Диссертация / Dissertation

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Диссертация / Dissertation САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ На правах рукописи ТРОХИНОВА Ольга Игоревна ЛЕГИТИМАЦИЯ НЕПОПУЛЯРНЫХ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ РЕШЕНИЙ: КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫЙ АСПЕКТ Специальность – 10.01.10 журналистика ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени кандидата политических наук Научный руководитель – доктор политических наук, профессор В. А. Ачкасова Санкт-Петербург 2019 2 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ .................................................................................................................................... 3 ГЛАВА 1. ФЕНОМЕН НЕПОПУЛЯРНОГО ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО РЕШЕНИЯ КАК СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ....................... 20 1.1 Концепт непопулярного политического решения: понятие, классификация, основные подходы, причины возникновения ...................................................................... 20 1.2 Влияние непопулярных политических решений ............................................................ 48 на делегитимацию государственной власти ......................................................................... 48 ГЛАВА 2. КОММУНИКАЦИОННОЕ СОПРОВОЖДЕНИЕ В ПРАКТИКЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ........................................................................................ 80 2.1 Коммуникационное сопровождение непопулярных политических решений: особенности российского технологического дизайна ......................................................... 80 2.2 Проблемы коммуникационного сопровождения непопулярных политических решений и перспективы их решения ................................................................................... 114 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ.......................................................................................................................... 146 Список литературы и источников ............................................................................................ 153 3 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Актуальность исследования. Одна из составляющих общественных настроений – реакция на действия властей. Деятельность любого государственного актора может быть представлена как цепочка принятия политических решений. В свою очередь, предпринятые властью шаги, политико-управленческие решения влияют на восприятие образа политического субъекта. Таким образом, общественное признание отдельных мер воздействует в целом на легитимность власти. В самом общем виде под процессом принятия политических решений понимается совокупность действий субъектов по сознательной подготовке и достижению целей в сфере государственной власти. Парадокс заключается в существующей двойственности: далеко не всегда возможно выявить реальных акторов подготовки и принятия решения, но при этом процесс должен быть максимально прозрачным и открытым, как того требует общественный институт. В новейшей истории России уже сложился ряд прецедентов, поставивших под сомнение не только репутацию лица, принимающего решения, но и воспроизводство политической системы. К таким прецедентам можно отнести так называемый «закон о монетизации льгот» 2004 г., введение системы «Платон», решение о передаче Исаакиевского собора Русской Православной Церкви, пенсионная и налоговые реформы и т.д. О необходимости непопулярных мер говорят эксперты и представители государственной власти, так как подобные, зачастую жесткие и радикальные, меры могут способствовать выходу из кризисного состояния, укреплению существующего государственного курса, безопасности страны и многому другому. Однако большая часть таких решений вызывает волну критики у населения, снижает уровень доверия и поддержки власти. Стоит отметить, что реакция граждан на часть публичных государственных решений, несмотря на их эффективность или же губительное влияние на ту 4 или иную сферу общественной жизни, часто трансформируется: положительный взгляд населения на предлагаемые изменения может смениться протестными настроениями, или же, наоборот, резко негативная общественная оценка уступает место, если не одобрению, то принятию предлагаемых органами государственной власти мер. Первый и наиболее важный вопрос, который в этой связи ставит автор исследования, – каким образом снизить социальное напряжение и уровень агрессивности общественных настроений? Важно установить, какие коммуникационные технологии позволяют наиболее точно донести широкой общественности тезис о необходимости и целесообразности принимаемого решения, а главное – принять этот тезис. Современное медиапространство, средства массовой коммуникации открывают реальную возможность диалога между властью и гражданским обществом. Если ещё в прошлом столетии возможности электората в процессе отслеживания, контроля и влияния на реализацию