapolation of these trends will not provide an adequate picture of future demand levels. ▪ In order to accommodate possible developments a twin-track approach has been Open & developed: Globalisation Green - High ▪ To 2030 - continued globalization and Asian demand for both imports and exports 4 ▪ From 2030 to 2050 - specific and relevant scenarios are explored and applied, to Case better take into account potential much longer-term structural changes and potential Approach to Forecasts for VFPA Asian Status Quo - demand Base Case Share to Total North Share of Share to Share to Vancouver Vancouver America Pacific Pacific Pacific terminals & Prince volumes West Coast North West Gateway share Rupert Protectionist - Low Case Introduction to North America - Container Volumes by Key Regions of Interest Pacific Gateway remains a key component of the Pacific Northwest region and the wider North American container port market ▪ The Pacific Gateway region of Port of Vancouver and Prince Rupert compete with a Container Volumes by Region - Pacific Coast Split, 2000-2019 in ‘000 TEU range of different facilities in serving North American demand through various container trade routes, such as: 70,000 ▪ Transpacific routes to/from North East Asia – i.e. the Hong Kong-Japan range. 60,000 ▪ Transpacific routes to/from South East Asia – i.e. ASEAN range. 50,000 ▪ Other liner services connecting the Pacific West Coast with Europe and the Suez US Gulf 40,000 Canal routing from Asia to the East Coast of North America. East Coast ▪ The Pacific Northwest region to/from Europe via the Panama Canal, including the 30,000 Pacific South Panama Canal expansion which opened in 2016. 20,000 Pacific North ▪ Total PNW regional container demand increased from 4.77 million TEU in 2000 to 10,000 9.09 million TEU for 2019 - this confirms average growth of 3.5% per annum for this - period, with growth of 3.8% per annum for the more recent 2009-2019 period. 5 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 North American Container Volume Growth by Coast, 2000-2019 in ‘000 TEU Container Volumes at Ports in US PNW/Pacific Gateway, 2000-2019 in ‘000 TEU 35,000 10,000 30,000 9,000 Pacific North 8,000 Others 25,000 Pacific 7,000 Prince Rupert 20,000 Coast 6,000 15,000 5,000 East Coast 4,000 10,000 Vancouver 3,000 5,000 2,000 US Gulf Sea-Tac - 1,000 - 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 Container Volume Growth has Occurred in all Regions - Atlantic South & US Gulf Shares Up US Pacific South is the largest sub-region in North America, but its share of total container port market reduced from 37.5% in 1990 to 33.0% for 2019 - Atlantic South/Atlantic North benefitting from All-Water routes via Suez and Panama Canals ▪ All sub-region areas in North America have seen positive annual growth over the Summary of Long-Term Container Trends by Region, 2000-2019 period between 2000 and 2019. The Atlantic South and Atlantic North saw some of the higher growth over this period. This has largely been due to the emergence of more Region Volumes - Million TEU % Share All-Water services from Asia in the first decade of the 2000s, subsequently supported by the expansion of the Panama Canal (which also benefitted US Gulf Ports). 2000 2019 2000 2019 East Coast 55% Atlantic South 5.3 11.3 17.5% 18.8% port share Pacific North 4.8 9.1 16.0% 15.2% increased in 50% 2015 in Atlantic North 7.2 15.2 23.7% 25.6% anticipation of West Coast the new 45% Panama Canal East Coast US Pacific 11.3 19.7 38.0% 33.0% opening 40% South US Gulf 1.6 4.5 5.0% 7.5% 6 35% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 ▪ The Pacific North region has seen its growth increase by around 4.0% per annum over Annual Container Growth by North American Sub-Port Region, 2000-2019 in % the period, though this was largely due to the emergence of Prince Rupert from 2007 and Vancouver’s ability to continue to improve its throughput (and develop 7.0% infrastructure to support the growth). 6.0% ▪ The Pacific North decline of just 0.8% is due to the lower than average growth at the 5.0% Sea-Tac complex, not the Pacific Gateway ports in Canada. 4.0% Key Conclusions: 3.0% 2.0% ▪ Despite some cargo shift and varying growth between sub-regions, still a substantial amount of container cargo moving through each of the “4 corners” 1.0% in North America 0.0% ▪ Important that the Pacific North decrease in share does not detract from the role US Pacific South Pacific North US Gulf Coast Atlantic South Altantic North of the Pacific Gateway area - ports from all regions compete for some of the exact same discretionary hinterland markets in North America Review of North American Macro-Economic Position and Relationship with Port Demand There has been long-term growth in both Canada and the US - the GFC caused a decline and it is assumed that the impact of COVID-19 will see a short-term fall in GDP development - the long-term fundamentals of container traffic to trade goods remains ▪ Container trade volumes (and port demand) are directly related to the overall volumes North America - Overall GDP Development from 1990 (index-linked) of traded goods – especially in the manufactured sector. This is particularly the case for cargoes imported into North America. 200.0 190.0 ▪ In addition, in the case of Vancouver, the important containerised export sector is driven by the pace of demand for primary goods in Asia and the developing Far East 180.0 markets. 170.0 160.0 ▪ The US economy declined sharply by around 3.8% between 2007 and 2009, due to 150.0 USA the GFC, although did rebound and continued to grow to 2019. The same general 140.0 Canada pattern was noted in Canada, but the decline was somewhat less severe, namely a 130.0 decline of 2.1%, as a result of strong commodity exports over the period. However, 120.0 since this drop both exports and imports have continued to improve. 110.0 ▪ The potential impact of COVID-19 is included in the 2020e figures, although these are, 100.0 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 7 of course, estimates prepared at the end of April 2020. 1990 2020e North America Trade Volume Development Since 1990 - Index-Linked 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020e Key Conclusions: US ▪ North American economies saw Exports 100 140 208 270 332 454 461 483 507 516 488 a decline due to the GFC and a similar fall is estimated for 2020 Imports 100 140 243 301 309 406 408 424 442 446 422 too Canada ▪ There was a continued growth in Exports 100 151 234 294 315 418 417 436 450 455 426 both exports and imports over the longer-term period for both Imports 100 135 202 235 260 338 340 342 354 364 341 Canada and the US - impacted by GFC in 2009 and now by COVID- 19 - albeit both relatively short- term Stability of Key Import & Export Commodities Moving via Pacific Gateway Ports Imports from Asia continue to be grouped in 6 main classifications, including household goods and for construction and vehicle industries - exports are also generally consistent, with forest products and grains (unsurprisingly) the leading items shipped to Asia ▪ The range of containerised commodities entering and leaving the Pacific gateway Containerised Imports by Commodity into Pacific Gateway Region, 2010 & 2019e region continues to be consistent: ▪ Imports - household goods, construction & materials and industrial, auto and 1000 vehicle parts are the leading volume commodities 800 ▪ Exports - lumber, woodpulp and speciality crops are the major volume goods 600 leaving Canada through this gateway.