политических решений были крайне ограничены, то сегодня ситуация стремительно изменяется: СМИ, Интернет и другие площадки предоставляют возможность обмена мнениями, диалога между властными структурами и обществом. Вместе с тем, участие граждан в государственном со-управлении во многом остается формальным. Современное российское общество, с одной стороны, является объектом политической власти, а с другой, согласно Конституции РФ, – единственным источником власти. Гражданам открывается все больше возможностей для участия в политической коммуникации, чему способствует дигитализация взаимодействия общества с властью на всех уровнях. Этот процесс позволяет расширить коммуникационный фон современной политический жизни, количество коммуникационных каналов. В то же время меняющиеся условия порождают и новые проблемы: для восприятия общей картины мира и происходящих вокруг процессов, для полноценного использования своих прав необходимы ясность и прозрачность всех 5 существующих между социальными институтами каналов и технологий взаимодействия. У граждан появляется необходимость фильтрации информационных потоков, выбора приоритетных каналов коммуникации. В свою очередь, в медиапространстве возрастает риск использования манипулятивных технологий. Общая атмосфера социальной напряженности характерна для множества различных государств, отдельных регионов и городов. Социальная напряженность является особым общественным состоянием, характеризующимся повышенным тревожностью, беспокойством, неуверенностью, страхом и агрессией населения или его отдельных групп. Это первый этап широкомасштабного социального конфликта, обладающий протестным потенциалом. Массовая протестная активность становится наиболее серьезным следствием высокого уровня социальной напряженности, так как ставит под сомнение возможность воспроизводства политической системы и может разрушить существующее взаимодействие между общественными институтами и отдельными группами населения. Возникновение социальной напряженности и, тем более, её обострение могут быть связаны с принятием непопулярных политических решений. Реализация мер, затрагивающих жизненно важные интересы граждан, может привести к смещению центра политической силы. Это подчеркивает необходимость выявления и применения коммуникационных технологий, которые позволят трансформировать непопулярное политическое решение в приемлемое для общества. Сегодня все большую актуальность приобретают не радикальные методы, а интерактивное взаимодействие в процессе принятия политических решений с помощью коммуникационных технологий. Именно это способствует легитимации решения, социальному признанию предпринятых властью шагов. Легитимность власти является залогом эффективного развития различных сфер общественной жизни и складывается из легитимности всех предпринятых ею шагов. В этом смысле нужно говорить не только о 6 придании решению юридической силы, но и о его социальном признании. Современное общество обладает возможностью давать оценку действиям политических субъектов через медиаканалы. У власти, в свою очередь, появляется необходимость управлять информационным пространством, в котором любое государственное публичное решение может приобрести качественно новую черту – непопулярность. Таким образом, встает вопрос о том, как рационально контролировать это пространство? Какими принципами должны руководствоваться участники медиадискурса? Представленное исследование обуславливается двумя важными аспектами. Во-первых, на сегодняшний день медиапространство стремительно расширилось. Это связано не только с общим ростом участников коммуникации, но и с увеличением способов взаимодействия: традиционные и сетевые СМИ, социальные сети, блоги и т.д. Более того, все эти площадки отличаются высокой интеграцией и взаимопроникновением, что открывает возможность для увеличения числа активных граждан, артикуляции их интересов. Под артикуляцией интересов понимается процесс, посредством которого индивидуумы и группы предъявляют требования лицам, принимающим политические решения. С одной стороны, такое положение дел говорит об увеличении рисков, потере контроля со стороны государства, а с другой, – о реальной возможности развития гражданского общества. Во-вторых, основная часть предыдущих научных изысканий в области теории принятия политических решений была сконцентрирована на разработке моделей принятия решения. Специфика непопулярных политических решений дает возможность раскрыть нюансы коммуникационного сопровождения и взглянуть на технологические этапы принятия решений под принципиально новым углом зрения и объединить политологические и коммуникативистские подходы. Понимание сущности непопулярного политического решения и его особенностей в российских реалиях необходимо по ряду ключевых причин. 7 Прежде всего, непопулярные политические решения могут серьезно повлиять на имидж того или иного политического субъекта, что значительно осложняет все экономические, социальные и политические процессы. Ещё одна, наиболее
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